Friction and wear characteristics of jatropha oil-based biodiesel blended lubricant at different loads

Around the globe there is demand for the development of bio-based lubricants, which will be biodegradable, nontoxic, and environmental friendly. This paper outlines the friction and wear characteristics of jatropha biodiesel-contaminated bio-lubricant using a pin-on-disc tribometer. To formulate the bio-lubricants, jatropha oil-based biodiesels were blended at the ratios 4, 12, and 20% by volume with the base lubricant SAE 20 W 40. Tribological characteristics of these blends were carried out at 3.8 m/s sliding velocity and loads applied were 50, 100, and 160 N. Experimental results showed that the lubrication regime that occurred during the test was boundary lubrication while the main wear mechanism was adhesive wear. During testing, the lowest wear was found with the addition of 4 and 12% jatropha oil-based biodiesel, and above this contamination, the wear rate was increased considerably. The addition of 4 and 12% jatropha oil-based biodiesel with the base lubricant acted as a very good lubricant additive, which reduced the friction and wear rate diameter during the test. It has been concluded that JBO 4 and JBO 12 can act as an alternative lubricant to increase the mechanical efficiency at 3.8 m/s sliding velocity and contribute to reducing the dependence on petroleum-based products.     

Tribological behavior of pongamia oil as a lubricant additive

This study assesses the friction and wear characteristics of a pongamia oil-contaminated bio-lubricant by using a pin-on-disc tribometer. To formulate the bio-lubricants, pongamia oil was blended in the ratios of 15, 30, and 50% by volume with the base lubricant SAE 20 W 40. Tribological characteristics of these blends were obtained at 1.3 and 2.5 m/s sliding velocity and the load was 150 N. Experimental results showed that the lubrication regime that occurred during the test was boundary lubrication while the main wear mechanisms were abrasive and the adhesive wear. During testing, the lowest wear was found with the addition of 15% pongamia oil, and above this contamination, the wear rate was increased considerably. With an increase in load, the viscosity of all the bio-lubricants increases and meets the International Standard Organization (ISO) VG 100 requirement at 40°C except PB 50. The addition of pongamia oil in the base lubricant acted as a very good lubricant additive which reduced the friction and wear scar diameter during the test. It has been concluded that the PB 15 can act as an alternative lubricant to increase the mechanical efficiency and contribute to reduction of dependence on the petroleum-based products.     

Comparative tribological investigation on EN31 with pongamia and jatropha as lubricant additives

The friction and wear experiments on EN31 are carried out with blends of pongamia (Pongamia pinnata) and jatropha (Jatropha curcas) with mineral oil and also conventional petroleum oil using a pin-on-disc tribometer at various loads and sliding distances. A significant drop is observed with 15% addition of pongamia and jatropha in comparison to mineral oil, for the complete tested sliding distances and loads, leading to the potential use of vegetable oil in tribological applications. To understand the lubrication regimes, a Stribeck curve is also drawn. Both pongamia and jatropha having 15% addition showed a reduction in the boundary lubrication regimes, contributing to a former start of full film lubrication.     

Effect of sliding speed and temperature on the tribological behavior of pongamia oil-based blended lubricant

The increase in industrialization has created the demand for petroleum-based lubricants throughout the world. The decrease in availability of mineral oils and their hazards related to the environment created the need to search for the alternate bio-based oils. In this work, the pongamia seed oil is blended with mineral oil (SAE20W40) at 5%, 10%, and 15% ratio for its tribological investigation at different speed and temperature. In terms of coefficient of friction and wear rate, 5% and 10% pongamia oil blends show better results at all sliding speed and temperatures. Fifteen percent of pongamia blend shows the maximum friction and wear among all the blends. Maximum friction coefficient and wear occur at 300 rpm and minimum at 1,500 rpm sliding speed. Minimum drop in the total acid number was also found in the 5% and 10% blends in comparison to 15% blend and conventional mineral. Overall, PB5 and PB10 are suitable lubricants for tribological applications.     

