玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料夹芯板-钢板连接接头的弯曲性能

以PVC泡沫或Balsa轻木为芯材的玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料（GRP）夹芯板目前广泛应用于船舶与海洋工程结构中。论文设计不同参数的GRP夹芯板-钢板混合接头模型,进行四点弯曲加载下的静力及疲劳试验研究,同时运用ABAQUS软件结合MSC.fatigue软件对接头的静态及疲劳弯曲失效进行数值模拟,分析了接头的弯曲强度、刚度和失效模式,并研究了接头填充区材料及长度、钢板嵌入填充区长度等参数对接头弯曲性能的影响。结果表明：弯曲载荷作用下接头破坏发生在连接结合部,失效模式则因填充区的不同设计而不同;对提高接头的弯曲性能较为明显的设计参数包括将钢板延伸到接头填充区或者选择Balsa轻木替代PVC泡沫芯材;对于受到疲劳弯曲载荷的接头模型,在较大疲劳载荷水平下,所有试件在未达到10⁶次循环时均发生了疲劳破坏;而在相对较小的疲劳载荷水平下,经过10⁶次循环后所有试件全部完好,并且接头的剩余强度与疲劳试验前的静强度相近,表明小载荷水平下接头的疲劳次数对其承载能力无影响。     

泡沫铝疲劳性能研究进展

泡沫铝因其出色的力学、电学、热力学性能而被人们广泛关注和应用.目前,对泡沫铝的研究主要集中在准静态以及高应变率单轴压缩性能上.然而,随着泡沫铝应用环境的复杂化,其在服役过程中承受循环载荷的情况不可避免.因此,充分了解泡沫铝的疲劳性能以及承受循环加载时的失效机理对其在工程中的进一步应用具有重大意义.根据疲劳试验时加载方式的不同,可将泡沫铝的疲劳分为压?压疲劳、拉伸疲劳两种.由于泡沫铝内部结构不规则,试样个体间差异较大,其疲劳性能离散性明显,因此对疲劳寿命、疲劳强度等参数的定义方式也不尽相同.此外,学者们针对泡沫铝疲劳性能的影响因素展开了一系列研究,并取得了一定成果.目前被广泛认可的泡沫铝疲劳性能的影响因素包括:泡孔结构与形貌、试样尺寸、基体与增强相材料以及热处理等,深入了解影响疲劳性能的因素有助于提高泡沫铝在复杂应用环境下的疲劳寿命与疲劳强度.由于试样结构与研究方法的局限性,目前对于泡沫铝疲劳失效机制的分析尚未得出统一结论,针对其疲劳裂纹扩展方式的研究报道相对较少.研究者们多从疲劳应变?循环次数曲线及内部缺陷等方面入手来分析泡沫铝的失效机理.本文综合分析国内外文献并结合笔者课题组工作,针对泡沫铝疲劳性能研究中的一些关键问题进行了论述.重点介绍了压?压疲劳、拉伸疲劳两种不同疲劳载荷加载方式下泡沫铝的疲劳性能,包括疲劳寿命、疲劳强度以及应力水平等参数的定义方式;讨论了不同因素对泡沫铝疲劳性能的影响,提出通过减小泡孔尺寸和优化泡孔结构均匀性等方法来改善其疲劳性能.此外,从宏观、微观角度出发,对泡沫铝的疲劳失效机理进行了分析讨论.     

调质42CrMo钢的弯曲微动疲劳实验研究

针对循环软化材料调质42CrMo钢进行了常规弯曲疲劳实验和弯曲微动疲劳实验,分析了常规弯曲疲劳和弯曲微动疲劳之间的差异,并讨论了循环弯曲载荷对疲劳寿命的影响。通过分析不同弯曲载荷下弯曲微动疲劳试样断口的形貌和不同循环次数下微动损伤的情况,揭示调质42CrMo钢弯曲微动疲劳过程中的损伤特性。研究结果表明:同一循环载荷作用下,弯曲微动疲劳的寿命明显低于常规弯曲疲劳的寿命;随着循环弯曲载荷的增大,弯曲微动疲劳的寿命降低更明显;微动引起的局部接触疲劳和局部塑形变形促进了弯曲微动疲劳裂纹的萌生和进一步扩展。     

