高风速复合式电收尘器模拟烟气净化实验研究

为了探讨自制高风速复合式电收尘器(HVCESP)的收尘效果,对其进行了模拟烟气粉尘净化实验研究并探讨了其收尘机理。以收尘效率η作为收尘指标,以粉尘初始质量浓度0ρ、工作电压U、有效收尘面积S及烟气风速v作为影响因素进行单因素分析,分别考查各因素对η的影响规律。实验结果表明,当烟气处理量qV=3780 m3/h,v=1.75 m/s,ρ0=5 g/m3,U=47 kV,有效收尘面积S=14.5m2,异极距H=0.17m,有效电场长度L=2.8 m时,η可达95%;当qV=1787 m3/h,v=0.81 m/s,而其它条件不变时,η可达99.54%。HVCESP除尘系统比传统电收尘器(ESP)体积缩小几倍,实现了除尘设备小型化,降低了其一次性投资。     

Flow visualization inside a wire-plate electrostatic precipitator

A flow visualization study was performed in a wire-plate precipitator with a plate-plate spacing of 20.32 cm and wire-wire spacing of 20.32 cm. Smoke was used as the flow tracer, where injection and illumination were accomplished by two different techniques. In one method smoke was released from a single heated probe and illuminated by electronic flash. The other method employed a uniform smoke flow made visible by a laser sheet. The latter technique proved to be superior, providing well-defined views of the flow in both streamwise and spanwise planes over a wide range of velocities (0.2-2 m/s) and current densities (0-0.5 mA/m). The illuminated flow patterns were recorded by still 35 mm photography and color video taping. Of particular interest was the interaction between the precipitator gas flow and the corona-generated electric wind for both polarities of discharge. Results showed that positive corona discharge produces a stable two-dimensional smoke flow with negligible turbulent dispersion for precipitator velocities greater than 0.7 m/s. Lower velocities allowed the electric wind to dominate producing unstable, recirculating flow with widespread turbulence. Negative discharges were inherently unsteady and three-dimensional at all operating conditions but displayed extreme instability and recirculation (similar to positive polarity) for precipitator velocities less than 0.7 m/s     

Electrostatic Precipitator Pilot Studies on a Cement Plant Clinker Cooler

Some pilot studies into the removal of particulates from the exhaust of a cement plant clinker cooler are described. A two-stage electrostatic precipitator was employed, consisting of a conventional plate-wire precipitator closely followed by a three-stage grid-type precipitator, to handle 12 000 actual cubic feet per minute (acfm) of exhaust gas. To offset the high electrical resistivity of the clinker dust, moisture was added by spraying water directly onto the clinker bed in order to alleviate the problems caused by back corona. Overall collection efficiencies in excess of 90 percent were achieved, and in excess of 40 percent by the grid precipitator section alone. It is estimated on the basis of previous experience that, by using a twelve-stage grid precipitator section, overall collection efficiencies greater than 99 percent are possible. Overall treatment length would be appreciably less than for a conventional plate-wire precipitator having the same efficiency.     

A Wet-Wall Electroinertial Precipitator: A Highly Efficient Air Cleaner for Cotton Dust

A wet-wall electroinertial air cleaner has been developed to control and remove dust generated during the processing of cotton textile fibers. The combination of electrostatic and inertial forces provides for high-efficiency collection of fine cotton dust, and the wet wall is used to continuously flush out the precipitated dust, thus avoiding problems of dust reentrainment or fire hazard. The air-cleaner design consists of a vertical tube equipped with a coaxial charging wire and an air entrance tangential to the periphery of the tube so as to inpart internal rotational flow. Dust entering the tube is charged by corona from the coaxial wire and is attracted to the tube wall by a combination of both the electrical and the centrifugal forces. A film of water introduced at the upper end of the tube flows down the inner wall and washes collected dust down the tube wall to a discharge sump. Data is presented on the efficiencies of a 4-in and an 8-in diameter precipitator operating at upper limits of about 200 ft3/min and 800 ft3/min, respectively, with artificially produced cotton dusts.     

