花岗岩残积土剪切特性试验研究

采用GDS静三轴仪,对饱和花岗岩残积土重塑样进行了常规三轴固结排水试验,并基于三维离散元软件YADE,建立了三轴压缩试验模型,分析了花岗岩残积土的剪切特性,结果表明:在各固结围压下,饱和花岗岩残积土重塑样的应力应变曲线都表现为应变硬化,体变曲线表现出明显的剪缩性,而且随着围压的增大,试样的峰值强度增大,剪缩的程度提高。     

花岗岩残积土应力路径试验研究

由于常规的三轴剪切试验不能反映实际工程中多种应力路径对土体力学特性的影响,以福州地区花岗岩残积砾质黏性土为研究对象,进行了常规三轴固结排水剪切试验、K0固结排水剪切试验、K0固结侧向减载试验和K0固结侧向减载轴向加载试验等多种室内试验,对不同应力路径条件下土体的抗剪强度、应力与应变的变化情况做出比较分析,总结了花岗岩残积土在复杂应力路径下土体的变形特性及强度特征。研究表明:在不同的土体应力路径情况下,土体所对应的强度参数及变形参数具有明显的差异性,花岗岩残积土在不同的应力路径情况下应力-应变曲线均呈现应变硬化型,在实际工程中,应综合考虑各种工况,以应对土体强度及变形的变化对工程进展的影响。     

厦门地区花岗岩残积土强度与变形特性研究

本文通过大量载荷板试验,分析了厦门地区花岗岩残积土地基的破坏特征,提出了花岗岩残积土变形模量与标贯及承载力与标贯的经验公式。     

海岸带花岗岩残积土三轴试验尺寸效应研究

随着海洋工程建设深入开展,掌握海洋地质条件下土体的工程特性越发显得重要。本文针对福建平潭地区海岸带的花岗岩残积土,开展了试样直径分别为39.1mm、61.8mm和101mm的常规三轴固结不排水剪切试验,初步探讨了不同试样尺寸对花岗岩残积土的应力-应变特性以及强度的影响。研究结果表明,试样尺寸小的花岗岩残积土三轴试样,其应力应变曲线峰值强度大于尺寸较大的试样;同时,花岗岩残积土的抗剪强度指标也随着试样尺寸的减小而增大。因此,实际工程应用中应注意试样的尺寸效应。     

中山地区花岗岩残积土抗剪特性相关性研究

为研究中山地区花岗岩残积土抗剪特性,就中山地区不同干密度的花岗岩残积土采用不同围压下的三轴压缩试验,分析不同围压下围压与残积土干密度与抗剪强度参数的变化关系.研究结果表明:不同初始干密度的残积土随围压增大,残积土越固结,其抗剪强度越接近;相同初始含水率条件下,随着干密度的增大黏聚力先增大后减小,内摩擦角先减小后增大,呈...     

花岗岩残积土在高应力作用下物理力学特性探讨

采用人工方法,从某排土场基底采取花岗岩坡残积土进行室内常规直剪固结快剪试验与中压三轴固结不排水试验。在试验中,分别测定每个试样应力应变曲线及试验前后的密度、含水率。经数据整理发现,CU试验各级固结围压下,试样固结后的密度、含水率与固结围压间呈规律性变化;通过统计分析得到了花岗岩坡残积土c、φ值与固结围压之间的变化关系。利用试样固结后的密度、含水率与固结围压之间的变化规律估算排土场基底花岗岩坡残积土在不同堆高时的物理特征;利用c、φ值与固结围压之间的变化关系,估算排土场基底花岗岩坡残积土在不同堆高时抗剪强度取值。     

黄土的湿陷变形机理

本文通过三轴等应力比试验和侧限压缩试验揭示了黄土湿陷变形的若干规律:主应力比对湿陷变形有较大的影响;湿陷与应力状态有关;变形与应力间存在交叉效应。分析比较了三轴和侧限压缩试验的结果,证明了用δ_s计算地基湿陷变形的局限性。建议在计算黄土地基湿陷变形时按应力状态把地基分区,不同区域用不同的试验指标。本文按三轴试验资料计算了地基压缩层范围内湿陷变形的分布规律,其结果与兰州和陕西张桥等处的现场浸水载荷试验资料吻合很好。     

滨海残积土基本特性试验及异形基坑开挖方案优选

受花岗岩残积土遇水软化崩解特性影响,滨海高水位区地铁异形深基坑施工一直是不可逾越的复杂工程。针对厦门地区花岗岩残积土开展了基本力学特性试验,并在此基础上,结合厦门地铁1号线吕厝站基坑工程,采用Flac3D软件建立该T型换乘站的三维地质模型,考虑基坑高水位条件下开挖时岩土地层的水-力耦合效应,对比分析土体不同开挖顺序对应工况下支护结构的力学性状,重点研究地连墙水平位移变化、钢支撑轴力及其周边土体的沉降规律,由此得到高水位条件下花岗岩残积土地层中地铁异形基坑最为合理的施工方法,为类似工程施工方案的优化提供一定的借鉴与参考。     

