钛及钛合金熔炼技术发展现状

目前生产钛及钛合金铸锭最主要的方法是真空自耗电弧熔炼以及冷床炉熔炼方法。详细介绍了真空自耗电弧熔炼、电子束冷床炉熔炼以及等离子束冷床炉熔炼技术的原理、特点和发展现状。     

电子束冷床熔炼TC4合金研究进展

电子束冷床熔炼工艺作为一种新型熔炼技术,可应用于生产航空发动机用优质钛合金及回收残钛。本文综述了电子束冷床熔炼TC4合金研究进展。     

关于钛及钛合金电子束冷床熔炼炉真空系统的设计

本文简略介绍了钛及钛合金材料的特点及其熔炼的方式。介绍了电子束冷床熔炼炉的原理。分析了电子枪所发射的电子束能量的分配及熔炼炉工作真空范围。电子束冷床熔炼炉真空系统的配置和选型原则。并以某公司电子束冷床熔炼炉为例,计算了正常熔炼速度下总的气体量、工作真空下的主泵的抽速、前级泵的抽速,对熔炉的真空系统进行了配置和选型。     

低成本钛合金研究现状与发展趋势

钛合金较高的成本限制了其应用范围,低成本钛合金已成为当前钛合金研究的热点.概述了低成本钛合金国内外的研究现状,着重介绍了宝钛集团研发的低成本钛合金及钛合金的低成本化制备情况,新近研制的BTi31、Ti-3111、BTi-341、BTi-421111、BTi-61111S等低成本钛合金已在汽车、体育休闲等领域获得应用;在钛合金的低成本化制造方面,利用电子束冷床炉熔炼,大量添加返回料,熔炼的扁锭直接轧制板材,显著降低原料成本和加工成本.同时对低成本钛合金的发展方向进行展望,指出今后的研究重点是进一步优化熔炼和加工工艺,提升合金性能水平,提高成材率,拓展应用范围.     

低成本钛合金研究现状与发展趋势

钛合金较高的成本限制了其应用范围,低成本钛合金已成为当前钛合金研究的热点。概述了低成本钛合金国内外的研究现状,着重介绍了宝钛集团研发的低成本钛合金及钛合金的低成本化制备情况,新近研制的BTi31、Ti-3111、BTi-341、BTi-421111、BTi-61111S等低成本钛合金已在汽车、体育休闲等领域获得应用;在钛合金的低成本化制造方面,利用电子束冷床炉熔炼,大量添加返回料,熔炼的扁锭直接轧制板材,显著降低原料成本和加工成本。同时对低成本钛合金的发展方向进行展望,指出今后的研究重点是进一步优化熔炼和加工工艺,提升合金性能水平,提高成材率,拓展应用范围。     

钛合金冶金缺陷实例分析

对在工程实践中遇到的部分钛合金冶金缺陷实例进行了总结分析,并提出了相应的预防解决措施。实例分析结果表明：钛合金冶金缺陷形式主要有硬a缺陷、夹杂物、偏析、孔洞等。这些冶金缺陷主要是在钛合金的真空自耗熔炼过程中形成并遗传下的,且基本上可以通过提高原材料品质和改进熔炼工艺加以控制或消除。     

电子束冷床熔炼的应用现状

电子束冷床熔炼(EBCHM)技术是材料冶金领域的新兴技术之一,在航空工业和国防科技中发挥着重要作用。简述了EBCHM技术的原理,探讨了EBCHM设备核心部件电子枪和冷床的发展历程。介绍了国内外近年来EBCHM在多个材料领域的最新研究和实际生产现状,重点追踪了在难熔金属钛、钒,高温合金镍和太阳能级多晶硅等材料的熔炼和提纯中如何控制EBCHM工艺以达到使原材料去除杂质、无偏析、成分均匀的目的。比较了国内外EBCHM技术的发展和设备熔炼能力现状。最后结合国家发展需求对EBCHM技术的发展趋势进行了展望,为今后在工业中能更好地应用EBCHM技术提供参考。     

电子束冷床炉纯钛熔炼成分均匀性控制措施的研究

电子束冷床熔炼炉熔炼纯钛的起始阶段,冷床凝壳表面成分对铸锭成分均匀性有一定的影响,会造成冷轧或热轧产品力学性能的波动。本文通过研究熔炼正式开始前对凝壳液位高度及熔池深度的控制技术,来避免铸锭尾端的成分偏差。以上研究对各种牌号金属及合金的冷床熔炼均有较好借鉴意义。     

