Seasonal and regional differences in neutral temperatures in Nepalese traditional vernacular houses

Two surveys of the thermal environment and thermal sensations were conducted in the indoor and the semi-open spaces of traditional houses, during both summer and winter, in five districts of Nepal: Banke, Bhaktapur, Dhading, Kaski and Solukhumbu. The surveys were carried out for 40 days, gathering a total of 7116 thermal sensations from 103 subjects. The results show that residents are highly satisfied with the thermal condition of their houses, since they adjust well to the thermal conditions. The residents have higher neutral temperatures in semi-open spaces such as verandas than in indoor spaces. The findings reveal that people in the regions studied adapt well to the natural environment, as a result of which neutral temperatures are different in different climates. They are lowest in the cool climate, medium in the temperate climate and highest in the sub-tropical climate.     

安徽省工程机械市场调查

记者分别在三四月份两次来到安徽省的省会合肥,对中国工程机械行业最重要的区域市场之一——安徽省进行走访调研,了解市场一线情况。传统挖掘机大省的市场情况一直以来,安徽挖掘机市场销量位居全国各省前列,是中国挖掘机的消费大省,也是各挖掘机品牌的必争之地。     

代理商之困 梅花香自苦寒来

时值三月,北方依然乍暖还寒时节,而跨过秦岭淮河分界,扑面而来的却是和煦春风。《建筑机械》特别走访了位于江苏省和安徽省的数家工程机械代理商,然而和时节的温暖截然不同的是,他们在2012年1季度都不同程度的面临着工程开工缓慢、销量下滑、市场信心不足等诸多问题。销售旺季不旺,工程机械代理商正经历着一场"倒春寒"。     

The reshaping of social relations: Resettled rural residents in Zhenjiang,China

Under the banner of integrated urban-rural development in China, increasingly more rural population is being concentrated into large, new residential areas. For resettled residents, the rural-urban transition is rapid and affects multiple facets of their lives. This paper explores the effects of the transition on residents' social relations, drawing on the experience of resettled villagers in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province. It addresses three research questions. First, how are such effects manifested in residents' social interactions and sources of social support? Second, how are these effects vary by socioeconomic attributes of residents? Third, in what ways have residents deployed the spaces of social interaction to enhance their own wellbeing? We show that for resettled rural residents, both the scope and composition of social relations have widened. In particular, those with higher income, increased household assets, or workplace located within the neighborhood are experiencing larger scope of social relations and more diverse subjects of interaction. Our analysis also points to less desirable consequences, as reflected in limited social engagement by residents with fewer financial resources and employment options.     

Intermediate space for housing design learned from tradition of Korean maru and Turkish sofa

The study examines traditional design approaches for intermediate spaces of residential buildings to support environmentally driven design strategies of current practices. For the evaluation of the potential of traditional design strategies, traditional houses of Korea and Turkey are explored by making a detailed comparison of maru and sofa according to theoretical considerations on intermediate spaces. After examining the concept of the intermediate space and the general characteristics of Korean and Turkish traditional housing, 10 cases from 17th to 19th centuries are selected and compared to clarify the features of maru and sofa as intermediate spaces. Based on the results, the arrangement of maru shows characteristics of contradiction between interior rooms and intermediate spaces in a monotonous structural repetition, while sofa presents an apparently hierarchical spatial composition. Sofa has the placeness quality, while maru has the quality of plurality, actively mixing both inside and outside environments. While maru allows various free access with clear spatial continuity, sofa produces a sequential spatial experience with the pleasure of different architectural qualities. Finally, the study suggests opened type and closed type of intermediate space as two possible strategies for modern houses based on the results of comparative analyses. Recent environmental studies in architecture should consider intermediate spaces of various traditional houses due to the insights and possibilities these spatial elements may potentially provide to both architectural practice and theory, especially in a pandemic era.     

自贸区产业外溢背景下的上海浦东新区空间对接研究

2013年8月,国务院正式批准设立中国（上海）自由贸易试验区。试点一年来,自贸区在产业和政策上的溢出效应逐渐显现,一些服务贸易企业在区内注册后,在区外运营,临近的浙江、江苏等地采取积极举措,着力进行产业对接。浦东新区作为自贸试验区的区域隶属地,是自贸试验区的第一辐射区,如何打造产业外溢承接载体,对接自贸试验区,促进自贸区内外联动,成为浦东新区下一步发展的重要课题。在分析自贸试验区产业外溢现状和外溢机理的基础上,借鉴阿联酋迪拜、韩国仁川等自贸区产业外溢经验,根据浦东新区生产力格局,探讨浦东新区各片区对接自贸试验区的对策和重点。     

Seismic loss estimation of wood-frame houses in south-western British Columbia

This study extends a seismic loss model of Goda and Hong for multiple buildings by incorporating an updated seismic hazard model for western Canada, a spatial correlation model of seismic effects for subduction earthquakes, and probabilistic models of the maximum inter-story drift ratio of wood-frame houses with different shear-wall configurations, and applies to 1415 existing wood-frame houses in south-western British Columbia. The extended model is likely to produce more realistic and accurate seismic loss estimates. A series of sensitivity analyses is carried out to identify the most influential model components and to provide a range of seismic loss estimates that are based on different but valid assumptions/models. The analysis results highlight the significance of using the updated seismic hazard model. For the upper tail of probability distribution of aggregate seismic loss, the selection of an adequate spatial correlation model is of great importance. Another key model component is the determination of the ultimate seismic capacity, which inevitably involves uncertainty and judgment. These results are useful for directing efforts in future studies to improve the model.     

