含纳米级铝粉的复合炸药研究

铝粉的颗粒尺寸对含铝炸药的爆轰性能有显著影响，在以RDX为主体的粘结炸药中，加入20％粒径为50nm的超细铝粉，得到的新型复合炸药，其爆轰性能及作功能力明显高于含20％粒径为5μm和50μm的复合炸药。     

环境氧含量对含铝炸药爆热的影响

利用恒温式量热计测定了3种含铝炸药在不同环境中的爆热,研究了其能量释放规律。结果表明,含铝炸药在真空、空气和纯氧环境中的爆热逐渐增高,固体爆轰产物存在一定差异。3种含铝炸药在纯氧中的爆热基本相当,说明发生了完全燃烧反应。在真空和空气环境中,含细铝粉(中位径12.43μm)的含铝炸药爆热均低于含粗铝粉(中位径74.14μm)的炸药。两种粒度铝粉级配后的含铝炸药,在真空和空气环境中的爆热处于铝粉未级配的炸药爆热之间,原因是没有达到细铝粉先反应、粗铝粉后反应的理想状态。     

铝粉含量对黑索今含铝炸药快速反应的影响

利用光谱探测技术成功地从微观上研究了铝粉含量对墨索今含铝炸药快速反应的影响。研究发现：对于黑索今含铝炸药，存在一个最佳铝粉添加量Ｎｍ。     

RDX基铝薄膜炸药与铝粉炸药水下爆炸性能比较

为了减少铝粉炸药在生产过程中因铝粉对环境污染,降低铝粉炸药的撞击感度,提高含铝炸药的成型性及力学性能,将RDX用铝薄膜分层包裹得到新型的铝薄膜混合炸药。将铝薄膜混合炸药与铝粉炸药进行水下爆炸实验与爆速实验,得到两种炸药的爆速与压力时程曲线,经过分析计算得到两种炸药的压力峰值、冲量、冲击波能、气泡脉动周期与气泡能。结果表明：铝薄膜炸药药柱的轴向为RDX与铝薄膜独立贯通的结构,有利于降低混合炸药中添加物对基体炸药爆轰波传播的影响,从而使铝薄膜混合炸药的爆速高于铝粉炸药,导致铝薄膜炸药的冲击波损失系数高于铝粉炸药,使铝薄膜混合炸药的总能量、比气泡能与铝粉炸药相当情况下,其比冲击波能却降低了10.16%～10.33%,计算过程说明铝薄膜混合炸药的C-J压力计算公式具有合理性。     

TATB基含铝炸药作功能力的试验研究

为评价TATB基含铝炸药的作功能力,通过ANSYS-LSDYNS软件,采用Lee-Tarver点火增长三项式模型模拟含铝炸药的圆筒试验,获得了含铝炸药的JWL状态方程及反应速率参数。利用激光位移干涉仪研究了不同铝粉尺寸的含铝炸药加速铜飞片的能力,用数值计算验证了标定的圆筒试验参数。结果表明,粒径较小的铝粉能够使铜飞片获得更大的自由面速度,加速铜飞片的时间缩短,表现为粒径2μm铝粉的含铝炸药反应时间比粒径10μm铝粉的含铝炸药缩短13.6%。计算值与试验结果吻合较好,表明圆筒试验得到的爆轰产物参数是有效的。     

铝粉粒度对乳化炸药能量输出特性及热安定性的影响

为了研究铝粉粒度对乳化炸药水下爆炸能量输出的影响，在相同乳化炸药中分别添加3种不同粒度的铝粉制得含铝乳化炸药。利用水下爆炸实验，获得冲击波压力时程曲线，经分析计算得到峰值压力、冲击波冲量、比冲击波能、比气泡能、总能量等水下爆炸能量参数。并运用DSC-TG联用技术测试添加不同粒度铝粉的乳化炸药在不同升温速率下的热安定性。结果表明：铝粉粒度对乳化炸药水下爆炸的能量有较大的影响，添加了中粒度（平均粒度为177.2 μm）铝粉的乳化炸药各能量参数均达到最大值，而3组样品的热安定性则随着铝粉粒度的减小而降低，活化能的最大降幅达3.7%。     