论真空冶金工艺的设备技术

本文论述真空技术对冶炼铁和非铁工程材料的意义，真空冶金的压强范围和典型的泵系统。概要地介绍最重要的应用。 钢的去气；真空感应炉内熔炼；电子束炉或真空电弧炉内的重熔。电子熔渣重熔工艺的可能性，铝液的真空处理以及钛铸锭的制取。还展望了真空冶金的前景。     

世界钛及钛合金产业现状及发展趋势

总结和阐述了近年来世界各国钛及钛合金的发展现状和未来发展趋势.重点描述了近年来钛及钛合金最新制备及加工技术的发展和应用,主要包括钛及钛合金的冶炼提取、熔炼铸造、最新加工方法、热处理规范以及在航空航天、舰船、化工、生物及医用材料、汽车、体育等领域的发展和应用.通过对钛及钛合金近年来发展现状的了解,结合钛研制开发过程中出现的一些问题,简要分析了钛及钛合金的几个主要的发展方向及趋势.     

A review of selective laser melting of aluminum alloys: Processing,microstructure, property and developing trends

Selective laser melting (SLM) is an attractive rapid prototyping technology for the fabrication of metallic components with complex structure and high performance. Aluminum alloy, one of the most pervasive structural materials, is well known for high specific strength and good corrosion resistance. But the poor laser formability of aluminum alloy restricts its application. There are problems such as limited processable materials, immature process conditions and metallurgical defects on SLM processing aluminum alloys. Some efforts have been made to solve the above problems. This paper discusses the current research status both related to the scientific understanding and technology applications. The paper begins with a brief introduction of basic concepts of aluminum alloys and technology characterization of laser selective melting. In addition, solidification theory of SLM process and formation mechanism of metallurgical defects are discussed. Then, the current research status of microstructure, properties and heat treatment of SLM processing aluminum alloys is systematically reviewed respectively. Lastly, a future outlook is given at the end of this review paper.     

Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的研究进展

介绍了Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的晶体结构和高温力学性能,综述了其主要制备方法和研究进展,详细地分析了其冶金机理和相结构特点,并讨论了环型相的形成机理及缺点,最后指出了Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷研究方向和提高其性能的基本途径,并认为系统考虑其相平衡、粉末冶金机制和加工工艺是制备性能优良的Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷刀具和涂层的关键.     

我国创新研制的主要船用钛合金及其应用

钛及钛合金因优异的综合性能在航空、航天、舰船、化工等行业获得广泛应用,为满足不同的应用需求,近20年我国新型钛合金的研制非常活跃,其中舰船用钛合金是我国钛合金研究和发展的重要研究方向之一。经过近50多年的努力,我国创新研制的不同强度级别船用钛合金已基本形成体系,也制备出这些合金不同规格的管、板、棒、丝材等,已基本能够满足我国工程的需求。简要介绍了中国创新研制的主要船用钛合金及其应用,如中强高韧Ti75合金、中强高塑Ti31合金、高强高韧Ti-B19合金、中强Ti91和Ti70合金、高强Ti80合金等,同时也简要介绍了可能用于海洋工程的其他创新研制的钛合金,如高强(1 100 MPa)高韧损伤容限型TC21合金、中强(900 MPa)高韧损伤容限型TC4-DT合金、强度为1 300 MPa的Ti-1300、强度为1 500 MPa的Ti-1500、强度为1 600 MPa的Ti-1600合金以及中强的低温钛合金CT20等。     

国内外钛合金研究的发展现状及趋势

钛及钛合金因具有优异的综合力学性能,得到各行各业的高度重视,介绍了近10年国外、国内钛合金研究的发展现状、趋势与差距,及时我国钛合金研制的建议。     

Research and Progress in Laser Welding of Wrought Aluminum Alloys. II. Metallurgical Microstructures, Defects, and Mechanical Properties

With the wide application of aluminum alloys in automotive, aerospace, and other industries, laser welding has become a critical joining technique for aluminum alloys. In this review, the research and progress in laser welding of wrought aluminum alloys are critically discussed from different perspectives. The primary objective of the review is to understand the influence of welding processes on joint quality and to build up the science base of laser welding for the reliable production of aluminum alloy joints. Two main types of industrial lasers, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), are currently applied but special attention is paid to Nd:YAG laser welding of 5000 and 6000 series alloys in the keyhole (deep penetration) mode. In the preceding article of this review (part I), the laser welding processing parameters, including the laser-, process-, and material-related variables and their effects on welding quality, have been examined. In this part of the review, the metallurgical microstructures and main defects encountered in laser welding of aluminum alloys such as porosity, cracking, oxide inclusions, and loss of alloying elements are discussed from the point of view of mechanism of their formation, main influencing factors, and remedy measures. The main mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile and fatigue strength, and formability are also evaluated.     

