W-Cu复合材料制备新技术与发展前景

W-Cu复合材料具有热膨胀系数低、导电性好、导热性好、高熔点、高硬度以及良好的抗电弧烧蚀性能,在机械加工、电气工程以及电子信息领域被广泛用作电极材料、电接触材料、电子封装材料及靶材等越来越受到国内外的关注。传统粉末冶金方法制备的W-Cu复合材料致密度低、组织结构粗大且均匀性差,严重影响材料性能。采用纳米复合新技术制备的W-Cu复合材料具有很大的技术优势:粉末纳米化使得粉末的烧结活化能大大降低,其烧结活化能在1 420℃时仅为42.1 kJ/mol和29.1 kJ/mol,远低于纯W相同温度范围内的587.9 kJ/mol,同时纳米复合使得W与Cu发生了固溶,从而使得复合粉末表现出良好的烧结活性。采用纳米复合制备的细晶W-Cu复合材料具有非常优异的综合性能,其原因在于经烧结后获得高的致密度和组织结构均匀细小。     

纳米W-Cu粉末的热机械化学法制备及其烧结性能研究

通过均相沉淀获得Cu2WO4(OH)2/CuWO4·2H2O共沉淀物,并对煅烧该沉淀物所得的W、Cu氧化物进行球磨,然后H2还原,得到了含Cu量为30%的W-Cu复合粉末。对该复合粉末的性能进行了表征,并对其烧结体的密度、微结构和力学性能等进行了测试分析。结果表明,热机械化学法制备的W-Cu复合粉末粒度为纳米级,烧结活性高,其压坯在H2气氛中固相烧结可达到96%的相对密度,液相烧结则可达到高于99%的相对密度,烧结体具有细小均匀的微结构和良好的力学性能。     

纳米W-Cu复合粉末制备技术的研究现状

纳米W-Cu复合粉末具有大的比表面积和高的烧结活性,可制备各种致密度高、性能优良的W-Cu复合材料,因而在电子封装和微电子信息工业中越来越受到重视。本文综述了近几年国内外纳米W-Cu复合粉末的发展现状,详细介绍和评价了几种纳米W-Cu复合粉末的制备方法。     

机械热化学法制备纳米W-Cu复合粉末及其烧结性能研究

WO3和CuO原料粉末经气流粉碎后,在H2气氛中进行共还原,制得了Cu含量为20%(wt%)的纳米W-Cu复合粉末;通过X射线衍射,透射电镜和扫描电镜等方法研究分析所制备W-Cu粉末的烧结行为和烧结体性能.结果表明:气流粉碎可以明显地降低WO3和CuO的粒度;通过对气流粉碎氧化物粉末进行共还原,可获得粒度为50～100nm的W-Cu复合粉末.该粉末烧结活性较高,其成形压坯在1200℃下于H2气氛中烧结后相对密度可达98%以上,且烧结体晶粒细小均匀.其抗弯强度和维氏硬度分别超过1000MPa和300MPa,电导率高于35%IACS.     

纳米晶W-Cu复合粉末烧结行为

研究了机械合金化制备的纳米晶W-xCu(x=15,20,25)复合粉末的烧结行为.结果表明,纳米晶W-Cu复合粉末烧结致密化强烈地依赖于烧结温度与烧结时间.当烧结温度从1 150℃提高到1 200℃时,烧结30min后的烧结体相对密度由91%～94%增加到97%～98%;当烧结温度超过1 300℃时,烧结体发生快速致密化,5 min内相对密度即可达到98%左右.研究还发现,W-Cu合金中W晶粒尺寸也强烈地依赖于烧结温度,即烧结温度愈高,W晶粒长大愈显著.当压坯在1 200～1 250℃烧结30 min后,所得到的晶粒度约为300～500 nm,其中经1 200℃烧结时的晶粒尺寸约为300～350 nm.另外,Cu含量增加有利于烧结致密化,并降低W晶粒长大的趋势.     