浙江金华市孝顺镇住宅现状调研报告

浙江金华市孝顺镇是金东区的行政大镇,有着悠久的历史文明。镇区内有不同时期的民宅,既有百余年历史的具有江浙地方特色的老宅,又有经济适用的有20——30年历史的三合土建筑,还有砖混结构的居民自建的新宅。镇政府大力扶持房地产事业,在镇区兴建“农民新村”安置拆迁农户。该镇现有5个房地产项目在进行中。因此,孝顺是一个既古老又现代的城镇,新旧住宅形成鲜明对比,映衬出孝顺镇住宅发展的历程。本文以实地调研的第一手资料为基础,试对当地住宅从整体情况、个案实例两方面进行分析。     

三省交汇，财富之源——溧阳苏浙皖边界市场城市设计

该文通过分析市场城市设计的特点,根据溧阳苏浙皖边界市场的区位特色及周边发展条件,结合市场经营对空间发展的要求,提升原有市场的等级、规模与层次,营造一个使用功能合理、购物环境优美的新型市场．     

新冠肺炎(COVID-19)疫情下居住区绿地对居民心理健康影响的实证研究

As one of the frequently used green spaces of urban residents, residential green spaces have a positive effect on people’s mental health status. In order to understand the impact of residential green spaces on citizens’ mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic, this study collected the sociodemographic data of 556 residents from 15 residential communities in Hefei New Municipal and Culture District, Anhui Province, China in March, 2020 through online questionnaires, then adopted the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10 Scale) to evaluate the residents’ mental health status, and used GIMP Grid to quantify the green view index of residential green spaces outside the windows. Besides, a multiple linear regression model was used to explore the correlations between residential green spaces and residents’ mental health status. The findings show that green coverage ratio, satisfaction of the landscapes of green space, green view index outside the window, and green viewing duration of the residential green spaces have positive effects on residents’ mental health status. The study verifies the benefits of residential green spaces to promoting resident’s mental health status under COVID-19, providing a scientific guidance for the future practice of urban construction.     

农村住房抗震性设计现状调查及成因分析

通过对江苏省北部农村住房面积、建筑结构、建材、造价等方面的调查,结合苏北农村住房的抗震设计现状,分析研究了农村居民抗震意识对住房抗震现状的影响因素,并提出了一些有针对性的对策,以达到减轻农村地震灾害的目的。     

Effects of outdoor shared spaces on social interaction in a housing estate in Algeria

This study aims to identify how the characteristics of shared outdoor spaces in housing estates influence residents to interact with one another. The study specifically focuses on a housing project called la cité des 1000 logts, which is situated in a zone d'habitat urbaine nouvelle in Biskra, a city in South Algeria. The investigation draws on two sources of information, observations of the ways in which the residents use their neighborhood spaces and a questionnaire survey with residents about the perceived adequacy of these spaces for social interaction. Data for the survey was collected from the owners of flats in the apartment blocks surrounding the open spaces. Housing samples were taken from a total of 1000 housing units identified within the study area. Twenty five percent (25%) of the total housing units were selected. Out of the 250 questionnaires administered to household-heads who were the respondents, only 230 were subsequently retrieved for data analysis. Results showed that the high degree of “openness” of la cité des 1000 logts and the poor quality of communal outdoor spaces in the area discourage all forms of spatial use and reduce these outdoor spaces to transit areas. Furthermore, findings indicated that the layout of buildings and the quality of common outdoor spaces in residential neighborhoods substantially affect the use of these spaces and the social interaction among residents.     

Narratives of a lost space: A semiotic analysis of central courtyards in Iranian cinema

Most constructions in Iranian cities today neglect the traditional principles of design, particularly the rules on spatial hierarchy. This interdisciplinary study deploys cinematic analysis to understand the multidimensional aspects of architectural spaces and to investigate the different functions of the “central courtyard,” an important space in traditional Iranian architecture. In addition, this study demonstrates how films provide a perspective for architects to improve their understanding of the dynamics of space. A semiotic analysis of two films, namely, “The Deer” (1974) and “Mum׳s Guest” (2004), reveals that the central courtyard creates a sequence between public and private realms and, as a semi-private space, provides time and opportunities for residents to react to outside events. Spatial fluidity and connectivity, collaborative activities, and empathy can be the other outcomes of this space, in which residents become familiar with one another׳s lives.     

