实体交互设计的发展历程及概念辨析

目的 针对实体交互设计及其相关概念混沌模糊的现象,梳理和总结实体交互设计的发展历程,讨论和界定实体交互设计的概念,分析实体交互设计的概念发展关系。方法 通过文献研究,梳理和总结实体交互研究方向的起源和发展,实体交互理论模型,特定领域的实体交互设计研究和实现技术,界定实体交互设计的概念及其基本关系。以Hornecker的实体交互框架为原型建立交互要素分析模型,对实体交互设计概念进行交互要素相关性分析,通过对比分析得出实体交互设计概念发展关系。结果 界定实体交互设计的概念和其基本关系,得出基于要素相关性的实体交互设计概念发展关系。结论 实体交互设计的发展历程大致分三个阶段,分别是物理性输入萌发、物理-数字耦合发展和体验导向的转变。可抓取交互界面、实体交互界面和RadicalAtoms概念都隶属于实体交互设计。实体交互设计与交互要素的发展相互促进,从以物理性要素为核心到通过技术加强表现性的实体交互界面,再到以物理性和表现性为基础、具备空间性和具身性的实体交互系统,体现了以体验为导向的实体交互设计发展历程。     

材料设计与环境意识

本文指出当前环境资源失调已直接危害着人类社会的可持续发展，而材料是人类文明的地物基础，为此，材料科学技术的发展必须与自然资源和环境相协调，材料设计必须超前地注意到材料的各要素（化学组成与物理结构，性质，使用性能，制备及加工）与有限的自然资源及环境的协调，才能促进社会经济的可持续发展。     

材料设计与环境意识

本文指出当前环境资源失调已直接危害着人类社会的可持续发展，而材料是人类文明的物质基础，为此，材料科学技术的发展必须与自然资源和环境相协调，材料设计必须超前地注意到材料的各要素（化学组成与物理结构、性质、使用性能、制备及加工）与有限的自然资源及环境的协调，才能促进社会经济的可持续发展。     

由设计科学看技术产品的发明和专利权

功能单元，作用，作用载体，构形元素和零件外表和为５种不同的设计要素组成技术解。这些设计要素的变化的数值可以作为明确地描核实一个技术解的参数，设计师也可以通过这些参数值的变化和确定来理解设计。存在定质和定量的参数和参数值。     

乡村振兴背景下徽州古村落保护与传承研究

徽州古村落是安徽省历史文化遗产保护体系中的重要组成部分，但在目前徽州古村落保护、开发工作中，还存在保护与传承方面的问题亟待解决。基于乡村振兴背景，从物质要素（自然环境、建筑肌理）和非物质要素（文化资源、传统工艺）两个层面探讨了乡村振兴背景下徽州地区古村保护与传承方法，以期为古村落保护与更新设计提供新的思路与经验。     

包装视觉品牌与VI概念的运用

就包装设计中视觉要素的个性化的表现问题及VI概念的运用，从企业视觉识别系统（VI）的树立、品牌视觉包装设计的构成要素与VI设计原则、VI概念与产品更新、视觉更新上的分析等几方面讨论设计师在构筑系列包装和产品多样化设计时如何树立品牌视觉形象，并分析了国内外几个著名产品的视觉包装设计，提出VI设计概念在产品包装和容器设计上要充分地运用VI设计概念，使得所构筑的品牌视觉形象具有统一感。     

基于ARX实体驱动的方法及参数化变动设计的实现

AutoCAD系统为每个实体对象提供了唯一的标识符（ID）。笔者基于ARX技术对AutoCAD图形数据库的访问机理，通过实体标识符（ID）及实体对象的特征点、图元几何约束及图元间的约束联动，实现了图元实体驱动的参数化变动设计；通过尺寸实体对象标识符（ID）及尺寸与图元的约束关系，实现了尺寸驱动的参数化变动设计。此方法在水利工程流道CAD中加以了应用，其效果良好。     

计量基础研究及科技创新——《四川省计量发展规划（2014～2020）》宣贯内容连载之二

1.2产业计量的概念 什么叫产业计量学呢？根据计量学新定义的要求,有效满足产业经济发展的计量应用需求,就是产业计量学的工作任务,而这一任务需要研究计量学在该领域应用的发展方向,设计与之相适合的工作范围与工作内容,以确保任务的实施与完成。在产业计量学理论中,我们对其给出的定义是＂以关注最终使用测控数据结果的正确性为目的,应用计量要素链的形式服务于各产业经济组织活动中的实用（适用）科学＂（注：（1）要素链包括：含法规要求在内的技术要素链和管理要素链。（2）服务包括：产品的研发、设计、生产、流通、使用、报废全过程及其涉及的产业链相关性。）。它是在研究产业需求的广泛性、客观性与现实性的基础上，设计出的满足这些需求的理论成果。     

