直流系统控制方式对大扰动后交直流混合系统电压和功率恢复的影响

使用电力系统暂态安全评估工具TSAT基于南方电网2005年规划数据研究了直流控制方式和低压限流器参数对大扰动后交直流混合系统电压和功率恢复的影响.结果表明,常规的整流侧定电流、逆变侧定直流电压控制比整流侧定功率、逆变侧定熄弧角控制有利于大扰动后交流换流母线电压的恢复;为缓解大扰动后有功功率和无功功率失衡的问题,低压限流器参数的大小应取折中值.     

Key factors affecting voltage oscillations of distribution networks with distributed generation and induction motor loads

The existence of critical voltage modes in distribution systems and the key factors responsible for them are presented in this paper. The analysis is carried out over a distribution test system for different types of induction motors. Eigenvalues and participation factors are used to investigate the modal interaction within the system. This study shows that load voltage dynamics significantly influence damping of the voltage modes. These modes have frequencies of oscillations between the electromechanical and subsynchronous oscillations of power systems. Significant parameters of the system which affect the damping and frequencies of the oscillations are identified to provide a clear understanding of the problem. A bifurcation study is performed to determine the dynamic loadability limit of the system. Time-domain simulations are carried out to verify the validity of the modal analysis and provide a physical feel for the types of oscillations that occur in distribution systems. The impact of various distribution network configurations on these modes is also demonstrated through nonlinear simulations.     

Mitigation of voltage unbalance by using static load transfer switch in bipolar low voltage DC distribution system

In this paper, a method is proposed to mitigate voltage unbalance and to reduce power loss due to neutral current in a bipolar Low-Voltage DC (LVDC) distribution system by using a static load transfer switch (SLTS). Furthermore, an algorithm to determine the proper position of loads by using the SLTS is presented; this algorithm is developed by considering the neutral current at each load point. The underlying strategy of the SLTS method is that a local substation generates switching signals by using the proposed algorithm on the basis of data measured by a DC/DC converter; thereafter, SLTSs, which are placed in the DC/DC converter, are operated to reconfigure the structure of loads. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, the conventional method for calculating the percent voltage unbalance for an AC system is modified and made applicable for a DC system. The modeling of a 1500 V bipolar LVDC distribution system carried out using the ElectroMagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) is also presented herein. Finally, a simulation carried out by employing the SLTS method under various load conditions is presented; the results show a decrease in power loss and mitigation of voltage unbalance.     

An analytical and graphical study of the symmetrical components in an induction motor supply in relation to the voltage unbalance parameters

Induction motors operating under a given unbalance factor have very different supply voltage conditions. This article presents a complete and precise analysis about the whole range of the amplitude and phase variation of the supply symmetrical components in relation to the values of the voltage unbalance parameters. The exact formulation and graphical representation of the supply voltage sequence components for a given unbalance parameter is shown.     

Modeling and enhanced control of DFIG under unbalanced grid voltage conditions

This paper presents a mathematical model of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) based on stator voltage orientation (SVO) in the positive and negative synchronous reference frames under unbalanced grid voltage conditions. The oscillations of the DFIG electromagnetic torque and the stator active and reactive powers are fully described during grid voltage unbalance. A new rotor current controller implemented in the positive synchronous reference frame is proposed. The controller consists of a proportional integral (PI) regulator and a harmonic resonant (R) compensator tuned at twice the grid frequency. Thus, the positive and negative sequence components of DFIG rotor currents are directly regulated by the PI + R controller without the need of involving positive and negative sequence decomposition, which indeed improves the dynamic performance of DFIG-based wind power generation system during small steady-state and relatively larger transient network unbalances. The theoretical analysis and the feasibility of the proposed unbalanced control scheme are validated by simulation studies on a 1.5-MW wind-turbine driven DFIG system. Compared with conventional single PI current control design, the proposed control scheme results in significant elimination of either DFIG power or torque oscillation under unbalanced grid voltage conditions.     

35kV环氧浇注电压互感器局放的分析

分析了影响35kV浇注式电压互感器局部放电的主要因素,提出了相应的解决方案.     

Transposition and Voltage Unbalance in High Phase Order Power Transmission Systems

—High phase order systems have been proposed at the early inception of power transmission engineering, but few direct applications have been made. High phase order transmission should be considered as an alternative in the case of high power density applications. In this article, an analysis of transposition of high phase order overhead transmission lines is presented and voltage unbalance in high phase order systems is considered. Definitions are presented for “fully transposed” and “roll transposed” along with advantages and disadvantages of each. A generalized voltage unbalance factor is introduced and utilized to determine the benefits of transposition. The generalized voltage unbalance factor is compared with three other possible unbalance factors to determine if the generalized voltage unbalance factor is an appropriate indication of unbalance. Exemplary results are presented for 6-phase and 12-phase designs. Conclusions show that the generalized voltage unbalance factor is a good indication of transmission line voltage unbalance and certain configurations may not need full rotation transposition to minimize the unbalance factor. The transposition analysis and voltage unbalance are considerations in the assessment of high phase order as a high power transmission alternative.     