Semipilot plant pulse energized cold-precharger electrostaticprecipitator tests for collection of moderately high resistivity flyashparticles

The performance of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) to collect moderately high resistivity flyash has been tested under pulse/precharger energization using the semipilot scale integrated electrostatics combustion flue gas (IECFG) cleaning system at Ontario Hydro's 640 MJ/h Combustion Research Facility Center. The pulse energization enhanced the performance of the existing de-energized wire-plate electrostatic precipitator in collecting moderately high resistivity (ρ~10¹⁰ Ω·cm) flyash. A 26% improvement in particle collection efficiency and 30% energy saving were obtained with pulse energization, with moderately high resistivity flyash generated by burning high-sulfur (3.7%) Nova Scotia coal with limestone conditioning. The cold precharger specially designed to suit the three-stage wire-plate ESP has also been tested for its ability to improve the performance of ESP in reducing the back corona. With an additional 30% of energy supplied to the precharger it was possible to obtain up to 40% enhancement in collection efficiency. In general an enhancement factor of 1.8-2.8 was obtained with dust loading ~2 g/m³. A thyratron switched pulse power supply was used for the ESP     

燃煤电厂除尘器分级效率测量及分析

随着环保意识的提高,人们对空气中细微颗粒物的污染越来越关注。燃煤电厂是细微颗粒物的污染源之一。通过对燃煤电厂袋式除尘器、电袋复合除尘器、电除尘器出口排烟中PM10、PM2.5 质量浓度的测试,证实不同型式除尘器对细微粉尘脱除存在差异。因此,应特别重视除尘器分级效率,从而正确选择除尘器型式。除尘器出口烟气中PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0等细微颗粒采用串级低压冲击仪分级收集。测试数据表明,对PM1O、PM2.5的脱除效果及除尘效率由高到低的排序均依次为电袋复合除尘器、袋式除尘器、电除尘器;电除尘器出口细微粉尘比例相对较小。     

湿式电除尘器性能测试方法及排放特征研究

湿式电除尘器收尘极被水膜覆盖,放电区域存在水雾,无振打二次扬尘,且细颗粒物团聚现象显著,可有效减少细颗粒物、SO₃等排放。采用一体化采样头（内置滤膜）采集颗粒物,采用重量法（PM-10）和电荷法（ELPI）测定PM_2.5;采用冷凝法或冷凝法与异丙醇吸收相结合的采样方法测定SO₃。测定结果表明,不同型式的湿式电除尘器颗粒物、PM_2.5一般分别在2~5mg/m³及3mg/m³以下,除尘效率一般在75%~95%,金属极板湿式电除尘器为连续喷淋,因不存在细颗粒物的二次扬尘,颗粒物排放可达1mg/m³以下;不同型式的湿式电除尘器SO₃排放一般在5mg/m³以下,SO₃脱除效率一般在60%~80%,导电玻璃钢湿式电除尘器板电流密度一般比金属极板湿式电除尘器大,因此其SO₃脱除效率普遍更高一些。     

多种负荷工况下湿式电除尘器的PM2.5脱除效率及排放特征

在燃煤发电机组带100%、75%、50%负荷,每种负荷下湿式电除尘器（WESP）以高功率和节能优化2种模式运行共6种工况下,使用ELPI+测试湿式电除尘器入口和出口烟尘的质量浓度和排放特征。实验结果表明,在高负荷下,湿式电除尘器采用节能模式会导致总烟尘、PM₁₀、PM_2.5浓度均显著升高,甚至排放质量浓度超过5 mg/m³;而在中低负荷下,湿式电除尘器采用节能模式会导致总烟尘排放浓度显著升高,但PM₁₀、PM_2.5浓度则变化不显著,且粒径越小变化越小;PM₁₀、PM_2.5浓度变化对总排放的影响较小,除尘系统节能优化试验可为机组实现超低排放下的优化运行提供有力支持;湿式电除尘器入口和出口飞灰颗粒质量呈现出典型的双模态分布;湿式电除尘器以高功率运行时,2~10 μm的颗粒仅占PM₁₀质量的30%左右,湿式电除尘器以节能模式运行时,2~10 μm的颗粒可占到PM₁₀质量的50%以上。     

火电厂电除尘器电源的改造

为提高电除尘器的除尘效率和降低能耗,提出将电除尘器电源由工频电源改为高频电源。改造后除尘器出口烟尘排放质量浓度由原来的30.2mg/m3下降至5.8mg/m3,出口烟尘质量浓度降低率由原来的76.7%提高到了80.8%,电除尘器节电率达69.6%。电除尘效率由原来的99.6%提高到99.68%,达到了既提效又节能的目的。     