零件的虚要素的确定与检测

工件的位于实体之外的设计基准及被测几何要素，即本文所称之位虚要素，通过专用工装的合理设计，将之转化的工装上的可检验实体，才有效合理的解决问题，操作较为简便，准确性高。     

包装的平面设计要素彰显（之一）

包装设计是一门综合性的设计专业，它与科技，与市场有着紧密的关系。包装设计的一些因素，会直接影响设计师的设计方法，因此在包装设计的过程中，要深入的对包装设计的要素进行探讨和研究十分必要。设计师在进行包装设计时，首先详细了解设计的对象，也就是设定包装物，了解产品的状况，选择包装的形式。然后调查分析消费的群体、市场定位及价格、与同类产品的差异。才能进行包装结构设计和选用的包装材料、再着手包装装潢设计（包装的平面设计）。现在主耍就研究包装装潢的平面设计一些要素。如品牌及品名（商标）、信息内容的编排、图形表现（手绘、摄影、装饰、文字）、色彩运用、表面肌理和特殊效果作一些探讨。     

基于双音多频信号的观察哨网情报自动化系统

讨论了基于双音多频信号DTMF(Dual Tone Multi-Frequency)的观察哨网情报自动化系统的原理、结构和组成.叙述了情报终端、情报处理系统的功能、硬件组成,在对DTMF信号分析的基础上,定义了观察哨情报的基本信息格式,说明了软件设计及实现方法.本系统可有效利用现有的通信资源,建网费用低,解决了人工对空观察哨网空情不能进行自动化处理的难题,使运用数据融合技术解决观察哨情报的航迹外推成为可能.     

Manufacturing responsiveness through integrated process planning and scheduling

This paper describes a novel approach to improve manufacturing responsiveness, defined as the ability of a manufacturing system to make a rapid and balanced response to the predictable and unpredictable changes characterizing today's manufacturing environments. The approach aims at creating a dynamic environment that is capable of reacting to factory conditions and which has a significant impact on the reduction of cost, lead time and inventory. The concurrent engineering concept of information sharing to support all the product development phases is employed here. Techniques such as design for manufacture have been applied to the design-process planning interface. Efforts have been made towards eliminating the divisions between process and scheduling activities using the concept of resource elements, which are the exclusive and shared capability boundaries between processing elements in the manufacturing facility. A prototype integration system has been implemented consisting of a knowledge base with facility modelling functions, an intelligent feature-based design system, a featurebased process planning system and a simulation-based scheduling module.     

智能型逆变式恒电位仪

介绍了一种以ＩＧＢＴ为逆变器件的智能型逆变式恒电位仪的结构和工作原理。提出了由电位和电流双环控制、脉宽调制与脉频调制相结合的控制方法。还介绍了以单片机为核心组成的智能测控单元的结构和原理。试验表明，所研制的新型恒电位仪具有效率高、体积小、重量轻、功能全、安装使用方便等优点。     

False targets vs. redundancy in homogeneous parallel systems

System defense against natural threats and disasters that have a stochastic nature includes providing redundancy and protecting system elements. The defense against strategic intentional attacks can also include deploying false targets aimed at misleading the attacker. Distribution of the available resources among different defensive means is an important problem that arises in organizing the defense of complex civil infrastructures, industrial systems or military objects. The article considers defense resource allocation in a system exposed to external intentional attack. The expected damage caused by the attack is evaluated as system unsupplied demand. The defender distributes its limited resource between deploying redundant genuine elements and false elements, both of which are targets of attack. The attacker attacks a subset of the elements and distributes its limited resource evenly among the attacked elements. Two cases are considered: in the first one the number of attacked elements and the vulnerability of each genuine element are fixed and the defense resource distribution is determined as a solution of an optimization problem; in the second one the number of attacked elements is the attacker's free choice variable and the element's vulnerability depends on a contest determined by the defender's and attacker's resources allocated to each element. The defender's optimal resource distribution strategy is determined as a solution of a two-period minmax game. It is shown that the optimal number of genuine elements decreases monotonically with the growth of the element cost and vulnerability, whereas the optimal number of false elements demonstrates non-monotonic behavior. The contest intensity is an important factor influencing the optimal defense resource distribution. It cannot be ignored when the defense strategy is determined, and it thus also impacts the attack strategy.     