New control strategy for DSTATCOM without current sensors and its engineering application

This paper analyses the negative sequence equivalent circuit of DSTATCOM in unbalanced distribution networks. A new control model of negative sequence voltage without current sensors based on instantaneous power balancing algorithm is deduced. To compensate for balanced and unbalanced voltages, a new cascade voltage loop control strategy, in which the negative sequence voltage control loop is parallel to the positive sequence voltage loop, is proposed. Then the mathematical model of the new cascade loop voltage control method is discussed. The DSTATCOM output voltage command is directly obtained from the bus voltage at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) and the DC-side voltage via a simple algebraic algorithm based on power balance equation. In addition, the implementation costs can be reduced since current sensors are not required in the proposed control strategy. Simulation and industrial application results are presented to verify the validity of the proposed control strategy. It is successfully implemented in the DSTATCOM installed in the Lianyuan Iron and Steel Corporation in Hunan province of China.     

静止无功发生器补偿电网电压不平衡的控制及其优化方法

针对电网电压不平衡问题，提出了一种用静止无功发生器(SVG)抑制公共连接点(PCC)不平衡电压的控制方法。该方法既发挥了SVG补偿系统无功功率的优势，又在电网电压严重不平衡时扩展了SVG的补偿功能，充分地利用了补偿装置。文中详细讨论了SVG补偿电网电压不平衡的原理，将SVG控制作为受负载端负序电压控制的电流源，分析了其补偿性能与各个参数的相互关系。在补偿效果相同的前提下，对系统的控制参数进行了优化，使SVG的补偿容量最小。最后介绍了PCC处负序电压的实时检测方法。仿真和实验结果表明，该方法可以有效地补偿电源或负载引起的电压不平衡问题。     

Sensitive load voltage compensation against voltage sags/swells and harmonics in the grid voltage and limit downstream fault currents using DVR

In the past decades, the power quality (PQ) has become a critical issue in highly automated industries and sensitive load centers. The voltage quality is the most important part of the PQ for customers. The voltage disturbances in the form of voltage sags, swells and harmonics can cause huge financial losses. In the past few years, the power electronic solutions have been proposed to avoid these problems. The dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is one of the solutions. This paper proposes a new topology for single-phase DVR which is able to compensate multiple voltage disturbances and limit the downstream fault currents with a simple topology. The proposed DVR is based on the single-phase direct ac/ac converter which is energized from the main grid. As a result, there is no need for energy storage elements and dc link capacitors. The proposed topology can deal with high voltage with low voltage rating switches. Therefore, the switches can be IGBTs without needing an auxiliary forced commutation circuit as in thyristors which are high voltage switches. The performance of the proposed topology is validated by digital simulations and a laboratory scale prototype implementation.     

Voltage balancing of islanded microgrids using a time-domain technique

In this paper, voltage balancing and frequency control of converter-fed, islanded microgrids, using a novel time-domain technique which has not been applied for such applications is discussed in detail. In particular, the connection of single-phase loads to the islanded microgrid causes voltage unbalance and this is eliminated by supplying the negative-sequence component of the voltage from the converter. The negative sequence components of the voltage and current are extracted using the aforementioned time-domain technique. The simulations are carried out in RSCAD™ and experimental results are provided to validate the concept.     

A refined general summation law for VU emission assessment in radial networks

Voltage unbalance (VU) management of power systems requires the development of well researched engineering practices to maintain acceptable VU levels while utilising the total VU absorption capacity of the power system. In this regard, IEC/TR 61000-3-13:2008 prescribes a VU emission allocation methodology based on a stochastic approach which uses a general summation law in order to aggregate numerous sources of unbalance to take into account their random variations. On the other hand, recent deterministic studies on VU emission assessment at the post-connection stage of unbalanced installations present a complex VU factor based approach to determine constituent components of the post-connection VU emission at a point of evaluation. The primary objective of the work presented in this paper is to develop statistical approaches for compliance assessment using the outcomes of the deterministic methodologies on VU emission assessment, thus refining the existing general summation law. A revised general summation law is established, introducing weighting factors to evaluate the influences made by different sources of unbalance separately, in order to assess VU emission in radial networks.     

Analysis of the voltage phasors characteristics for motor unbalanced supplies under constant voltage level

This article presents an analytical and graphical study of the supply characteristics of a three-phase induction motor operating under constant average voltage in unbalanced conditions. Till now, researchers have addressed the unbalance analysis of induction motors without paying attention to the accuracy on the voltage level issue. This work develops the loci of voltage phasors and their symmetrical components, and calculates the variation ranges of voltages and voltage unbalance factor (IEC) for an induction motor operating under constant line average voltage and constant percent voltage unbalance (NEMA). The results are applied to the variation limits established in the electrotechnical standards.     