多级载荷耦合下的镍钛合金血管支架疲劳强度和寿命预测

为探究镍钛合金血管支架植入下肢动脉后产生断裂失效的原因,对Absolute Pro下肢动脉支架在多级载荷耦合作用下的疲劳性能进行研究。利用有限元方法对镍钛合金支架在一级(生理脉动、轴向拉伸、压缩、弯曲、扭转)、二级(拉-弯、拉-扭、压-弯、压-扭、弯-扭)和三级(拉-弯-扭、压-弯-扭)载荷下分别进行数值模拟,基于应变法评价支架的疲劳强度,采用名义应力法和断裂力学进行疲劳寿命预测。经疲劳性能分析发现,一级载荷和部分多级载荷下的支架疲劳强度均满足10年疲劳寿命的要求,其中二级载荷的拉-弯和三级载荷的拉-弯-扭下最大交变应变大于疲劳极限,易产生应力集中导致疲劳失效;寿命云图和安全系数显示,在一级载荷下,压缩载荷对支架寿命的影响最大,脉动载荷最小,在二级载荷下,拉-弯载荷影响最大,弯-扭载荷影响最小,在三级载荷下拉-弯-扭对支架寿命的影响大于压-弯-扭;基于断裂力学寿命预测发现,初始裂纹的大小对支架的寿命有显著的影响。该研究结果揭示了多级载荷对支架疲劳强度和寿命的影响,为支架的临床断裂失效机理提供理论参考。     

泡沫金属夹层板自冲铆接头的疲劳性能及失效机理

对铝合金自冲铆接头及泡沫金属夹层结构自冲铆接头进行疲劳实验,通过三参数经验公式采用S-N曲线拟合法绘制接头的F-N曲线,分析接头的疲劳寿命及泡沫金属夹层对自冲铆接头疲劳性能的影响;采用扫描电子显微镜对接头的疲劳失效断口进行观测,分析其微观失效机理。结果表明:泡沫金属夹层缩短了自冲铆接头的疲劳寿命,不同泡沫金属夹层对自冲铆接头疲劳性能的影响具有差异性,在高疲劳载荷下泡沫铜夹层接头疲劳性能更优。三组接头疲劳失效形式都为下板断裂,在高疲劳载荷下裂纹易在铆扣区域萌生,在中低疲劳载荷下裂纹萌生于下板一侧,沿铆扣区域下侧向板材另一侧扩展。     

陶瓷基复合材料疲劳特性的研究

应用相变增韧、相变-晶须复合及相变-颗粒复合三种方式来改善氧化铝陶瓷的力学性能,研究了陶瓷基复合材料的疲劳特性。 在循环压缩载荷作用下,陶瓷材料的应力集中处(如缺口)会产生垂直于压应力轴的疲劳裂纹,随循环周次的增加,裂纹的扩展由快到慢,最终完全停止。循环压缩疲劳裂纹的形成机理是较大的应力集中使材料内出现以微裂纹为主要形式的不可逆损伤,在随后的卸载过程中,不可逆损伤区产生很高的残余拉应力,使疲劳裂纹形核并逐渐扩展。 陶瓷材料在四点弯曲循环载荷作用下,疲劳裂纹具有较长的亚临界扩展过程。裂纹护展速率与循环载荷的最大应力强度因子K_(max)及应力强度因子幅度△K都有关,且随载荷频率的降低及载荷波形由三角波变为正弦波,裂纹扩展速率增加。陶瓷材料四点弯曲疲劳裂纹的亚临界扩展是材料内损伤逐渐累积的结果。疲劳过程中材料通过形成微裂纹及裂纹分叉、克服增强物的阻碍及裂纹表面的桥接与互锁作用、产生裂尖微区内的塑性变形及部分稳定ZrO_2的相变等方式来消耗能量,在材料内造成以微裂纹为主要形式的微观损伤,从而弱化了材料,使疲劳裂纹得以亚临界扩展。 陶瓷材料在1050℃高温下的强度约为其室温强度的一半。陶瓷材料的高温循环疲劳是高温静载效应与循环载荷效应的迭加,1050℃下,循     

