大型乙烯裂解炉用低NOx燃烧器的结构优选

随着大能力大型化裂解炉的不断发展,国内首台单炉膛20万吨/年产能乙烯裂解炉对燃烧器提出了更高的设计要求,在稳定燃烧的同时还要满足特定的工艺要求和严苛的环保要求。采用CFD技术和热态试验方法优选新型乙烯裂解炉用低NO_x燃烧器,通过数值分析方法研究不同底部与侧壁供热比(底侧比)下裂解炉内的燃烧状态(火焰形状、火焰长度、炉内温度分布及NO_x排放量等),结果表明：在底侧比为70:30时燃烧状态最优,炉膛内温度分布均匀且满足工艺要求和环保要求。在热态试验炉上对最终设计工况(底侧比72:28)进行热态试验,结果显示:炉内燃烧状态良好,温度分布均匀且满足热通量曲线,NO_x排放量也较低。     

SRT-Ⅳ型裂解炉节能改造

介绍了提高裂解炉热效率和加工能力所采取的技术措施。指出采用高效燃烧器和引风系统变频调速技术 ,以强化燃料燃烧、改善炉膛内热流场分布、控制烟气中一氧化碳含量是裂解炉节能、增产的有效途径     

裂解炉低氮燃烧器优化运行探讨

对CBL-Ⅲ型100 kt裂解炉应用低氮燃烧器后,烟气NO_x排放超标原因进行分析。结合低氮燃烧器设计条件、工作原理和实际运行状况,对裂解炉炉体漏风处进行封堵。通过调整风机转速,底部、侧壁风门开度等手段,控制烟气内氧气含量,优化炉膛热场分布,降低裂解炉烟气内NO_x生成量。通过优化调整,裂解炉在正常运行工况下NO_x排放达到国家排放要求。同时摸索出了烟气内氧气含量对NO_x和CO生成的影响,确定了最优的烟气氧含量区间。分析裂解炉生产负荷对NO_x生成的影响,提出负荷变化后裂解炉操作调整方向。形成低氮燃烧器操作手册,指导裂解炉日常操作。     

CFD技术在乙烯裂解炉燃烧器研发过程中的应用

以某裂解炉用燃烧器为例,通过建立模型、网格划分、模型选取、条件设置及迭代计算等过程运用CFD技术对炉内的燃烧情况进行了数值模拟,并对计算结果进行了分析,得出了炉膛内的燃烧流动和温度分布,为燃烧器的研发和设计提供了依据。     

乙烯裂解炉燃烧器技术进展

综述了乙烯裂解炉燃烧器技术开发的最新进展情况,介绍了燃烧器布置优化、底部燃烧器和侧壁燃烧器等新技术以及CFD模拟技术在燃烧器设计和操作等方面的应用情况,这些新技术的成功应用将降低裂解炉烟气中NOx的排放,提高燃烧器的效率和裂解炉的操作稳定性.     

Coupled simulation of combustion with heat transfer and cracking reaction in SL-Ⅱ industrial ethylene pyrolyzer

采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对SL-Ⅱ型工业乙烯裂解炉辐射段炉膛内的燃烧传热及管内石脑油裂解反应过程进行耦合模拟,建模及耦合求解在CFX中完成。计算时采用标准k-ε双方程湍流模型、旋涡耗散/有限化学速率(EDM/FRC)燃烧模型和离散传播(DT)辐射模型,其中介质辐射特性采用多灰气加权模型;石脑油裂解反应采用Kumar分子反应模型,流体流动方程组由全隐式的耦合算法求解。模拟结果与工业数据吻合良好,验证了模型的可靠性。结果表明,管内裂解产物丙烯和丁烯收率先增后减,甲烷和乙烯收率一直增大;出口管外壁温度沿管长分布因侧壁烧嘴的加入而更加均匀;炉膛中部的回流区使该区温度更加均匀;裂解炉结构的非对称性引起烟气流速分布不对称,进而导致后墙上侧壁烧嘴的供热效率相对前墙侧较低,本文模拟结果为裂解炉进一步设计与改造提供理论指导。     

乙烯裂解炉用圆形低NOx燃烧器燃烧情况数值模拟

以某裂解炉用圆形低NO_x燃烧器为例，通过建立几何模型、网格划分、模型选取、条件设置及迭代计算等过程运用CFD技术对炉内的燃烧情况进行了数值模拟，并对计算结果进行了分析，得到了炉膛内的燃烧流动和温度分布情况，为低NO_x燃烧器的研发和设计提供依据。     

乙烯管式裂解炉的数值模拟

对USC型乙烯管式裂解炉进行了系统的数值模拟,得到了裂解炉内详细的速度、温度及组份浓度分布情况,揭示了裂解炉内流动、传热、传质和反应等过程的基本特点. 裂解炉炉膛和反应管分别进行计算,通过管外壁温度相连接,直至吻合. 计算结果表明,炉膛内流动、组份浓度和烟气温度分布是相当不均匀的,使反应管管壁温度和热通量分布不均匀;模拟计算还得到了反应管长度方向上的温度、速度、压力和组份浓度的变化规律;在反应管径向上存在着明显的速度和温度分布,而组份浓度变化程度不如速度和温度明显.     