电压不平衡度的加窗FFT快速测量方法

电压不平衡度是电能质量的重要参数之一,其准确测量一方面依赖于三相电压基波相量(幅值和相位)的精确估计,另一方面需要快速求取相序分量。但是,频谱泄漏和栅栏效应会严重影响电压幅值和相位的估计精度,而相序分量计算过程中的开方运算又降低了不平衡度测量的实时性。提出电压不平衡度加窗快速傅里叶变换(FFT)测量方法。首先采用加窗FFT实现三相电压相量的准确计算,然后根据几何原理将方均根计算简化为多项式计算,从而实现相序分量及电压不平衡度的快速测量。仿真结果表明,所提方法可以达到与GB/T 15543—2008推荐方法相同的精度等级。实际测量实验进一步验证了所提算法的有效性及可行性。     

用以改善暂态电能质量的D-FACTS技术

暂态电能质量问题日益突出,越来越受到关注,文章从暂态电能质量的概念及其特征出发,对其进行了较为详细的分类,分析产生的成因和对电网的影响和危害,并提出和阐述了基于D-FACTS技术的改善暂态电能质量的装置与措施:动态电压恢复器、静止无功发生器、固态断路器、统一电能质量控制器、超导磁能与UPS等;由于电压骤降、骤升与电压中断等已经成为系统可靠性分析和暂态电能质量研究的重要内容,制定相关国家标准已经迫在眉捷。     

The impact of single-phase grid-connected distributed photovoltaic systems on the distribution network using P-Q and P-V models

The gradual emergence of photovoltaic (PV) systems as the most common distributed generation interconnected with the electric power system calls for a detailed power flow analysis with different models especially in the evolving unbalanced active distribution network. This paper is an extension of a previous study carried out on the performance evaluation of a 10 kWp grid-connected PV system deployed in a school, with the grid providing a virtual storage and access to upstream markets. For increased adoption of such systems in the unbalanced distribution network, it is pivotal to understand the mode of operation and the type of connection to the system. This article presents an impact analysis of such utility interactive single-phase PV systems distributed on all the single-phase load nodes of the traditional IEEE-13 bus distribution test feeder. The PV distributed generation (PV-DG) can be modelled as constant P-Q or P-V nodes with varied impacts in power flow studies for the unbalanced active distribution network. Results from these models are compared in terms of their impacts on voltage profiles at load buses, voltage unbalance, equipment loading, power losses and the total number of iterations for a converged power flow solution.     

低压配电网三相不平衡度计算方法与应用

低压配电网三相不平衡已成为广泛关注的共性问题,分析、评估及治理工作均需要准确的算法来保证。为了了解不平衡度估算算法在三相不平衡系统计算中产生的误差,研究电流序分量相角的变化对三种电流不平衡度算法的影响,进而选择一种最有效的、误差最小的估算方法。文中首先介绍了标准中电压和电流不平衡度的几种算法,理论推导了不平衡电压的产生的原因,并给出了不平衡电流的几种计算方法。在此基础上,通过MATLAB仿真实验研究了影响三种电流不平衡度估算方法的因素,并提出了可行性建议。文章最后通过实测数据的分析,验证了以上结论。文中对四种电流不平衡度估算算法的研究,对工程实践有很大的指导意义,对三相不平衡系统的治理与补偿提供一定的借鉴。     

用以改善暂态电能质量的D-FACTS技术

暂态电能质量问题日益突出,越来越受到关注,文章从暂态电能质量的概念及其特征出发,对其进行了较为详细的分类,分析产生的成因和对电网的影响和危害,并提出和阐述了基于D-FACTS技术的改善暂态电能质量的装置与措施:动态电压恢复器、静止无功发生器、固态断路器、统一电能质量控制器、超导磁能与UPS等;由于电压骤降、骤升与电压中断等已经成为系统可靠性分析和暂态电能质量研究的重要内容,制定相关国家标准已经迫在眉捷。     

用于10kV线路的电阻分压式电压互感器

阐述了电阻分压式电压互感器的工作原理与系统结构，分析了影响比差的主要因素，介绍了样机设计方法，并给出了实验结果和分析。     

电网电压不平衡时电压源型变换器的参数设计

实际电网常有三相电压不平衡现象发生,严重影响大功率电压源型变换器(VSC)的稳定运行能力,在VSC参数设计时应予以充分考虑。已有研究表明VSC参数选取与电网相电压幅值有关,文中对此分析了表征电网电压不对称状况下的不平衡度与相电压跌落深度的关系,提出了基于电网电压不平衡程度的VSC参数设计方法。给出了与不平衡度、系统容量等具有工程实际意义的相关参数的解析表达式,并通过仿真验证了所提出的参数设计方法的合理性,为VSC的参数选择提供了工程实用算法。