三维机织复合材料在拉压循环载荷下的疲劳性能

为研究三维机织复合材料在拉伸-压缩循环载荷下的疲劳性能,对材料进行了应力比R=-1的疲劳试验。在不同的载荷水平下,分别进行了纬向和经向两类拉压疲劳试验。试验获得了试样在疲劳载荷下的滞回曲线和全过程中剩余刚度比随寿命的变化曲线。结果表明,在拉伸-压缩循环载荷下,三维机织复合材料的疲劳损伤过程主要包含3个阶段,分别发生基体破坏、纱线横向裂纹扩展和纱线的最终断裂。基体的破碎和开胶、垂直于载荷方向排布的纱线撕裂和沿载荷方向排布的纱线断裂是试样内部的主要失效模式。试验还获得了纬向和经向拉压疲劳的拟合S-N曲线,可应用于工程中对该型材料进行疲劳寿命估算。该型材料的疲劳寿命在低应力区和高应力区均显示出较小的分散性,双对数坐标系下的拟合S-N曲线具有较好的线性度。     

拉压加载下纤维增强铝合金层板疲劳裂纹扩展的压载荷效应与预测模型

基于增量塑性损伤理论与纤维增强金属层板疲劳裂纹扩展唯象方法, 推导出在拉-压循环加载下, 纤维增强金属层板疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测模型。并通过玻璃纤维增强铝合金层板在应力比R=-1,-2的疲劳裂纹扩展实验对预测模型进行验证。结果表明, 纤维增强铝合金层板疲劳裂纹扩展的压载荷效应分为两种情况: 在有效循环应力比R_C>0时, 表现为压载荷对铝合金层所承受残余拉应力的抵消作用; 当R_C<0时, 表现为压载荷抵消残余拉应力后, 对纤维增强铝合金层板金属层的塑性损伤, 对疲劳裂纹扩展存在促进作用。纤维铝合金层板疲劳裂纹扩展的压载荷效应不可忽略, 本文中得出的在拉-压循环加载下疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测模型与实验结果符合较好。     

三维间隔连体织物泡沫夹层结构复合材料的基本力学特性

将三维间隔连体织物泡沫夹层结构平压、剪切和三点弯曲载荷作用下的力学特性与三维间隔连体织物复合材料、传统泡沫夹层结构复合材料进行了对比分析,在此基础上,考察了芯柱高度、泡沫密度对复合材料平压、剪切、三点弯曲性能的影响。结果表明,三维间隔连体织物泡沫夹层结构复合材料承受平压载荷时,芯柱和泡沫存在协同效应;平压载荷作用下主要发生芯柱断裂破坏;随着芯柱高度增加,平压、剪切强度均减小;随着泡沫密度增加,平压强度近似呈指数增长。     

复杂面内应力状态下平面编织高铝纤维增强氧化铝基复合材料强度及疲劳寿命预测方法

针对平面编织氧化铝基复合材料提出了一种复杂面内应力状态下的强度准则和疲劳寿命预测方法。通过拉伸、压缩及纯剪切试验,分别获得了材料的静强度指标。考虑材料拉、压性能的差异和面内拉-剪联合作用对材料强度的影响机制,提出了修正的Hoffman强度理论。采用该强度理论预测得到的偏轴拉伸强度与试验结果基本一致,偏差不超过10%。开展了偏轴角θ=0°、15°、30°、45°,应力比R=0.1,频率f=10 Hz的拉伸疲劳试验,试验结果表明随着偏轴角的增加,相同轴向拉伸载荷下的疲劳寿命逐渐降低。由于面内剪切应力分量的作用,疲劳失效由纤维主导逐渐过渡到纤维和基体共同主导的模式。基于单轴疲劳寿命曲线,采用Broutman-Sahu剩余强度模型表征剩余强度随疲劳循环次数的变化规律,结合剩余强度演化模型和修正的Hoffman强度理论,提出了一种面内复杂载荷条件下的疲劳寿命预测模型,并引入疲劳剪切损伤影响因子表征拉-剪应力联合作用对材料疲劳行为的影响。采用本文提出的疲劳寿命预测模型,预测不同偏轴角拉伸疲劳寿命,预测结果与试验结果基本一致,偏差在1倍寿命范围内。比较结果表明在给定应力比、温度和疲劳载荷频率条件下,该疲劳寿命预测模型可以用来预测平面编织氧化铝基复合材料拉-剪复杂面内载荷条件下疲劳寿命。      