结构性黄土的变形特性

针对结构性黄土研究中的不足和存在的问题，以原状结构性黄土样和人工制备结构性黄土样2种试样的室内侧限压缩试验、等含水量三轴剪切试验和浸水变形试验以及等吸力三轴剪切试验为基础，研究了结构性黄土的湿陷及变形特性。结果表明，结构性黄土存在一个与广义应力路径无关的湿陷面，结构性黄土的变形与结构强度的破坏有直接的关系。     

三峡花岗岩与温度及时间相关的力学性质试验研揪

通过高温下的单轴和三轴抗压蠕变试验,研究了三峡花岗岩单轴应变和粘聚力随温度和时间的变化响应,反映了温度和时间对三峡花岗岩变形特性和强度特性的影响规律;提出了拟合三峡花岗岩单轴应力-应变关系和变形特性的力学模型及其粘聚力随温度和时间变化的经验公式.     

厦门填海土的振动台试验研究

应用振动台对厦门填海土做了一系列模型试验，试验结果表明：该填海土的动孔压有一定的滞后性，规律性较差；其残余应变受加速度和密度的影响较大；残余应变的值很小，最大只有0．15％左右，据此算出的地基震陷变形为毫米级。根据试验结果分析，建立了填海土的振陷经验公式。     

Seismic response of box-type tunnels in soft soil: Experimental and numerical investigation

A series of dynamic centrifuge tests were carried out at the geotechnical centrifuge facility of IFSTTAR in Nantes, to investigate the response of box-type tunnels embedded in dry sand under sinusoidal and seismic excitation, as affected by soil-tunnel relative flexibility and soil-structure interface rugosity. The system under investigation was analyzed by means of full dynamic time history analyses, implementing rigorous finite element models. The numerical models were calibrated on the basis of back analysis of tests, while the numerical predictions were compared with experimental data, in terms of soil and tunnel horizontal acceleration, soil shear strains and tunnel deformations. The validated numerical models were then employed to further investigate several aspects of the system seismic response. Results indicate a rocking deformation mode coupled with the well-known racking distortion of box-type tunnels under seismic shaking. The effect of the soil-tunnel interface characteristics and soil yielding on the racking deformation of the tunnel, the dynamic earth pressures and shear stresses around the tunnel, as well as on dynamic lining forces is also reported. Soil yielding leads to post-shaking, residual, dynamic earth pressures, shear stresses and lining forces, especially in the case of flexible tunnels, while interface characteristics affect the distributions of these response parameters around the perimeter of the tunnel section. The ability of simplified seismic design methods for tunnels to predict the response is finally discussed, by comparing their predictions with the recorded data and the numerical results.     

城市滨海道路景观塑造——以厦门环岛路景观设计为例

厦门环岛路是城市主干道的重要组成部分,沿线形成著名的滨海风景旅游休闲区,其景观建设以公共性、多样性和立体化为原则,分别对路线景观元素、海岸线边界景观元素、节点景观元素、区域景观元素和标志性景观元素进行设计,以求建立一个层次清晰的城市景观体系。     

基于概率的单自由度体系震后残余变形计算

准确预测结构的震后残余变形,对于结构震后性能控制及建立考虑可修复性的抗震设计方法具有重要意义。通过对不同参数的双线性单自由度（SDOF）体系分别在100条标准地震动输入下弹塑性地震反应的统计分析,研究了模型参数和地震动不确定性对SDOF体系残余变形和最大弹塑性变形的影响;建立了双线性SDOF体系震后残余变形的概率计算模型。结果表明：不同地震动输入下SDOF体系的残余变形与最大弹塑性变形之比（dR/dm）存在明显的离散性,且离散程度与结构的刚度比、自振周期、相对屈服荷载系数及峰值地面加速度相关;dR/dm的统计分布规律服从对数正态分布,基于该分布函数建立的计算模型可对给定超越概率条件和地震水平下SDOF体系的震后残余变形进行预测。通过典型算例分析认为,可以采用所建议的模型进行SDOF体系震后残余变形分析及可修复性评估。     

Evaluation of drift demands in existing steel frames under as-recorded far-field and near-fault mainshock-aftershock seismic sequences

