On excitation of the surface wave on the plane surface of an electrically conducting medium with high conductivity by a vertical aperture,the Zenneck wave

The efficiency of excitation of the surface wave, in particular, the Zenneck wave on the plane boundary of an electrically conducting medium with high conductivity by a vertical aperture is introduced and analyzed.     

On the Condition for Transformation of a Fast Surface Wave into a Slow Surface Wave

Surface plasmons (polaritons) along the boundary between vacuum and a dissipative half-space with given complex permittivity, including the case of placing an electrically thin dielectric layer (system of layers) on the boundary, are considered. Conditions for transformation of a fast gliding Zenneck surface wave (polariton) into a slow wave (slow surface plasmon) are considered. The behavior of the group velocity and the energy velocity of motion (transfer) in such structures are analyzed. The reflection coefficient of the Zenneck wave along the sea for the ice pack of a given thickness is determined. It has been shown that rigorous solution of the Sommerfeld problem by means of numerical calculation of integrals in the near zone allows obtaining the solution of the inverse problem of the structure of the surface region on the basis of redundant experimental data on components of the electromagnetic field on the surface at different ranges from the antenna.     

On excitation of waves over a plane surface of a highly conductive medium,the Zenneck wave

Effective excitation of a surface wave, in particular, the Zenneck wave, over a plane boundary of a highly conductive medium is considered.     

The ancient and modern history of EM ground-wave propagation

Radio-wave transmission over the surface of the Earth is a subject of enquiry going back to the beginning of the century. In this review, an attempt is made to describe the ground-wave mechanism that is omni-present. We first call attention to the early analytical contributions of Zenneck and Sommerfeld, based on a flat-Earth model. The subsequent controversies, particularly with regard to the role of the Zenneck surface wave, are outlined. Further developments by other pioneers, such as van der Pol, Fock, Bremmer, Norton, and Millington, are reviewed, and an attempt is made to put these in a modern context. We also show that the trapped surface wave can be a significant contribution to the total ground-wave field, when the Earth boundary is sufficiently inductive. Mixed-path theory and confirming model tests by Ray King are described briefly, along with calculated propagation curves for twoand three-section paths. The bibliography includes references to related topics, such as tropospheric refraction and topographic influences     

Two-Term Ritz–Galerkin Solution for the Low Frequency Scattering by a Rectangular Trough in a Soft Ground Plane

An analytic form is derived for the diffracted field that originates when a transverse-magnetic plane-wave excites a rectangular trough cut in a ground plane. The low-frequency analysis is valid for trough apertures that are less than half a free-space wavelength in width. Trough depth is arbitrary. The quasi-static nature of the long wave problem is exploited by approximating the aperture field as a complex superposition of decoupled symmetric and antisymmetric solutions to Laplace's equation in the vicinity of the aperture, subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions. Geometrical contributions to the final algebraic expressions for the two aperture coefficients arise from two sources: A rapidly convergent series governs the aperture interaction with the trough modes and the effect of the half-space is embodied in a small number of terms of low powers in $ka$ and factors of $ln ka$.      

平行金属线阵列地面附近的早期HEMP环境

铺设金属网的地面作为一种复杂的地表,区别于均匀半空间均匀地面,金属网必然会影响地表附近上方的电磁环境,因此,对其电磁环境的准确描述和分析十分必要。为此,以地面铺设平行金属阵列为典型情形,提出了一种计算平行金属阵列地面附近上方高空核爆电磁脉冲环境的解析方案,并且分析了地面铺设平行金属阵列结构之后对早期高空核爆电磁脉冲环境的影响。结果表明：当地面铺设平行金属线阵列后,相比于均匀半空间地面而言,不同高度下的水平极化场,反射场与入射场相互抵消的现象更加明显,使得总水平极化场衰减更为严重;而对于不同高度下的垂直极化场,其反射场和入射场的叠加现象也更加明显,使得地面附近上方的垂直场强幅值大于入射波场强幅值的效应加强。     

高增益高效率的Fabry-Perot谐振腔天线研究

提出了一种采用非均匀频率选择表面（frequency selective surface, FSS）盖板以及非均匀电磁带隙（electromagnetic band gap, EBG）结构反射地板的高增益Fabry-Perot（F-P）谐振腔天线. 基于漏波理论模型,针对大口径F-P谐振腔天线设计非均匀的FSS盖板和EBG反射地板,控制衰减常数α和相位常数β,改善了口径场上幅度相位分布的均匀性,并抑制了非谐振频率时天线辐射性能的恶化,实现高增益和高口径效率的同时,保证了天线的工作带宽. 所提出的圆形F-P谐振腔天线直径为6.6λ₀,仿真增益为24.6 dBi,口径效率达67.9%,阻抗带宽为4.1%,3 dB增益带宽为3.7%;实测增益为23.9 dBi,口径效率达56.9%. 由于对口径场均匀性的设计,该天线克服了传统F-P谐振腔天线的口径效率和增益间的相互限制.     