Crack propagation of CCT foam specimen under low strain rate fatigue

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of holes on the low strain rate fatigue properties of the nickel foam material and to understand the lifetime of this material which is subjected to the repeated loads. Failures of foam materials under single and repeated loads analogous to fatigue are essential to designers and users in military and aerospace structures. The material failure induced by repeated low strain rate loading becomes a critical issue because of significant loss of stiffness and compressive strength in the foam material. Testing methods to study low strain rate (that is, strain rate) fatigue are quite numerous; no single standard testing procedure is defined for studying the low strain rate fatigue property of a material. The increasing application of foam material in aerospace structures, owing to high specific stiffness and strength has attracted a great concern about the high sensitivity to low strain rate damage introduced during manufacture or in service, and the effects of such damage on structural degradation. To investigate this issue, this study sets up an experimental procedure to determine the low strain rate fatigue properties of nickel foam material. This study performs both experimental and numerical investigations to catch the low strain rate fatigue behavior of nickel foam with open-cell type. The experiments are conducted by rod up and down at the strain rate fatigue of loading. The crack length at the specific cycles are measured experimentally by taking pictures with a paper ruler attached on the surface of specimen and these values are apply to the computer simulations as crack seam model. The simulation result of stress intensity factors are compared with a well known theoretical calculation. Design life and probability of failure or survival at specified life can be calculated so that the fatigue life of nickel core material subjected to repeated low strain rate loading is predicted.     

Experimental investigation on bending fatigue failure of corrugated paperboard

A series of 3‐point bending fatigue tests were conducted to investigate the bending fatigue behaviour of flute type B and C corrugated paperboard samples under cyclic loading. The S‐N curve was obtained. The fatigue failure of corrugated paperboard may be described by both Basquin‐type and exponential‐type S‐N curves; however, the exponential‐type S‐N curve is more appropriate. The stiffness is gradually degraded with almost same energy dissipation in most stress cycles, but it decreases abruptly with the enlarged energy dissipation when the testing cycle is very close to the ultimate cycles of fatigue failure. The corrugated board deforms constantly under the action of cyclic loading, and no visible crack appears. The fatigue failure modes and mechanisms are same for the corrugated boards with B‐flute and C‐flute; however, the S‐N curve of corrugated board is closely related to the flute structure. The results obtained in this paper may be applied to the dynamic design and accelerated vibration test of stacked corrugated boxes.     

Experimental study on fatigue failure and damage of sandwich structure with PMI foam core

Sandwich structures consisting of aluminium skin sheets and polymethacrylimide foam core have been gradually used in the high‐speed trains. The static mechanical properties and fatigue damage of the sandwich structures with polymethacrylimide foam core were experimented in three‐point bending and were discussed. The failure mode is identified as local indentation. The static strength was obtained, and it showed good consistency with the forecasting formula. The fatigue property and damage evolution were also researched under cyclic loading. The fatigue life curve and the fitting formula were submitted. The fatigue damage evolution started from the skin sheet fracture and then the foam core indentation. The displacement at the midpoint as the damage parameter was discussed, and the evolution prediction formula was submitted, which showed great agreement with the experimental results.     

Mechanical properties of open-cell foam synthetic thoracic vertebrae

This study presents comprehensive morphological and mechanical properties (static, dynamic) of open-cell rigid foams (Pacific Research Laboratories Inc. Vashon, WA) and a synthetic vertebral body derived from each of the foams. Synthetic vertebrae were comprised of a cylindrical open-cell foam core enclosed by a fiberglass resin cortex. The open-cell rigid foam was shown to have similar morphology and porosity as human vertebral cancellous bone, and exhibited a crush or fracture consolidation band typical of open-celled materials and cancellous bone. However, the foam material density was 40% lower than natural cancellous bone resulting in a lower compressive apparent strength and apparent modulus in comparison to human bone. During cyclic, mean compression fatigue tests, the synthetic vertebrae exhibited an initial apparent modulus, progressive modulus reduction, strain accumulation and S-N curve behaviour similar to human and animal vertebral cancellous bone. Synthetic open-cell foam vertebrae offer researchers an alternative to human vertebral bone for static and dynamic biomechanical experiments, including studies examining the effects of cement injection. Presented, in part, at the XXth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics and 29th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics, Cleveland, OH, July 31-August 5, 2005     