纳米铝粉在炸药中的应用概述

纳米铝粉是一种具有较小的粒径、较大的比表面积、较高的化学活性和较快的反应速率的含能材料,可以明显地改善炸药的某些爆轰性能。介绍了国内外对含纳米铝粉炸药的研究进展,指出了下一步含纳米铝粉炸药研究工作的重点。     

包覆工艺对HMX基含铝炸药燃烧能量的影响

以石蜡作包覆剂,采用两种包覆工艺制备了的4种HMX基含铝炸药,用小型密闭燃烧装置测试了其燃烧过程中压力随时间的变化,通过比较准静态压力得到其燃烧能量大小的关系。用气相色谱仪测量气相燃烧产物的含量,通过化学计算研究了不同包覆工艺制备的含铝炸药中铝粉的反应率。用扫描电镜(SEM)表征了含铝炸药的微观形貌。结果表明,黏结剂的包覆工艺直接影响含铝炸药的微观形态;采用包覆工艺1制备的含铝炸药中未包覆的铝粉更有利于在燃烧初期的吸热,使铝粉的反应率提高约5.8%,燃烧总能量也相应提高。     

Al粉对炸药爆炸加速能力的影响

采用电探针法测量了RDX基含铝炸药爆炸驱动金属薄片的速度变化,分析了铝粉含量对炸药爆炸加速能力的影响。结果表明,炸药爆炸对金属薄片的加速能力受配方中铝粉的反应比例影响;金属薄片的加速过程分速度增长和速度减小两个阶段;金属薄片达到最大速度的距离与铝粉的含量有关,随着铝粉含量的增加,达到最大速度的距离有所增加,该距离在40~60mm。铝粉含量对炸药爆炸加速能力的贡献有一最佳值,对于RDX基含铝炸药,其值约为15%。     

铝粉含量对梯铝炸药爆压和冲击波参数的影响

测试了以TNT为基不同含量含铝炸药的爆压和空中爆炸冲击波参数,通过分析铝粉对炸药爆压、空中爆炸参数和爆炸冲击波超压的影响,建立了爆压与铝氧比的关系曲线、5种TNT基含铝炸药的冲击波相似律方程和TNT/Al炸药的爆压与空中爆炸冲击波超压的关系式.结果表明,随着铝粉含量的增加,炸药的爆压呈指数衰减,近距离的冲击波超压也快速减小,但爆炸场温度和爆炸火球的直径及持续时间会增大.     

Underwater detonation performance of the aluminum film explosive

A new aluminized explosive is proposed, and the approach is to replace the aluminum powder in the traditional aluminized explosive with an aluminum film. The purpose is not only to improve mechanical properties and lower the impact sensitivity of traditional aluminized explosives, but also to reduce environmental pollution in the aluminum particle production process. The pressure-time curves of the aluminum film explosive and RDX are measured in underwater explosion experiments. The peak pressure, impulse, shock wave energy, and bubble energy are obtained by analyzing the curves. The results of the study indicate that the peak pressure of the aluminum film explosive is lower than that of RDX. However, the aluminum film explosive maintains a high pressure for a longer period of time. The large amount of energy is found to liberate by subsequent reactions of the Al film with the primary detonation products. The increase in the explosion energy of the aluminum film explosive is based mainly on the increase in the bubble energy.     

Initiating Aluminized High Explosives by Laser Radiation

A number of physical and chemical processes occurring under the action of a laser pulse in nanosized aluminum and aluminized explosives on the basis of fine-grained PETN and benzotrifuroxane along with estimates of the effect of aluminum of the explosive transformation dynamics in these explosives conclude that it is possible to initiate aluminized explosives by laser radiation. The estimated and experimental results show that the main source of hot spots capable of causing an explosive transformation in aluminized explosives under the action of a laser pulse can be a compression wave that forms as a result of rapid evaporation of a sufficient number of aluminum particles. It is shown experimentally that aluminized explosives based on fine-grained RDX and HMX can be initiated by a laser pulse whose source is no more powerful than that in the case of PETN and benzotrifuroxane.     