燃煤烟气超低排放全流程协同削减三氧化硫效果分析

烟气三氧化硫（SO₃）是形成雾霾的前驱体之一,研究火电厂烟气污染物控制流程中SO₃的形态、浓度、排放水平以及影响因素很有必要。对容量300~1000MW的燃煤机组超低排放设施进行实测,并对1 000 MW机组开展了全流程测试,同时与常规污染物控制流程进行比较,表明超低排放设施对SO₃具有更好的控制效果,SO₃综合脱除效率可达到90%。对烟气流程各设备脱除SO₃机理与减排效果进行分析,结果表明：（1）SCR脱硝装置具有将SO₂催化氧化成SO₃的作用。（2）空气预热器烟温降低过程间接消耗SO₃,低低温电除尘器、湿法脱硫吸收塔与湿式电除尘器对SO₃有削减作用,各设备对SO₃的削减份额分别占SO₃总量的30%、40%、15%、5%。（3）空气预热器、电除尘器运行温度对SO₃脱除率有较大影响。（4）高效脱硫协同除尘一体化吸收塔具有更好的脱除SO₃效果。     

电袋复合除尘器的应用

我国发电主要以煤为主,燃煤锅炉所排放的粉尘占到总排放量的60%。分析比较电式除尘器、袋式除尘器技术性能,得出由于静电除尘器对微细粒子的捕集能力有限,加之我国燃煤锅炉所产生的飞灰性质差别较大,影响了静电除尘器的除尘效率,从而导致电厂烟尘排放浓度超标;袋式除尘器能有效捕集对人体危害大的5μm以下的细微颗粒,除尘效率高;但袋式除尘器也存在一定的局限,除运行阻力大,还有如滤袋使用寿命等问题,建议燃煤电厂锅炉安装使用电袋式除尘器,实现达标排放。     

New Trends in Electrostatic Precipitation: Wide Duct Spacing, Precharging, Pulse Energization

Increased research in electrostatic precipitation has resulted in the emergence of promising new technologies. In a new design concept already widely used in Japan, the precipitator duct spacing is increased from the traditional 200-300 mm up to 400-600 mm, and the precipitator voltage is raised correspondingly, with precipitator performance remaining almost unchanged for the same precipitator volume and the same gas flow. For suitable applications, this design results in reduced installation costs and easier maintenance. Various devices for precharging of high resistivity dust now under development improve particle charging and thereby enhance precipitator performance. Pulse energization improves the performance of precipitators collecting high resistivity dust by improving particle charging and current distribution and allowing regulation of the precipitator current independent of precipitator voltage.     

An experimental investigation of ion-drag pump in a vertical andaxisymmetric configuration

An ion-drag pump in a vertical, axisymmetric configuration was built. Two pumping sections with 1 and 10 electrode pairs were constructed. The total length of the pumping loop with one electrode pair was 133.0 cm; with 10 electrode pairs it was 186.0 cm. The electrodes were designed from the fluid mechanics standpoint. The ions were injected into the fluid where the viscous shear stresses were the highest. The fluid used was dodecylbenzine, and all the experiments were conducted at 25°C. Pumping velocities as high as 33.4 cm/s (corresponding mass flow rate of 1.1 kg/s and total pressure generation of 111.9 Pa) at 25 kV have been achieved. The highest pump power efficiency obtained was 6.0%. The effect of the electrical conductivity level of dodecylbenzine on the pump performance was also studied. Increasing the conductivity level reduced the pumping velocity     

Using experimental designs for modelling of intermittent air filtration process

Identification of the optimal operating conditions and evaluation of their robustness are critical issues for industrial processes. A standard procedure, for modelling a laboratory-scale wire-to-cylinder electrostatic precipitator and for guiding the research of the set point, is presented. The procedure consists of formulating a set of recommendations regarding the choice of parameter values for electrostatic precipitation. The experiments were carried out on a laboratory cylindrical precipitator, built by one of the authors, with samples of wood particles. The parameters considered are the applied high voltage U, the air flow F, and the quantity of dust in air m. Several “one-factor-at-a-time” followed by factorial composite design experiments were performed, based on the following three-step strategy: 1) Identify the domain of variation of the variables; 2) Determine the mathematical model of the process outcome; 3) Validation of the mathematical model and optimisation of the process.     