混合前驱体制备高织构三维C/C复合材料的微观结构及疲劳行为

以乙醇和甲烷为前驱体,采用化学气相渗透工艺制备了三维五向编织C/C复合材料。利用偏光显微技术分析了复合材料的微观结构,考察了复合材料的静态弯曲性能和疲劳行为,研究了不同循环加载周期对复合材料弯曲强度和力学行为的影响。结果表明:采用混合前驱体可成功制备高织构3DC/C复合材料,材料的平均弯曲强度为379.2 MPa,其疲劳极限为静态弯曲载荷的80.3%。加载循环应力后, C/C复合材料的弯曲强度在不同周次均有所提升,循环105周后弯曲强度的增幅达16.8%。材料弯曲承载时的"屈服区"随着循环次数的增加出现先增大后减小的变化趋势,这与材料疲劳过程中纤维与基体、基体与基体的结合状态有关。     

三维正交机织复合材料低周弯曲疲劳力学性能有限元模拟

为了深入理解三维正交机织复合材料（3DOWC）疲劳性能,改进材料抗疲劳设计,结合三维正交机织复合材料试样经纱方向准静态三点弯曲及60%应力水平下的三点弯曲疲劳实验与ABAQUS有限元软件,构建了全尺寸三维实体模型,研究了三维正交机织复合材料在低周循环载荷下的弯曲疲劳性能,经分析得到循环加载下模型应力分布情况和疲劳损伤形态。结果表明：经纱为材料最重要的承载部件,中间加载区域为材料应力集中区,损伤主要位于应力集中区的Z纱通道处的经纱上,随着循环增加,逐渐在中心加载区域的上部和下部形成三角形损伤区域,该研究在复合材料设计与优化中具有指导意义。     

聚氨酯注浆材料在循环压缩加载下疲劳性能与微观结构演化

应用于基础设施维修加固的聚氨酯注浆材料通常承受反复荷载作用,对聚氨酯注浆材料进行循环压缩加载试验以测试其压缩疲劳性能,全程记录材料的应变响应,并在SEM下观测材料泡孔结构疲劳破坏的微观形貌特征。试验结果表明:材料在循环荷载下的响应分为三个阶段,第一阶段持续数十次,弹性应变递次增大;第二阶段应变值稳定;第三阶段在高应力水平下表现为疲劳破坏,在低应力水平下表现为循环硬化。对于0.3g/cm3的试件,导致疲劳破坏的应力阈值α在0.7~0.8之间;而0.5g/cm3试件的阈值在0.6~0.7之间。发生疲劳破坏时,材料的宏观表现为垂直于荷载方向的鼓出,微观表现为泡壁裂纹扩张和棱边屈曲。此外,提出疲劳损伤参数D表征材料模量在循环荷载下的演化,D可以敏感地捕捉低应力水平下第三阶段材料的循环硬化。     

Mechanical and environmental factors in the cyclic and static fatigue of a machinable glass-ceramic

The effects of environment on cyclic and static fatigue behaviour were investigated with a machinable glass-ceramic and its original glass. Tests were conducted at ambient temperatures in three environments, i.e. moist air, distilled water and kerosene, and an indentation/bending technique was used. The results indicate that cyclic loading increases crack growth rates of glass-ceramic in all the three environments, but it just has a negligible effect on the original glass. The two materials were very sensitive to the amount of water in the test environment. For static fatigue of the glass-ceramic, both the slopes of da/dt-K_eff curves and their position along the abscissa varied with the environments, but under other conditions, only the position varied.     

蠕变/疲劳共同作用下寿命估算方法

通过载荷谱转换，将带保载时间的蠕变／疲劳循环用不带保载时间的纯疲劳循环代替，提出蠕变／疲劳共同作用时的寿命估算方法。对１２Ｃｒ１ＭｏＶ钢母材和焊材的蠕变／疲劳交互作用试验数据的分析结果表明，本方法方便、实用。提出一个表征蠕变／疲劳连续加载时交互作用行为的参数，蠕变／疲劳寿命比。分析认为，材料的蠕变疲劳交互作用行为与该比值的大小腾。材料在蠕变／疲劳共同作用下呈这是呈负交经作用，并非材料固有的特性，还取决于载荷条件。