Dispersion coefficient and settling velocity of the solids in agitated slurry reactors stirred with multiple rushton turbines

The feature of solids distribution in tanks stirred with multiple Rushton turbines was investigated. Both transient and steady-state experiments were performed in tanks of two scales with a variety of suspensions. The data were analysed with the axial sedimentation-dispersion model. The axial dispersion coefficient of the solid phase was found not to differ from that of the liquid by more than 20%. The effective particle settling velocity in the stirred medium was then determined. It is confirmed that this parameter is different from the terminal settling velocity. Their ratio exhibits the same dependence on Kolmogoroff microscale and particle size as obtained previously with an indirect, approximate approach.     

双组分固体颗粒在连续操作的三相床反应器中的轴向浓度分布

在一内径为4.2cm、高为150cm的连续操作的三相床反应器中对双组分固体颗粒的轴向浓度分布进行了实验研究. 实验用的固体混合物物料一组为粒径不同的联二脲颗粒,另一组为润湿性不同的联二脲与发泡剂ADC颗粒的混合物.为描述不同特性的颗粒浓度在床内的轴向分布,提出了修正的沉降分散模型.模型计算值能很好地拟合实验数据.     

Flow of slightly settling slurries in a horizontal rotary drum

An experimental study was conducted to examine the flow of slightly settling slurries in a horizontal rotary drum. The effects of the slurry flow rate, feed solids concentration, particle settling velocity and drum rotational speed on the hold-up solids concentration were investigated. At low drum speeds, the hold-up solids concentration was much higher than that of the feed. However, at higher drum speeds, the hold-up solids concentration approached that in the feed. At a given drum speed, the hold-up solids concentration was found to vary linearly with the feed solids concentration. A semi-empirical correlation was developed to predict the hold-up solids concentration using the drum Froude number, the single particle drag coefficient and a dimensionless slurry feed rate.     

Gas mixing in the cocurrent downflow circulating fluidised bed

An experimental study on the gas dispersion behaviour of a cocurrent downflow gas-solids suspension in a 140 mm i.d. circulating fluidised bed (CDCFB) using the steady-state tracer method is presented. The influence of gas velocity, solids circulating rate and particle density on radial gas dispersion has been examined. Gas dispersion can well be described by an eddy diffusion mechanism and a proposed two dimensional dispersed plug-flow model can fit the experimental data very well. Correlations of the radial diffusion coefficient were obtained. It is found that the axial diffusion coefficient obtained in the CDCFB is much lower than that in conventional circulating fluidised beds.     

Position and velocity of a large particle in a gas/solid riser using the radioactive particle tracking technique

The flow behavior of the solids phase in the fully developed region of a laboratory-scale circulating fluidized bed riser was studied using an assembly of sixteen NaI detectors to determine the position of a 500 μm radioactive particle, 100 times/s. The particle location was inferred from the number of γ-rays recorded by the assembly. The knowledge of the instantaneous positions enabled the determination of the instantaneous and mean velocity fields. Tests were conducted in a 0.082 m diameter, 7 m tall riser using 150 μm silica sand particles. Data were obtained at a gas superficial velocity of 4 m/s and solids mass fluxes from 23 to 75 kg/m²·s. Radial profiles of axial particle velocity showed that the solids velocity decreased with increasing solids circulation rates. Correspondingly, turbulent particle velocities and solids dispersion coefficient in the longitudinal direction were found to decrease as the solids circulation rate increased. The cross-sectional area where, on average, solids downflow took place, increased with increasing solids circulation rate.     

Axial dispersion in a rectangular bubble column

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the gas holdup and the liquid phase axial dispersion coefficient in a narrow packed and unpacked rectangular bubble column. In both cases the gas and liquid flow rates were varied and the data were obtained by employing standard tracer technique. The gas holdup and the axial dispersion coefficient for both the packed and unpacked columns were found to be dependent on the gas and liquid flow rates. For given gas and liquid velocities and a given packing size in the case of the packed column, the rectangular column gave significantly higher dispersion coefficients than a cylindrical column of the equivalent cross sectional area. This result agrees very well with the one predicted by the velocity distribution model. The correlations for the Peclet number, the axial dispersion coefficient, and the fluid holdup for both the unpacked and packed bubble columns are presented.     

Phase holdup and liquid dispersion in gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized beds

Axial and radial profiles of gas and solids holdups have been studied in agas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed at 140mm i.d..Experimental results indicate that the axialand radial profiles of gas and solids holdups are more uniform than those in a conventionalfluidized bed.Axial and radial liquid dispersion coefficients in the gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidizedbed are investigated for the first time.It is found that axial and radial liquid dispersioncoefficients increases with increaes in gas velocity and solids holdup.The liquid velocity has littleinfluence on the axial liquid dispersion coefficient,but would adversely affect the redial liquiddispersion coefficient.It can be concluded that the gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed hasadvantages such as better interphase contact and lower liquid dispersion along the axial directionover the expanded bed.     