压力对热压烧结制备Mo-20Cu复合材料的影响

以仲钼酸铵(NH_4)_6Mo_7O_(24)·4H_2O、硝酸铜Cu(NO_3)_2·3H_2O、甘氨酸和乙二胺为原料采用甘氨酸硝酸盐(GNP)法制备前驱体粉末,再经过700℃氢气还原得到Mo-20Cu复合粉末,经压制后在1150℃于不同压力下进行热压烧结,研究不同压力对钼铜合金烧结体性能的影响。结果表明:GNP-H_2还原法可以制备出平均晶粒尺寸为70~80 nm且大小均匀、分散性优异的球形Mo-Cu纳米复合粉末,经加压烧结致密度达到99.7%,各相组织分布均匀,且在一定的范围内压力增大可以使烧结体硬度、电导率和热导率有所增大。     

添加纳米粉体对Fe基粉末冶金构件烧结温度的影响

利用纳米粉末的特性,在纯铁粉中加入0.05wt%~3wt%的纳米Cu粉,先后进行混料、压制和烧结等制造工序,然后将得到的试样进行密度测定。结果表明,在达到要求的使用性能前提下,添加一定量纳米Cu粉可降低Fe基粉末冶金制件的烧结温度;当Cu的添加量在1%~3%时,纳米Cu粉末的添加量对烧结温度的降低趋势较为明显。     

超细/纳米W-20Cu复合粉末的液相烧结机制

采用溶胶-喷雾干燥及氢还原工艺制备超细/纳米W-20 Cu复合粉末:将粉末压制成形,在1 340～1 420℃烧结5～180 min,并研究其致密化行为及晶粒长大机制.结果表明:烧结温度对液相烧结致密化起主要作用,W-20Cu复合粉末在液相烧结早期发生了显著的致密化,在1 420℃烧结5 min时,致密度可达到89％以上;随烧结时间的延长,致密度增加,在1 420℃烧结90 min时,相对密度最高,达到99.1％.液相烧结时,W晶粒不断长大并逐渐球化,且其晶粒大小G与时间烧结t符合G3＝G30+kt关系,服从溶解-析出机制.烧结温度对W晶粒长大影响显著,当温度从1 340℃上升到1 420℃时,其晶粒长大动力学系数从1.59×10-2 μm3/min增大到2.47×10-2 μm3/min,这说明液相的形成、颗粒重排、溶解-析出及W晶粒长大使得细晶W-Cu坯体获得近全致密.     

等离子体技术制备具有亚微米颗粒结构的球化W-Cu伪合金微粉（英文）

采用复杂多级方法研究并证实制备具有亚微米/纳米级内部结构的球形W-Cu复合微粉的可能性。首先,采用等离子体化学合成法制备具有核壳结构的W-Cu纳米粉末(W核及Cu壳)。然后,将W-Cu纳米粉末与蔗糖的水悬浮液进行喷雾干燥,形成25～63μm的微粒,收率为50%。最后,用热等离子体射流处理由纳米粉末组成的微粒,形成致密的球形W-Cu颗粒。成品粉末的球化度为90%～95%,体积密度为8.1 g/cm³,流动性约为12 s/50 g,杂质中O、C和H的含量(质量分数)分别为0.7%、0.02%～0.2%和0.03%～0.05%。     

纳米W-Cu粉末的均相沉淀法制备及其烧结性能

采用湿化学工艺--蒸氨均相沉淀法,制备了纳米CuWO4·2H2O/Cu2WO4(OH)2均相沉淀物,然后煅烧、还原,得到含Cu 30%的W-Cu复合粉.将该复合粉压坯在H2气氛中于不同温度下烧结后,对烧结体的微结构和物理、力学性能等进行了测试分析.实验结果表明:蒸氨均相沉淀法制备的W-Cu复合粉体具有纳米粒度和均匀的化学组成,其烧结活性高,在较低温度下烧结即可达很高的致密化程度.由上述W-Cu粉体所制备的烧结体具有良好的物理、力学性能.     