A new solution for the problem of plane wave diffraction by a 2-D aperture in a ground plane

In this paper, we develop novel closed-form representations for the diffraction integrals associated with the classical problem of plane wave diffraction by a two-dimensional aperture in a ground plane. After approximating the aperture field by the incident field, spectral-domain techniques are used to represent the diffracted fields as inverse Fourier transforms, which are often referred to as the angular spectrum. The resulting inverse Fourier transforms are integrated analytically by using contour deformation techniques, thereby yielding closed-form representations for the diffracted fields that only involve rapidly-computable special functions. The diffracted fields that are computed using the closed-form representations are validated by comparing with results obtained by direct numerical integration of the diffraction integrals.     

Sommerfeld and Zenneck wave propagation for a finitely conductingone-dimensional rough surface

Starting with Zenneck and Sommerfeld wave propagation over a flat finitely conducting surface has been extensively studied by Wait (see IEEE Antennas Propagat. Mag., vol.40, p.7-24, 1998) and many other authors. We examine propagation over a finitely conducting rough surface, also studied by many people including Feinberg (1944), Bass and Fuks (1979), and Barrick (see Radio Sci., vol.6, p.517-26, and vol.6., p.527-33). This paper extends the multiple scattering theories based on Dyson and Bethe-Salpeter equations and their smoothing approximations. The theory developed here applies to rough surfaces with small root-mean-square (RMS) heights (σ<0.1λ). We limit ourselves to the one-dimensional (1-D) rough surface with finite conductivity excited by a magnetic line source, which is equivalent to the Sommerfeld dipole problem in two dimensions (x-z plane). With the presence of finite roughness, the total field decomposes into the coherent field and the incoherent field. The coherent (average) field is obtained by using Dyson's equation, a fundamental integral equation based on the modified perturbation method. Once the coherent field has been obtained, we determine the Sommerfeld pole, the effective surface impedance, and the Zenneck wave for rough surfaces of small RMS heights. The coherent field is written in terms of the Fourier transform, which is equivalent to the Sommerfeld integral. Numerical examples of the attenuation function are compared to Monte Carlo simulations and are shown to contrast the flat and rough surface cases. Next, we obtain the general expression for the incoherent mutual coherence functions and scattering cross section for rough conducting surfaces     

Radiation fields of the short-backfire antenna

A method for the approximate calculation of the radiation fields of a short-backfire antenna is presented. This technique is based upon the assumption that the aperture field is distributed approximately cosinusoidally in both horizontal and vertical planes as evidenced by near-zone field measurements. It appears that the short-backfire antenna is essentially a circular aperture antenna with cosinusoidal aperture field, and that the dipole functions merely as an exciter for this field.     

A physical basis formulation for the electromagnetic backscatteringby a finite-length rectangular trough in a ground plane

The electromagnetic backscattering from a finite-length rectangular trough in an infinite ground plane is examined. A physical basis formulation is used to express the unknown currents in the trough aperture in terms of a forced wave resulting from the incident plane wave, and one or more pairs of oppositely directed traveling waves propagating along the trough. A Galerkin solution is employed to solve a very small system of equations to determine the weights of the postulated aperture currents, and then radiated to compute the radar cross section (RCS). These results are then compared with a measurement of a trough in a finite ground     

The annular aperture antenna with a hemispherical center conductor extension

An annular aperture antenna mounted on an infinite ground plane and containing a hemispherical center conductor extension above the ground plane is investigated. A Green's function for the region above the ground plane is derived so as to be compatible with numerical solution techniques. A magnetic field integral equation is obtained in terms of the unknown tangential aperture electric field and is solved by the method of moments. A comparison between flush mounted and hemispherically extended annular aperture antennas is presented for the tangential aperture electric field, the coaxial line apparent input admittance, and the far radiated field.     

Input Admittance of a Circular Waveguide Aperture Covered by a Dielectric Slab

The input admittance of a circular waveguide opening onto an infinite flange with a homogeneous lossy dielectric coating is derived using integral transforms and assuming the dominant TE11mode as the trial field at the aperture. Admittance calculations for low-loss dielectric sheets of various thicknesses are given and compared with measurements obtained using ground planes of varying sizes. Excellent agreement with theory is obtained for the circular waveguide terminated into a square ground plane only1lambdato2lambda. on a side. A quantitative comparison of the surface wave contribution to the total admittance is also given.     