Comparison of underwater shock wave attenuation of a new insensitive high explosive with different explosives

A series of experiments is performed to compare underwater shock wave attenuation of a new insensitive and aluminized high explosive RS with TNT, JH14, and PBXN-111 explosives. A new model with a uniform expression is proposed to characterize the pressure-time histories of the explosives. Numerical results show that the new model is applicable for both aluminized explosives and ideal explosives. The correlation coefficients for fitted curves are verified by thousands of test data for different explosives, and the accuracy is above 0.99. The energy of the underwater shock wave generated by PBXN-111 and TNT characterized by the new model agrees well with available experimental results. In addition, the shock energy of the new insensitive and aluminized high explosive RS is higher than that of PBXN-11 by 13.4%. The general performance of underwater shock wave attenuation of the insensitive and aluminized high explosive RS is found to be better than that of TNT, JH14, and PBXN-111 explosives.     

Effect of powdered aluminum additives on the detonation parameters of high explosives

The effect of additives of various brands of aluminum on the detonation parameters of high explosives is investigated. It is shown that the detonation velocity of aluminized mixtures depends not only on the size of the additive particles used but also on their form.Moscow. Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 115–117, March–April, 1993.     

Predicting Maximum Attainable Detonation Velocity of CHNOF and Aluminized Explosives

This paper describes a simple method to predict the detonation velocity of pure and mixed CHNOF explosives as well as aluminized explosives at their maximum nominal density as one of the most important detonation properties. The new correlation uses the contribution of some structural parameters to apply for a wide range of ideal and non‐ideal explosives. Aluminized explosives have non‐ideal behavior and the Chapman Jouguet detonation velocities significantly differ from those expected from existing thermodynamic computer codes for equilibrium and steady state calculations. With the presented method, there is no need to use any assumed detonation products, heat of formation and experimental data. Detonation velocities at maximum nominal density of explosives predicted by this procedure show good agreement with respect to experimental values. They are more reliable compared to the calculated results of well‐known empirical methods and computed outputs using BKWS equation of state for CHNOF and aluminized explosives.     

炸药爆炸能量的水中测试与分析

介绍了炸药爆炸能量的水中测试方法,对TNT和3种新设计的含铝炸药进行了水中爆炸的实验研究,比较了各炸药的爆炸性能.结果表明,发现冲击波峰值超压、冲量和冲击波能流密度等参数较好地符合爆炸相似律,得到了新配方各参数的爆炸相似律系数.计算了炸药的冲击波能和气泡能,并提出了计算爆炸总能量的方法.把实验测得的炸药的总能量与KHTR程序计算的爆热进行对比,二者符合得较好,说明了KHTR程序可用.     

Formation of Particles of Explosives with Supercritical Fluids

The particle properties of components of explosives and propellants, i.e. the particle size, the particle size distribution and the particle shape, are very important. Especially with regard to insensitive explosives, the formation of crystals without spots, i.e. free of solvent inclusions, is aspired. New processes, taking advantage of the special characteristics of high-compressed respectively supercritical fluids, offer many possibilities to influence the properties of solid particles. For the RESS process (Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions), the formation of particles results from the rapid expansion of a loaded supercritical fluid. The GAS process (Gas Anti-Solvent) uses a high-compressed fluid as anti-solvent to lower the solvent power of a common solvent and thus to recrystallize the solid. In this report, the different processes to form particles of explosives and propellants with supercritical fluids are explained, and the first results are presented.     

铝粉含量和粒径对乳化炸药作功能力的影响

为研究铝粉对乳化炸药作功能力的影响,在负氧平衡的乳化炸药中分别添加不同含量和粒径的铝粉,采用测时仪法测定其爆速;通过水下爆炸实验计算出含铝乳化炸药的比冲击波能、比气泡能和总能量等参数。结果表明,当铝粉(粒径为5μm和35μm)质量分数为5%时,含铝乳化炸药的爆速最大,分别为5 128、5 071m/s;当铝粉(粒径为5μm和35μm)质量分数为20%时,乳化炸药的比冲击波能、比气泡能、总能量均随着铅粉含量的增加而增大,比冲击波能分别增加19.7%、15.3%;比气泡能分别增加12.6%、13.7%,总能量分别增加15.1%、14.5%。