纳米金红石型TiO2沉积制备云母钛纳米复合材料及其光学性质

研究在片状绢云母表面直接沉积纳米金红石型TiO2制备云母钛纳米复合材料的方法。结果表明：在制备的云母钛中,金红石型TiO2良好地结合在光滑的绢云母表面上,沉积颗粒呈岛状分布,且分散均匀。随着TiO2含量的增加,形成致密的TiO2涂层。低温下热处理云母钛复合材料时,云母钛的白度、亮度及反射系数会随着金红石TiO2含量的增加而提高。云母钛复合物的反射系数随着TiO2的结晶性的提高而增加。     

热压烧结纳米晶铜粉性能的研究

利用置换反应制得平均粒径47nm的纳米晶铜粉并将其进行真空热压烧结。作为对比,将市售电解铜粉在相同条件下制得烧结试样。对试样的微观结构和性能进行了研究和分析。研究发现,由纳米晶铜粉制得的烧结试样,与电解铜粉的具有相同的致密度,弯曲强度提高21％,维氏硬度提高83％,电阻率提高50％。     

Implementation procedure for the generalized moving Preisach model based on a first order reversal curve diagram

Ftrst order reversal curves (FORC) of nanoeomposite Nd2Fe14B/Fe3B magnetic materials were measured to attain a FORC diagram, which characterizes reversible magnetization, irreversible magnetization, and magnetic interactions in a hysteresis system. Then, generalized mov-ing Preisach model (GMPM) was implemented based on the FORC diagram. Reversible and irreversible magnetizations shown in FORCs and a FORC diagram were used as an input of GMPM. Coupling interaction between reversible and irreversible magnetizations was added when calculating reversible magnetization. Meanwhile, irreversible magnetic moments' interaction was approximately represented by mean field interaction. The result shows that the simulated main curves mostly coincide with the experimental curves.     

发泡法燃烧合成β-氮化硅粉体及其形貌

机械活化后的Si粉加入发泡剂溶液,搅拌、烘干后得到多孔预制坯体.将坯体在流动氮气氛中引发燃烧合成反应.通过调整原料粉体机械活化时间及预制坯体中稀释剂的含量,制得了不同粒径和长径比的氮化硅粉体.利用XRD和SEM对产物的主要成分和形貌进行了表征.实验结果表明,通过发泡法燃烧合成可制备长径比可控、晶粒发育完全的氮化硅粉体.与传统燃烧合成制备的氮化硅粉体相比,发泡法制备的氮化硅粉体结晶度高,形貌均一性好.     

Application of nanotechnology in a silver／graphite contact material and optimization of its physical and mechanical properties

By applying nanotechnology, a new type of silver/graphite (AgC) electrical contact was fabricated and charac-terized. The AgC coating powders were obtained through high-energy ball milling and reducer liquid spraying-coating method. The as-prepared powders were examined by transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron micro-scope (SEM), and X-my diffraction (XRD). The results show that the thickness of graphite flakes milled for 10 h is about 50-60 nm and the AgC coating powders exhibit flocculent structure with quite free and homogeneous intemal micropores.XRD implies that the average crystalline size of silver in coating powders is about 50 rim. The mechanical and physical properties of this newly developed AgC contact made from the above-mentioned nanocrystalline powders by traditional powder metallurgy technique were measured. Compared with its counterparts made from other techniques, the properties of this new AgC contact have been optimized. High surface energy and high-energy interfaces of the nanocrystalline AgC coating powders provide powerful driving force for sintering densification. Moreover, the flocculent structure of the pow-ders is also an important factor to acquire fine density ratio.     