低NOx燃烧器在扬子石化10万吨乙烯裂解炉上的应用

为满足环保要求,扬子石化烯烃厂10万吨裂解炉低氮改造选用低NO_x燃烧器并对其炉膛燃烧情况进行了CFD模拟。将该燃烧器应用于扬子10万吨乙烯裂解炉后,实际操作和运行情况表明,完全满足裂解炉的工艺和环保要求。     

USC型乙烯裂解炉炉膛燃烧过程数值模拟

以广州石化的USC型乙烯裂解炉辐射段为几何模型,采用计算流体力学的方法对计算域进行几何建模和网格划分,用标准的k-ε湍流模型、非绝热的简化PDF燃烧模型和离散坐标辐射传热模型对炉膛内的燃烧和辐射状况进行三维全尺寸数值计算,以研究炉膛内的燃烧、传热和烟气流动情况.计算得到的流场合理,温度、浓度分布与实际吻合良好,说明对裂解炉辐射段的数值模拟计算是成功的.该模拟计算验证了所建立的乙烯裂解炉炉膛燃烧反应数学模型的可靠性和合理性,并为优化设计裂解炉结构提供理论参考.     

乙烯裂解炉耦合模拟中湍流模型的影响分析

配备底部烧嘴和侧壁烧嘴的乙烯裂解炉应用越来越广泛，不同燃烧模式影响着炉膛内湍流流动状态，考虑到裂解炉中湍流流动与燃气喷料、燃烧和传热有较强的非线性耦合作用，为此探究不同湍流模型在裂解炉/反应器耦合模拟中的影响对于裂解炉的精确设计和优化至关重要。针对不同湍流模型对某十万吨工业乙烯裂解炉进行了耦合模拟，利用CFD数值模拟对采用标准k-ε模型、RNG k-ε和Realizable k-ε模型所建立的湍流流动模型进行评估。将三种湍流模型的模拟结果与工业数据进行比较，重点分析了裂解炉内的速度、温度、湍流能力等参数的分布情况，表明Realizable k-ε模型在火焰稳定性、反应效率等方面优于其他两种模型，且基于Realizable k-ε湍流方程的反应管模型在热通量、炉管外壁温度分布计算结果更接近实际工况。     

如何改善加热炉的操作以实现节能增效

着重以某炼厂400万t／a蜡油加氢裂化装置的反应加热炉为例,探讨了如何改善加热炉的操作以实现节能增效,通过改善加热炉的操作,如合理控制排烟温度、炉膛温度、炉出口温度、炉膛负压、烟气氧含量、进料流量,做好炉体密封、燃烧器的操作与维护、定期对炉管进行烧焦等来提高加热炉热效率,计算结果表明,当示例装置在满负荷工况下,改善加热炉操作后,两列反应炉的热效率从89．19％提高到92．13％,可节约92．82万元／年。由此可见,通过优良精细的操作,可获得十分可观的经济效益。     

SL-Ⅱ型工业乙烯裂解炉内燃烧传热与裂解反应的耦合模拟

采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对SL-Ⅱ型工业乙烯裂解炉辐射段炉膛内的燃烧传热及管内石脑油裂解反应过程进行耦合模拟,建模及耦合求解在CFX中完成.计算时采用标准k-ε双方程湍流模型、旋涡耗散/有限化学速率(EDM/FRC)燃烧模型和离散传播(DT)辐射模型,其中介质辐射特性采用多灰气加权模型;石脑油裂解反应采用Kuma...     

Combustion and Pyrolysis Reactions in a Naphtha Cracking Furnace

Numerical simulation on combustion and pyrolysis reactions in a tubular reactor is carried out on a 100,000 t/a naphtha cracking furnace. A complex arrangement of bottom burners is contained in the furnace model. The hydrodynamic and radiation models are included for calculating the flue gas flow pattern and heat transfer. A molecular reactions model is applied on the basis of a two‐dimensional tubular reactor model. The results calculated indicate that there is recirculation of the flue gas at each side of the reactor tubes due to the high inlet velocity from the bottom burners, which contributes to the uniformity of flue gas temperature in the furnace. Higher temperature profiles of the tube skin are mainly located 15–20 m along the tubular reactor. The calculated pyrolysis product yield and the tube skin temperatures are in good agreement with experimental data.     