设计管理的脉络:方法学视角

目的围绕设计管理的定义及方法,探讨设计管理的学科本质与一般程序,解析设计管理的脉络发展。方法通过文献研究法,梳理设计管理的学科发展脉络并聚类分析其现有定义;基于狭义定义,就方法学视角,以科学计量的方法,从研究对象、定性定量、设计流程三个维度来收集、归类与比较设计管理方法。结论设计管理的狭义定义是企业为实现目标对项目层面、组织层面、战略层面的设计资源和设计活动,进行规划、制定、执行、评价的一切管理活动。通过可视化工具辅助分析后,呈现出组织层方法、定量方法过少,“要素”包含“维度”等分布特点。最后,在基本理解设计管理的本质与一般程序的基础上,提出了两个问题,即设计组织管理作为设计管理的重要内容,相应的设计方法却没有得到应有的开发与应用;设计管理作为设计学与管理学的交叉学科,其方法却并未体现科学管理的优势。     

基于智能化理念的食品包装设计研究

智能化理念已广泛应用于食品包装设计中,相较于传统食品包装,智能化食品包装在方便消费者及保证食品安全方面均具有明显的优势。然而,目前智能化食品包装缺乏明确的定义、分类及设计流程,导致智能化理念在食品包装中的推广受到一定的影响。针对这一问题,首先明确了智能化食品包装的概念、设计原则及设计要素,再对其设计流程进行了分析,并通过具体案例详细阐述了智能化理念在食品包装设计中的应用。研究表明,智能化食品包装具有较多的表现形式,其设计准则应以产品需求特性为基础,以技术创新为手段,以增加食品安全性及消费者体验感为目的。     

Diffractive optical elements as raster-image generators

The use of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) to generate complex raster images for a primarily artistic purpose is dealt with. Aspects of human vision that are relevant for the design of such elements are discussed. A design method based on an iterative Fourier transform algorithm and extended with elements from the direct-binary-search and the simulated-annealing algorithms is described. The proposed method provides a large set of parameters that can be adjusted freely to optimize it for any given design task. For demonstration a phase-only DOE was designed that generates an image of a Chinese dragon as a diffraction pattern. It was realized as a surface-relief element on a planar substrate through multilevel binary lithography and reactive-ion etching. Experimental tests confirm the usefulness of the design and the fabrication procedures to achieve excellent image quality.     

基于宽带MCU的B—IP的研究

首先给出了宽带智能外设的定义、接入方式以及其它各功能实体的接口。在没有标准的情况下，独立地提出了基于宽带ＭＣＵ的Ｂ－ＩＰ的具体实现方案。更重要的是，提出了将普通资源升级为Ｂ－ＩＰ的一般方法。     

Product design resources optimization using a non-linear fuzzy quality function deployment model

Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a well-known customer-oriented methodology that is widely used to assist decision-making in product design and development in various types of production including highly customized One-of-a-Kind Production (OKP), batch production as well as continuous/ mass production. Determining how and to what extent (degree) certain characteristics/technical attributes (TA) of products are to be met with a view to gaining a higher level of overall customer satisfaction is a key to successful product design and development. Most of the existing approaches and models for QFD planning seldom consider the resource constraints in product design, nor do they normally take into account the impacts of the correlation among various TA. In other words, most of the existing QFD applications assume that the resources committed fully to attaining the design target for one TA have no impacts on those for other TA. Hence, the costs/resources required are usually worked out individually by linear formulation. In practice, design resource requirements should be expressed in fuzzy terms to accommodate the imprecision and uncertainties innate in the design process, such as ill-defined or incomplete understanding of the relationship between a given set of customer requirements (CR) and TA, the complexity of interdependence among TA, etc. A non-linear fuzzy model is proposed here to offer a more practical and effective means of incorporating the resource factors in QFD planning. The impacts of the correlation among TA are also considered. In the model, the resources for achieving the design target for a certain TA are expressed in a non-linear formulation of its relationship, correlation as well as interdependence with other customer requirements or TA. The concepts of the achieved attainments and planned attainments for TA, and the corresponding primary costs, planned costs and actual costs are introduced. Solutions to the non-linear fuzzy model can be obtained using a parametric optimization method or a hybrid genetic algorithm. A case study is also given to illustrate how the proposed fuzzy model and the optimization routine can be applied to help decision-makers in a company deploy their design resources towards gaining better overall customer satisfaction.