Axial dispersion characteristics in three phase fluidized beds

Axial dispersion coefficients in three-phase fluidized beds have been measured in a 0.152 m-ID x 1.8 m high column by the two points measuring technique with the axially dispersed plug flow model. The effects of liquid velocity (0.05–0.13 m/s), gas velocity (0.02–0.16 m/s) and particle size (3-8 mm) on the axial dispersion coefficient at the different axial positions (0.06–0.46 m) in the bed have been determined. The axial dispersion coefficient increases with increasing gas velocity but it decreases with an increase in particle size and exhibits a maximum value with an increase in the axial position from the distributor. The axial dispersion coefficients in terms of the Peclet number have been correlated in terms of the ratio of fluid velocities, the ratio of the panicle size to column diameter, and the dimensionless axial position in the bed based on the isotropic turbulence theory.     

循环流化床提升管中颗粒速度的径向分布及其沿轴向的发展

采用5光纤速度探头对f100mm?5.1m循环床提升管8个高度截面上11个径向位置的局部颗粒速度进行了实验测试,并采用径向不均匀指数(RNI)对颗粒速度径向分布的不均匀性及其沿轴向的变化进行了定量描述。研究结果表明:在高气速、高颗粒循环量操作时,操作条件对颗粒上升速度和下降速度的径向分布的影响在加速段和充分发展段呈现出不同的规律;颗粒上升速度和下降速度沿轴向的变化在核心区和边壁区也表现出不同的趋势。当颗粒循环速率大于200 kgm-2s-1时,颗粒的加速段长度大大延长,以至于大于提升管的高度(15.1m)。颗粒速度径向分布的不均匀性沿轴向是逐渐增大的,并且与截面平均颗粒速度存在很强的相关性。     

A 3-zone model for protein adsorption kinetics in expanded beds

The adsorption behavior of expanded beds is more complex than that of fixed beds, since the adsorbent particle size, local bed voidage and liquid axial dispersion will vary axially with expanded height. Models applicable to fixed beds maybe not adequately describe the hydrodynamic and adsorption behavior in expanded beds. In this paper, a 3-zone model is developed, in which the model equations are written for the bottom zone, middle zone, and top zone of the column, respectively, and the model parameters, such as the adsorbent particle diameter, bed voidage and liquid axial dispersion coefficient, are zonal values. In-bed breakthrough curves are predicted by the 3-zone model, and tested against literature data for lysozyme adsorption on Streamline SP in an expanded bed.Model parametric sensitivity is analyzed. The effects of film mass transfer resistance, liquid axial dispersion and adsorbent axial dispersion on the breakthrough curves are weaker than that of protein intraparticle diffusion resistance for stable expanded beds. Adsorbent particle size axial distribution and bed voidage axial variation significantly affect in-bed breakthrough curves, therefore, model parameters should not be assigned uniform values over the whole column; instead the model should account for the adsorbent particle size axial distribution and bed voidage axial variation.     

气-液-固三相循环流化床中的液相轴向扩散

The effects of liquid viscosities, solid circulating rates, liquid and gas velocities and phase holdups on the axial dispersion coefficient, Dax, were investigated in a gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed (GLSCFB).Liquid viscosity promotes the axial liquid backmixing when solid particles and gas bubbles are present. Increases in gas velocities and solid circulating rates lead to higher Dax. The effects of liquid velocity on Dax are associated with liquid viscosity. Compared with conventional expanded beds, the GLSCFBs hold less axial liquid dispersion,approaching ideal plug-flow reactors.     

Solids distribution and rising velocity of buoyant solid particles in a vessel stirred with multiple impellers

The distribution of buoyant solid particles in agitated suspensions has been studied. The investigation was carried out in a baffled vessel characterised by an aspect ratio equal to four and stirred with four radial impellers. Dilute suspensions of single-sized spherical particles of expanded polystyrene (density equal to 90.7 kg/m³) in water were used. Solid concentration was measured with a non-intrusive optical technique. Measurements were performed along the axis of the reactor to obtain steady-state vertical profiles (that increase from the vessel base to the top) as well as at fixed elevations to determine their transient after a pulse of solids injected at the bottom.Both the steady-state profiles and the transient concentration curves were interpreted in terms of the axial dispersion model with sedimentation. By data treatment the rising velocity in the agitated system could be determined, which proved to be significantly smaller than the rising velocity in a still liquid. The ratio of these two velocities is in reasonable agreement with a correlation of the ratio of the settling velocities for heavy particles with the ratio of the Kolmogorov microscale to particle diameter established in the past.     

气固并流下行床气体扩散行为的研究

采用氢气稳态示踪方法在内径140mm的气固并流下行循环流化床中对气体扩散行为进行了实验研究.实验结果表明:下行床中气体扩散行为可用二维拟均相模型进行描述,其气体的径向扩散系数与气速、固体循环量及颗粒密度的关系可用下列准数关联式表示Pe_r=4.35×10_(-3)Re~(0.95)ε~(-73.4) 1>ε>0.99而下行床中气体轴向扩散系数要比提升管中小1个数量级以上.     