Radiation from a dielectric coated hemispherical conductor fed by acoaxial transmission line

A dielectric-coated hemispherical conductor mounted on an infinite perfectly conducting ground plane and fed by a coaxial transmission line is investigated. Green's functions for the region above the ground line are derived with separated homogeneous and particular solution parts so as to be compatible with numerical analysis techniques. A magnetic field integral equation is constructed in terms of the unknown annular aperture tangential electric field and is solved by the method of moments. A comparison of the characteristics of the dielectric-coated hemispherical conductor and a flush-mounted coaxial line to an infinite homogeneous region above the ground plane is presented with respected to the tangential aperture electric field, with respect to the tangential aperture electric field, the coaxial line apparent input impedance, and the far radiated field     

The determination of the propagation constant for the travelingwave in an infinite ground plane

The propagation constant for the travelling wave in a trough in an infinite ground plane is examined. The null-field integral is used to determine the electromagnetic field in the trough structure, and pulse basis functions give the distribution of the aperture fields. From this, the propagation constant is solved for, using the Newton-Raphson iterative scheme. Various sizes of geometries are examined. The far-field patterns are calculated and compared with other solutions, thereby validating the integral formulation which subsequently provided the propagation constant. Measurements of two trough geometries are performed to validate the theoretical results     

Comparaison de deux modèles théoriques du rayonnement d’un doublet électrique vertical

This paper deals with a comparative study of two theoretical models for the electromagnetic field radiated by an elementary vertical electric dipole standing in the air above the ground whose curvature is neglected. Field expressions have been derived following King’s method, and have been compared with the well-known Norton’s formulas. The conditions of validity of both models have been precisely defined. The two theoretical models showing significant differences only in near field zone, we compare them with field magnitude measurements conducted over very short distances, using two vertical quarter wave monopoles situated above the ground and operating at a frequency of 400 MHz.     

一种改进的基于Stolt迁移的探地雷达三维合成孔径成像方法

stolt迁移实现探地雷达三维合成孔径成像具有实现速度快的优点,但stolt迁移有一显著缺点是它不适用于电磁波波速变化的情形,而在探地雷达的应用中电磁波波速变化是实际存在的。本文提出了一种改进的基于stolt迁移的探地雷达三维合成孔径成像方法,该方法能克服普通方法不适用于电磁波波速变化这一缺点。通过对实测数据进行处理,其结果表明所提方法取得了很好的效果。     

Improvement of prompt response from impulse radiating antennas by aperture trimming

Reflector impulse radiating antennas (IRA) traditionally have been constructed by terminating a self-reciprocal, transverse electromagnetic (TEM) transmission-line feed structure into a paraboloidal reflector. The section of the paraboloid used is usually circular in cross-section, with the outer boundary coinciding with the circle of symmetry of the TEM feed. The reflector converts the spherical TEM mode on the feed line into an approximate plane wave in the near field by geometric optics. The prompt radiated electric field in the direction of focus is given in the physical optics approximation in terms of the integral of the electric field of the TEM mode over the aperture plane inside the reflector boundary. Balanced feed structures have TEM modes that provide both positive and negative contributions to this integral in the aperture plane. Determination of the contour where the principal component of the electric field in the TEM mode is zero identifies portions of the aperture that contribute destructively to the integral. These portions are removed, thereby increasing the prompt radiated field without altering the feed structure or the applied voltage waveform. Furthermore, decreasing the size of the TEM feed relative to the aperture size, followed by appropriate aperture trimming, allows an even greater increase in radiated field. Results are presented that predict an increase in prompt radiated fields for all electrode configurations. Improvements are largest for electrode angles that are large (with respect to the vertical). The trends predicted by the numerical results are verified by an experiment conducted on a time-domain antenna range.     

Surface waves on a lossy planar ferrite slab

The parallel-polarized surface waves which propagate on a planar ferrite slab are considered. The ferrite material is isotropic and homogeneous, the slab rests on a perfectly conducting ground plane, and the ambient medium is free space. Only one mode can propagate on a thin lossless slab, but more and more of the higher order modes begin to propagate when one increases the thickness or the loss tangent of the slab. As the thickness and the loss are increased, the lowest order mode takes on the properties of the Zenneck wave. At the same time, the higher order modes take on the properties of a homogeneous plane wave propagating in the grazing direction in the slab. Among the most interesting properties of a surface wave are the attenuation constant and the phase velocity. Contour maps are included to show how these quantities depend on the thickness, permittivity, permeability and loss tangents of the ferrite slab. Additional insight is provided by graphs showing the root trajectories, cutoff boundaries and field distributions of the four lowest order surface-wave modes.     

Propagation Between On-Body Antennas

The theory of propagating waves near a surface is reviewed with an eye to gain insight into the mechanisms involved, and to provide analytical-based models, for power-efficient on-body propagation. The Zenneck wave, and in particular the Norton wave, are appraised as candidate mechanisms for the propagation. For flush-mounted (“band aid”) antennas, desired for on-body sensors, the Norton wave is the only direct propagation mechanism between the sensors. The Norton wave fits very well to simulation results presented here, and comparisons are also made with available published physical experiments, although these measurements typically feature the optical paths of elevated, or non-flush, antennas.