Nanosized copper powders prepared by gel-casting method and their application in lubricating oil

Nanosized copper powders were prepared by a gel-casting method using copper nitrate, acrylamide (AM) and N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAM) as the main raw materials. The as-prepared copper powders were characterized by X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy, and then added into a 48# industrial white oil. Dispersion and wear properties of the compounded lubricating oil were tested. The results show that the copper powders prepared are of high purity, fine dispersibility with mean particle size of about 60 nm and with a narrow particle size distribution. The nanosized copper powders can be well dispersed in the lubricating oil. The addition of the copper powders obviously improves the anti-wear properties of the lubricating oil owing to their good self-repairing performance. Compared with 48# industrial white lubricating oil, the friction coefficient of GCr15 steel with the compounded oil containing 0.6% copper powders reduces by 0.07 and nearly no wear chippings are found in the scratches of the friction counter parts.     

粉末粒径对高速压制Ti-6Al-4V合金性能的影响(英文)

采用高速压制(HVC)技术成形平均粒径分别为103、66和44μm的3种Ti6Al4V合金粉末,然后将合金粉末进行真空烧结,考察粉末粒径对成形效果和烧结体性能的影响。结果表明,细粉末比粗粉末更难压制,获得的压坯密度也更低。但是细粉末压坯的烧结密度明显高于粗粉末压坯的烧结密度。与粒径为103和66μm的粉末相比,粒径为44μm的粉末的压坯密度最低,在冲击能量为913J时其相对密度为85.1%。然而在1300°C烧结2.5h后,粒径为44μm的粉末压坯的烧结密度最高,其相对密度达到98.2%。而且,粒径为44μm的烧结试样具有最高的硬度和压缩强度,分别为HV354和1265MPa。     

一种具有较低烧结温度的超细钴粉的制备及表征

目前国内金刚石工具及钴粉生产,采用碳酸氢铵为沉淀剂,通过沉淀-热分解-还原工艺制备超细钴粉。研究了沉淀过程中温度、pH值等工艺参数的影响,制备得到Fsss粒度0．5～1μm的超细钴粉。采用SEM对超细钴粉进行了形貌观察,通过热压烧结制备了40mm×8mm×3．2mm样片,对样片的硬度及抗弯强度进行了表征。与传统草酸沉淀还原生产钴粉相比,本工艺制备的钴粉具有细晶球形的形貌,活性更高。此种超细钴粉的热压烧结样片在较低温度即可获得较高的硬度,在不同的温度范围内其抗弯强度表现出了良好的稳定性,并且降低了生产成本。     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of ε-Phase-Reinforced ZnAl4Y Matrix Composite Prepared by Mixed Solid-Liquid Casting

ε-Phase-reinforced ZnAl4Y matrix composite has been fabricated by mixed solid-liquid casting method. The results show that the size of primary η-Zn phase in the composite decreases remarkably with the increase of adding amount of Cu-10wt.%Al powders till it reaches 6.0 wt.% in ZnAl4Y alloy. Besides, a large amount of small ε-phase particles form in ZnAl4Y matrix when the adding amount of Cu-10wt.%Al powders is in the range of 4.0-6.0 wt.% in ZnAl4Y alloy. Coarse ε-phase particles forms when the adding amount of Cu-10wt.%Al powders exceeds 8.0 wt.% in ZnAl4Y alloy. Compared with ZnAl4Y alloy, the composite could obtain optimal mechanical properties when the added amount of Cu-10wt.%Al powders is 6.0 wt.%.     

Preparation and properties of TiC-Ni cermets using Ni-plated TiC

TiC powders were coated with Ni by a chemical plating technique and the pressed compacts sintered at 1623K. The density of the sintered bodies was 98–99%. Compared with mechanically-mixed powder, Ni-plated TiC powders gave a more uniform microstructure in which TiC particles were well dispersed in the Ni matrix. The cermets exhibited ductile fracture for TiC-70 vol.% Ni and brittle fracture for TiC-30 vol.% Ni. The flexural strength was improved by the homogeneous dispersion of TiC. The thermal expansion coefficient increased with a decrease in Ni content, following a nearly linear law of mixtures on the basis of volume fractions of pure TiC and Ni.