This paper presents results of a study aimed at evaluating the effect of aftershocks in steel framed buildings. For that purpose, three frame models representing existing steel moment-resisting frames were subjected to a set of as-recorded mainshock-aftershock seismic sequences. For this purpose, 64 as-recorded seismic sequences registered as a consequence of the 1994 Northridge and 1980 Mammoth Lakes earthquakes were considered in this study. In particular, this investigation employed 14 seismic sequences recorded in 7 accelerographic stations in the near-fault region. An examination of the as-recorded seismic sequences shows that the frequency content of the mainshock and the main aftershock is weakly correlated. The response of the frame models was measured in terms of the peak and residual (permanent) drift demands at the end of the earthquake’s excitation. From the results of this investigation, unlike previous results based on artificial seismic sequences, it was found that as-recorded aftershocks do not significantly increase peak and residual drift demands since the predominant period of the aftershocks (i.e. frequency content) is very different from the period of vibration of the frame models. In addition, it was shown that artificial seismic sequences could significantly overestimate median peak and residual drift demands as well as the record-to-record variability.     

土壤震陷试验研究

本文是笔者就土壤震陷特性所做的十几年试验研究的总结。文中讨论了关于土壤震陷的定义和影响因素。试验研究表明,主要影响因素有四个:动应力,初始固结压力,振动次数和土的类型。软土的震陷表现为残余变形的逐渐增大,砂性土的则表现出震陷突变特点。给出了能反映震陷特性的经验表达式,并把各土壤的震陷参数与土的物性指标,例如含水量、相对密度、压缩模量和剪切波速等建立了关系,供无试验资料时选用。     

Simplified Procedure to Evaluate Earthquake-Induced Residual Displacement of Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls

Based on a series of shaking table model tests, it was found that the effects of 1) subsoil and backfill deformation, 2) failure plane formation in backfill, and 3) pullout resistance mobilized by the reinforcements on the seismic behaviors of the geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls (GRS walls) were significant. These effects cannot be taken into account in the conventional pseudo-static based limit equilibrium analyses or Newmark's rigid sliding block analogy, which are usually adopted as the seismic design procedure. Therefore, this study attempts to develop a simplified procedure to evaluate earthquake-induced residual displacement of GRS walls by reflecting the knowledge on the seismic behaviors of GRS walls obtained from the shaking table model tests. In the proposed method, 1) the deformation characteristics of subsoil and backfill are modeled based on the model test results and 2) the effect of failure plane formation is considered by using residual soil strength after the failure plane formation while the peak soil strength is used before the failure plane formation, and 3) the effect of the pullout resistance mobilized by the reinforcement is also introduced by evaluating the pullout resistance based on the results from the pullout tests of the reinforcements. By using the proposed method, simulations were performed on the shaking table model test results conducted under a wide variety of testing conditions and good agreements between the calculated and measured displacements were observed.     

Influence of site conditions on seismic design parameters for foundations as determined via nonlinear site response analysis

Site conditions, including geotechnical properties and the geological setting, influence the near-surface response of strata subjected to seismic excitation. The geotechnical parameters required for the design of foundations include mass density (ρ), damping ratio (β_s), shear wave velocity (V_s), and soil shear modulus (G_s). The values of the last three parameters are sensitive to the level of nonlinear strain induced in the strata due to seismic ground motion. In this study, the effect of variations in soil properties, such as plasticity index (PI), effective stress (σ′), over consolidation ratio (OCR), impedance contrast ratio (ICR) between the bedrock and the overlying strata, and depth of soil strata over bedrock (H), on seismic design parameters (β_s, V_s, and G_s) was investigated for National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) site classes C and D, through 1D nonlinear seismic site response analysis. The Morris one-at-a-time (OAT) sensitivity analysis indicated that β_s, V_s, and G_s were significantly influenced by variations in PI, while ICR affected β_s more than it affected V_s and G_s. However, the influence of H on these parameters was less significant. It was also found that variations in soil properties influenced seismic design parameters in soil type D more significantly than in soil type C. Predictive relationships for β_s, V_s, and G_s were derived based on the 1D seismic site response analysis and sensitivity analysis results. The β_s, V_s, and G_s values obtained from the analysis were compared with the corresponding values in NEHRP to determine the similarities and differences between the two sets of values. The need to incorporate PI and ICR in the metrics for determining β_s, V_s, and G_s for the seismic design of foundations was highlighted.     

地震作用下的超深水平井动态响应分析

以位于地震断裂带的水电站出线水平井为项目背景,利用大型有限元软件进行三维模拟,考虑土与结构的相互作用,研究分析地震作用下的超深水平井的动态响应。分析表明:水平井在竖向地震作用下的动力响应比在水平地震作用下的小;周围土体对结构的位移限制,以及深厚覆盖层对地震波的吸收,使得水平井无论是水平地震作用还是竖向地震作用下,动力响应都很小,表明水平井的抗震性能优越,证实了深埋结构的抗震可靠性。