440t/h循环流化床电站颗粒物排放特性的实验研究

针对440t/h大型燃煤循环流化床电站锅炉，分别在电除尘器前后水平烟道进行颗粒物采样，研究不同燃烧工况变化（包括煤种、锅炉负荷、Ca/S和氧量等）对颗粒物排放的影响。分析结果表明：静电除尘器分级效率随着粒径减小逐渐下降，对亚微米颗粒收尘效率不足90％，排放的颗粒物中可吸入颗粒物占据较大的份额，一般在70％～90％左右；随着煤中灰分含量的增加，锅炉负荷的增加，颗粒物排放浓度逐渐增加，静电除尘效率下降；添加石灰石后颗粒物浓度明显增加，CaO对颗粒物凝并和团聚有一定作用，使得粗颗粒物所占烟尘总量的百分比增加，烟尘颗粒d(0.5)从35.25μm增大到48.50μm；燃烧气氛含氧量增大时，排放颗粒物的粒径逐渐减小，PM1、PM2.5和PM10总排放量都是增大的。     

对火电厂降低PM2.5颗粒排放的若干问题的探讨

大气中的PM2.5颗粒对人体健康有长期的不利影响,越来越受到关注。火电厂PM2.5颗粒排放占全社会总量的10％。袋式除尘器能捕捉大多数PM2.5颗粒,高效静电除尘器如选用合适的电源和比集尘面积也能大大提高PM2.5颗粒的捕捉能力。实验室测试表明2种除尘器对PM2.5的捕捉率都可达到90％。除了采用高效除尘器外,降低电厂NOx和SO2的排放也是火电厂减少PM2.5颗粒排放的有效和必要措施。     

湿式电除尘器在工程中的应用

随着国家对大气污染物排放控制要求的提高,新的火电厂大气污染物排放标准(GB13223-2011)于2012年1月1日正式实施。新排放标准对烟尘、二氧化硫、氮氧化排放控制要求都有了很大的提高。为了满足新的排放标准以及解决现已投运电厂普遍存在石膏雨问题,迫切需要与之配套的系统和设备来解决出现的新问题。湿式静电除尘器应用对减少吸收塔后烟尘、石膏雨和SO3等的排放,满足新标准要求多了一种选择。本文通过分析认为对大型燃煤机组吸收塔后面安装湿式电除尘器在技术上是可行的,湿式静电除尘器对石膏液滴、酸雾、有毒重金属以及PM10,尤其是PM2.5的微细粉尘有良好的脱除效果,但初投资和运行维护费用有所增加。     

Automatic control and management of electrostatic precipitator

The efficient operation of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) in practice depends upon many variables, such as charging method, particle size, gas flow, temperature, dust resistivity, etc. With air pollution control requirements becoming increasingly stringent, it is essential to closely monitor and accurately control the key parameters of an ESP control system. The efficient functioning of an ESP normally means minimizing power consumption and maximizing dust collection. Several control strategies can be adopted to meet this broad requirement. In this paper, a distributed control technique of an ESP, which uses the actual dust emission and boiler load as feedback inputs has been explained. The electrostatic precipitator management system, which is a system designed by Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd., Hyderabad, India, to meet the above control strategies using the distributed architecture to achieve efficient ESP operation is also described     

“低低温+移动电极”电除尘技术研究与应用

“低低温+移动电极”是新的电除尘组合技术。低低温电除尘技术有二次扬尘的缺陷,需结合移动电极来保证高除尘效率,为此研究了“低低温+移动电极”的技术特点和结构原理,并对国外碧南电厂和华能河北某电厂等典型案例进行了介绍和分析。实践经验表明,“低低温+移动电极”电除尘技术是实现超低排放的较佳电除尘组合技术之一,其可实现燃煤电厂电除尘器出口粉尘质量浓度达到15 mg/m³以下,配合脱硫系统可满足10 mg/m³以下甚至5 mg/m³以下的烟尘超低排放要求。     

超低排放改造后燃煤烟气净化设备协同脱汞潜力分析

燃煤机组完成超低排放改造后,原有的烟气净化设备在设备容量、装备水平上有较大提升。为了给汞排放治理提供决策依据,分析了超低排放改造后烟气净化设备的汞脱除潜力。研究结果表明：SCR烟气脱硝系统改造能够增大Hg⁰的氧化效率,因而能促进后续烟气净化设备的脱汞效率;低低温电除尘和电袋复合除尘技术的协同脱汞效率显著,可达40%;安装高效除尘除雾器的脱硫塔对汞的协同脱除效率可达96%。然而,由于超低排放改造后除尘器出口Hg²⁺含量低,且粉尘浓度低、粒径小,脱硫系统单塔提效增容改造及湿式电除尘器对烟气中汞的脱除效率影响有限;还有可能出现单塔提效增容改造后脱硫系统出口汞的排放浓度较入口略有增加的情况。