Impact of flue gas radiative properties and burner geometry in furnace simulations

Three fully coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of a complete industrial steam cracking furnace equipped with floor burners are performed. The influence of the flue gas radiative properties and burner geometry on the flame front in the firebox, the heat transfer to the coils and the product selectivities has been investigated. A nine‐band model developed from the Exponential Wide Band Model (EWBM) is used as nongray gas radiation model to compare with the gray gas implementation of Weighted Sum of Gray Gas Model for the evaluation of the flue gas radiative properties. The gray gas radiation model predicts a flue gas outlet temperature that is 70 K lower than the temperature obtained with the nongray gas radiation model, resulting in a 3.6% higher thermal efficiency and 44 K higher average Coil Outlet Temperature (COT). Important differences between the 22 reactors in the furnace are seen because of shadow effects with and without accounting for the detailed burner geometry. The maximum difference between the COT of different reactors in the furnace caused by shadow effects is about 29 K which corresponds to a propene‐over‐ethene difference of 0.1. Full furnace CFD simulations prove thus to be essential in design and during debottlenecking, when aiming for a more uniform COT distribution to the reactors by feed or fuel distribution. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2015 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 936–954, 2015     

新型热解炉燃烧室流热固耦合仿真与结构优化

针对新型热解炉燃烧室结构,采用ANSYS Workbench流热固耦合方法,研究不同结构参数下燃烧室的温度场与变形场,获得了最优的燃烧室结构。结果表明,燃烧室内设挡板的结构性能优于无挡板的结构性能,燃烧室内设挡板的温度场变异系数的变化幅度比无挡板的变化幅度减小0.06,温度场分布更均匀;燃烧室的最大变形出现在燃烧室与热解室之间的隔板上,有挡板的燃烧室最大变形量较无挡板的燃烧室减少80%,且最大变形量均随着挡板位置距中心的距离或挡板长度增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,而挡板厚度对变形场的影响最小;在挡板位置为150 mm,挡板长度为800 mm,挡板厚度为14 mm时,新型热解炉燃烧室的结构最优。     

Coupled simulation of an industrial naphtha cracking furnace equipped with long-flame and radiation burners

A coupled reactor/furnace simulation has been conducted for a 100 kt/a SL-II naphtha cracking furnace containing both long-flame and radiation burners. The computational fluid dynamics approach was used to simulate the flow, combustion and radiative heat transfer in the furnace. The software packages COILSIM1D and SimCO were used to account for the cracking process in the reactor coils. The simulation provides for the first time detailed information about concentration, velocity, and temperature fields for these types of furnaces. Comparison of the calculated product yields against measured industrial data validates the simulation and shows that the difference with using a predefined normalized heat flux profile is limited. The results show that the design of radiation section outlet leads to an asymmetric flue gas-temperature, concentration and velocity profile. Large recirculation zones exist near the reactor tubes, making the temperature in the middle of furnace more uniform.     

Numerical simulation on flow, combustion and heat transfer of ethylene cracking furnaces

With the study object of an 100kt/a SL-II ethylene cracking furnace, this paper used Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to carry out coupled simulation studies on the flow, combustion, radiative heat transfer and thermal cracking reaction processes in the cracking furnace. The standard k–ε two-equation model was applied to turbulence simulation. The finite-rate/eddy-dissipation model was used for modeling of non-premixed combustion of the bottom burners and premixed combustion of the sidewall burners. The Discrete Ordinates (DO) model was applied to the simulation of radiative heat transfer of furnace. The simulation results show the detailed information about velocity, temperature and concentration fields in the furnace and heat flux distribution on the reactor tubes skin. This work will provide a theoretical basis for the optimization of the geometrical structure and operational parameters of the cracking furnace.     

燃烧器上摆角度对四角切圆锅炉再热蒸汽温度偏差影响的数值模拟

采用燃烧器上摆和附加风上摆角度偏差设置的方法来降低锅炉烟温偏差和再热蒸汽温度偏差。对一台700 MW四角切圆燃烧锅炉不同燃烧器上摆角度条件下的炉内燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,模拟结果与试验值符合较好。燃烧器上摆角度增加,炉内气流的旋转动量矩和屏区入口的残余旋转动量矩减小,水平烟道内烟气速度和温度偏差降低。附加风上摆角度的偏差设置可降低屏区入口的残余旋转动量矩,进而减小烟气速度和温度偏差。燃烧试验表明,燃烧器上摆11°和附加风上摆角度的偏差设置10°可将再热蒸汽温度偏差由20℃左右降低至4℃以下,是一种有效降低烟气和再热蒸汽温度偏差的手段。