Imported but not delivered: the construction of modern domesticity and the spatial politics of mass housing in 1930s' Ankara

The social history of the ‘modern house’ in the early years of the Turkish Republic has predominantly been told as the story of the affluent. This group's residential, professional and entertainment culture became a prime marker of modernisation whereas Turkish architectural historians have limited their research largely to the ‘cubic style’ single family houses built for and by the upper and middle classes. But can these models explain the complexity of the ‘modern house’ in 1930s' Turkey? How did architectural layouts, when transferred to different social, cultural and spatial contexts, contribute to the production of gendered divisions? My article adopts domesticity, gender and class as a framework to identify the emergence of ‘indigenous’ forms of modern architecture and urbanism in early republican Ankara. Analysing the Workers' Houses Settlement (1938), I argue that although individual units were characterised by minimalised spatial configurations, the layouts significantly deviated from Western models. Furthermore, by appropriating localised building traditions and living with extended families, lower-income residents shifted the widely disseminated image of the middle-class ideal of domesticity imported from Central and Western Europe, which has become integral to Turkey's official discourse of modernism since the 1930s.     

浙东南传统民居生态适应性研究

浙东南传统民居是浙江民居的重要组成部分,同时又有着自身的特色。气候、地理等生态要素对浙东南传统民居有重要的影响。浙东南传统民居的选址环境、形体布局、结构构架、节点构造、材料利用等方面都体现了对生态的适应。研究浙东南传统民居如何适应当地生态有助于深入认识传统民居地域性。     

Korean apartment complexes and social relationships of the residents

Abstract

Korean apartment housing, where more than half of the population lives, has drawn attention with its spatial, historical, and cultural uniqueness. Among many questions on Korean apartments, this article explains how the socio-spatial characteristics of apartment housing have impacts on the social relationships among the residents. This article first analyses the historical, socio-cultural, and spatial characteristics of Korean apartments, and then synthesizes up-to-date empirical study results to examine how the diverse characteristics can be associated with the residents’ social relations. The empirical evidence clarifies the effects of Korean apartments’ characteristics on residents’ social relations—the exclusive complex design, spatial configurations, shared spaces including community facilities, heights of the units, public/private housing types, social homogeneity, and community programs are all associated with social relations of the residents. Key methodological problems in current studies as well as implications for future apartment planning are highlighted.     

基于聚落分形同构研究的村镇人居空间设计——以楚雄地区彝族传统聚落为例

传统聚落及民居凝结着在地居民的经验智慧, 是在地文化的主要体现形式。但随着生活方式的改变,彝族民居中的火塘、厦子等典型空间的功能属性逐渐湮灭,其精神属性也无从归属,加剧传统地区建筑特色的日渐消退。将分形同构应用于楚雄彝族聚落空间定性分析,通过探究实例中空间形式在不同尺度和层级上的相似性,以及形式背后的社会文化不同层级间存在的相似特征,进而归纳出空间形式与社会文化、生活方式和宗教习俗的高度一致性,并总结出基于这种分形同构的楚雄地区彝族聚落空间秩序定性分析方法,选取李方村重新构建承载集体记忆的各层级人居空间,探索分形同构视角下营造新型民居及聚落的可能性,为现代地域建筑特色的探索创作提供更多思考方式。     

An analysis of the relationship between land use density of office buildings and urban street configuration: Case studies of two areas in Seoul by space syntax analysis

The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between urban street configuration and land use density of office buildings. The land use density is another criterion of land value since the land use density intends to increase according to the rising of the land value to keep up with the increasing demand of benefits in limited areas. In order to confirm the differentiation of land use pattern according to the change of urban configuration, two areas of different urban street configurations were studied. Urban street configurations of the two areas were analyzed using the Space Syntax theory. The Axman program is used to estimate integration, connectivity, control, R-3 (local integration) and intelligibility values. Based on the computation two axial maps were produced. The axial lines represent spaces for vehicular access, including pedestrian footpaths. From the spatial analysis it can be concluded that there is a fundamental difference in spatial configuration between the two areas, in terms of their local structure as well as their global context.Correlation analysis identified the relationship between the building level and the space syntax variables. In area A, global integration, connectivity and local integration had strong correlation with building level and control also had valid correlation. In area B, all variables, including control variable, had strong correlation with building level. It reveals that the urban configuration influences the physical formation of cities. This result indicates that the land use density is significantly influenced by the street configuration.     

传统与现代皖北乡村民居的特征比较

皖北地处南北方的过渡区域,具有典型的北方特色。文章以地处皖北的凤阳县黄湾乡为例,通过对当地建国初期皖北民居,与当前皖北新农居进行纵向比较,从空间布局、建筑风格、传统遗存三个方面阐述传统与现代皖北乡村民居的传承递变,并对民居中的堂屋和院落这两处公共空间的变化进行着重探讨,以期为皖北的乡居建设提供一定的参考和理论支持。