Research and Progress in Laser Welding of Wrought Aluminum Alloys. I. Laser Welding Processes

With the wide application of Al alloys in automotive, aerospace and other industries, laser welding has become a critical joining technique for aluminum alloys. In this review, the research and progress in laser welding of wrought Al alloys have been critically discussed from different perspectives. The primary objective of this review is to understand the influence of welding processes on joint quality and to build up the science base of laser welding for the reliable production of Al alloy joints. Two main types of industrial lasers, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG), are currently applied but special attention is paid to Nd:YAG laser welding of 5000 and 6000 series alloys in the keyhole (deep penetration) mode. In this part of the review, the main laser welding processing parameters including the laser-, process-, and material-related variables and their effects on weld quality are examined. In part II of this article in this journal, the metallurgical microstructures and main defects encountered in laser welding of Al alloys such as porosity, cracking, oxide inclusions, and loss of alloying elements are discussed from the point of view of mechanism of their formation, main influencing factors, and remedy measures. In part II, the main mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile, and fatigue strength and formability are also discussed.     

Thermo-metallo-mechanical modelling of heat treatment induced residual stress in Ti–6Al–4V alloy

Residual stress fields dynamically fluctuate throughout the manufacturing process of metallic components and are caused by local misfit of a thermal, mechanical or metallurgical nature. Recent advances have been made in the area of microstructure and residual stress prediction; yet few have considered dual-phase titanium alloys. The aim of the work presented was to carry out a review of the existing state-of-the-art in residual stress modelling with an intended application to industrial heat treatment of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Four areas were evaluated: thermal, mechanical and metallurgical sub-models, and model validation via residual stress measurement. Recommendations for future research include further investigation of transformation induced plasticity and stress relaxation behaviour in Ti–6Al–4V.

This review was submitted as part of the 2019 Materials Literature Review Prize of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining run by the Editorial Board of MST. Sponsorship of the prize by TWI Ltd is gratefully acknowledged.     

Experimental characterization of Ti6Al4V T joints welded through linear friction welding technique: microstructure and NDE

Linear friction welding (LFW) is an innovative solid-state welding technique that allows to manufacture joints with high mechanical properties. This technology has various applications in the aerospace field; in particular it is used to weld massive structural components made of Ti6Al4V. This paper deals with the experimental study of Ti6Al4V T-joints welded through LFW, with particular focus on the effectiveness of ultrasonic control in detecting and distinguishing welding defects within the joints. Aiming to this scope, joints with different properties were manufactured and tested:some were free from defects but with different metallurgy, and some had different types of defects. The results obtained proved that the ultrasonic control was an effective method to detect and identify defects in linear friction welded titanium joints, moreover it was possible to get information regarding the microstructure and in particular the extension of the different metallurgical zones induced by the welding process.     

The effect of bulk nucleation parameters on the formation of macroscopic grain of the large-scale titanium slab ingot during EBCHM

The application of single electron beam cold hearth melting (EBCHM) to the production of large-scale rectangular titanium ingots has the potential to produce high-quality titanium strip coils and achieve significant cost reductions. In this study, multi-scale modelling of macroscopic grain formation in large-scale titanium slab ingots during EBCHM was carried out, by combining the finite element (FE) method on the macroscale with a cellular automaton (CA) model on the microscale. The effects of bulk nucleation parameters on the formation of macroscopic grains were studied, and the predictions arising from simulations were compared with experimental results. Based on the nucleation parameters that were investigated, the process parameters could be optimised during EBCHM to achieve a solidification structure favourable for rolling.     

Defects and Electron Densities in TiAl-based Alloys Containing Mn and Cu Studied by Positron Annihilation

The defects and electron densities in Ti50Al50, Ti50Al48Mn2 and Ti50Al48Cu2 alloys have been studied by positron lifetime measurements. The results show that the free electron density in the bulk of binary TiAl alloy is lower than that of pure Ti or Al metal. The open volume of defects on the grain boundaries of binary TiAl alloy is larger than that of a monovacancy of Al metal. The additions of Mn and Cu into Ti-rich TiAI alloy will increase the free electron densities in the bulk and the grain boundary simultaneously, since one Mn atom or Cu atom which occupies the Al atom site provides more free electrons participating metallic bonds than those provided by an Al atom. It is also found the free electron density in the grain boundary of Ti50Al48Cu2 is higher than that of Ti50Al48Mn2 alloy, while the free electron density in the bulk of Ti50Al48Cu2 is lower than that of Ti50Al48Mn2 alloy. The behaviors of Mn and Cu atoms in TiAI alloy have been discussed.