加压下板波纹规整填料塔中液相混合行为

采用脉冲示踪法测量了在0．3MPa、0．5MPa和0．6MPa压力下以及在一系列液速和气速下250Y型孔板波纹规整填料内液相的混合行为。应用时域最小二乘法由实验数据得到了液相的轴向返混系数和轴向有效流速等参数,并以y=aReL^e10^cReG10^dp的形式对轴向Peclet准数进行了关联。本研究补充了目前缺乏的加压操作下规整填料液相混合行为的数据。     

新型外循环厌氧反应器污泥沉降的数值模拟

结合EGSB及其它厌氧高效反应器的结构特征而开发的新型外循环厌氧反应器,在高上升流速下能有效控制污泥的流失,处理城市污水时获得了良好的效果。为了对新型外循环反应器的污泥沉降性能进行准确模拟和有效控制,利用质量平衡方程与颗粒污泥自由沉降理论,考虑沉降速率与浓度的关系,确定污泥沉降速率,从而建立了该反应器污泥沉降的弥散模型。对不同上升流速下的污泥浓度分布情况进行了模拟,其模拟结果与实测值吻合良好。然后纳入三相分离器分离效率（SE）的概念,实现了对出水SS的模拟,模拟数据的标准偏差小于6%。在确定污泥相对浓度的前提下,利用二次插值预测污泥层高度,结果表明不同上升流速的污泥层高度基本一致,但是同一高度不同上升流速的污泥浓度各不相同。     

Axial dispersion characteristics of three (liquid-liquid-solid) phase fluidized beds

The effects of the continuous and dispersed phase velocity and particle size on the axial dispersion of the continuous phase have been determined in two (liquid-liquid) and three (liquid-liquid-solid) phase fluidized beds. In a cocurrent liquid-liquid flow system, the axial dispersion coefficient increases with both the dispersed and continuous phase velocities. In three phase fluidized beds, the coefficient increases with dispersed phase velocity but it decreases with the particle size. Also the coefficient exhibits a maximum value with an increase in the continuous phase velocity at the lower dispersed phase velocities, but it increases with the continuous phase velocity at higher dispersed phase velocities. The axial dispersion coefficients in terms of Peclet number have been correlated in terms of the ratio of fluid velocities and the ratio of the particle size to column diameter, based on the isotropic turbulence theory.     

气液固三相提升管中液相扩散特性

对气液固三相提升管内液相扩散行为进行了实验研究,考察了气速、液速以及颗粒循环量等操作因素对液相扩散系数的影响规律.实验研究结果表明,轴向、径向扩散系数随气速的增大均增大;轴向扩散系数随液速的变化基本保持不变,径向扩散系数随液速的增大而减小;轴向、径向扩散系数随颗粒循环量的增大均增大.与传统的气液固三相流化床相比,气液固三相提升管反应器更接近理想的平推流反应器.     

Measurements of pollen grain dispersal in still air and stationary, near homogeneous, isotropic turbulence

The dispersal of ragweed, pine and corn pollen as well as polystyrene spheres in still air and stationary, near homogeneous, isotropic turbulence (HIT) was investigated using high-speed, digital inline holographic cinematography enabling Lagrangian tracking of the particles. Mean still air settling velocities were similar as reported literature values. Small discrepancies were most likely related to species/size differences and water content of the grains. Near-HIT was generated by loudspeakers mounted on the corners of a 40 cm³ chamber and the turbulent flow field at the center of the chamber was validated using stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Results showed near homogeneity and near isotropy with mean velocities 5–10 times smaller than the corresponding rms values of velocity fluctuations. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate was determined from the PIV data sets and used to calculate the Kolmogorov scales and Taylor microscales. Experiments were carried out for two different loudspeaker amplifications corresponding to Taylor microscale Reynolds numbers, R_λ=144 and 162, respectively. The mean settling velocity in turbulent conditions was in all cases higher than the corresponding still air value, the difference becoming smaller as particle Stokes numbers increased. For the present conditions, the still air particle settling velocity was lower than the rms values of air fluctuating velocities. As a result, dispersion was dominated by inertia and for a given R_λ, particle fluctuating velocity autocorrelations fell more rapidly as the particle Stokes number decreased; corresponding particle diffusion coefficients also decreased. Transverse particle diffusion coefficients were lower than those in the direction of gravity in agreement with the continuity effect. Under the present range of experimental parameters, results showed that inertial particles (0.6<St<11) in highly turbulent conditions disperse more effectively than the air.     

Solids mixing in a fluidized bed riser

The solids mixing in a riser with a height of 10 m and 0.186 m inner diameter was investigated by using pneumatic phosphor tracer technique. Considering the shielding effect of the bed material on the light emitted from the phosphor tracer particle, a modified method for the phosphor tracer measurement is proposed. And then the curves of particle residence time distribution were obtained. The experimental results show that the particle diffusion mechanism can be explained by the dispersions of dispersed particles and particle clusters in the axial direction, and as well the core-annulus nonuniform distribution of the solids fraction in the radial direction of the riser. Moreover, based on the experimental results, a two-dimensional dispersion model was established to predict the solids axial and radial diffusion. Furthermore, the effects of superficial gas velocity and solids circulating flux on the axial and radial Peclet number of the particles were discussed; two empirical correlation formulas about the axial and the radial Peclet numbers were given; the calculated values agree well with the experimental results.