活塞环-气缸套纳米润滑油强化传热的机理研究

内燃机活塞环-气缸套之间润滑油膜存在流体润滑、薄膜润滑以及干摩擦状态共存的现象。针对其中的流体润滑状态,采用Euler-Lagrange算法考察了加入纳米颗粒后对基础润滑油传热性能的影响。结果表明,由于纳米颗粒的加入对流场产生扰动,表现为速度边界层减薄,加速了润滑油与壁面热量传递过程,显著提高了润滑油的换热能力。以体积分数为0.5%、1.0%和1.5%、粒径为50nm的金刚石纳米润滑油为例,相对于基础润滑油,平均对流传热系数分别提高了2.5%、5.4%和7.3%。     

Development of engine oil using palm oil as a base stock for four-stroke engines

The use of palm oil as a base stock for an environmentally friendly lubricant for small four-stroke motorcycle engines is investigated. Palm oil was blended with mineral oil at different compositions to the viscosity requirement of commercial lubricant. A liquid additive package was added to improve the viscosity of the lubricant. A blend that meets the viscosity requirement was then chosen for physical and chemical property characterization and subjected to an engine test. The blend consists of 50.6% (wt.) palm oil, 41.6% mineral oil, and 7.8% additive package. The properties evaluated include viscosity, viscosity index, flash point, foaming characteristics, and wear scar. The engine performance and emission tests were carried out with a 125-cc motorcycle on a chassis dynamometer using a Bangkok Driving Cycle. Compared to a mineral-based commercial oil, the palm oil-based lubricant exhibits superior tribological properties, but offers no clear advantage on engine and emission performance.     

Tribological behavior of diesel/biodiesel blend from waste cooking oil and ethanol

One kind of novel biodiesel waste cooking oil ethyl ester (WCOEE) was prepared via transesterfication reaction between waste cooking oil and ethanol. The tribological behavior of diesel/WCOEE blend was evaluated with a four-ball tribometer. The wear resistance, extreme pressure, and friction reduction of the blend were improved with increasing WCOEE. The optimal content of WCOEE in the blend was 20 vol%. It was also found that free fatty acids (FFAs) had a positive effect on the wear resistance of blend. The lubrication improvement of the blend was ascribed to the formation of polyester film and high polarity of fatty acid ethyl ester.     

Effect of temperature on tribological properties of palm biodiesel

Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel is steadily gaining attention to replace petroleum diesel partially or completely. The tribological performance of biodiesel is crucial for its application in automobiles. In the present study, effect of temperature on the tribological performance of palm biodiesel was investigated by using four ball wear machine. Tests were conducted at temperatures 30, 45, 60 and 75 °C, under a normal load of 40 kg for 1 h at speed 1200 rpm. For each temperature, the tribological properties of petroleum diesel (B0) and three biodiesel blends like B10, B20, B50 were investigated and compared. During the wear test, frictional torque was recorded on line. Wear scars in tested ball were investigated by optical microscopy. Results show that friction and wear increase with increasing temperature.     

Comparative studies on fly ash coated low heat rejection diesel engine on performance and emission characteristics fueled by rice bran and pongamia methyl ester and their blend with diesel

In this study, for the first time, fly ash was used as a thermal barrier coating material in a diesel engine. The study consists of three phases. In first phase, biodiesel was prepared in a laboratory scale setup by single step base catalyzed transesterification method. In the second phase, engine combustion chamber elements such as cylinder head, cylinder liner, valves and piston crown face were coated with fly ash, which is a thermal power plant waste, to a thickness of 200 μm by using plasma spray coating method. In third phase, experiments were carried out on fly ash coated single cylinder diesel engine fueled by methyl ester of rice bran, pongamia oil and its blend (20% by volume) with diesel. The test run was repeated on uncoated engine under the same running conditions and the results were compared. An increase in engine power and decrease in specific fuel consumption, as well as significant improvements in exhaust gas emissions (except NOx) were observed for all test fuels used in the fly ash coated engine compared with that of the uncoated engine.     

Emission analysis of diesel engine fueled with soybean biodiesel and its water blends

The present study is carried out to formulate stable water-in-soybean biodiesel emulsion fuel and investigate its emission characteristics in a single cylinder diesel engine. Four types of emulsion fuels, which consist of a different percentage of water (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) in soybean biodiesel, were prepared with suitable surfactant and properties were measured. The physicochemical properties are on par with EN 14214 standards. The experimental result of test fuels indicates that the soybean biodiesel promotes a lower level of hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke emissions compared to base diesel except for nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission. Increase in water concentration with soybean biodiesel significantly reduces the NOx emission and smoke opacity. The HC and CO emissions are further reduced with emulsified biodiesel up to 10% water concentration and beyond that limit, marginal increases are recorded. Overall, it is observed that inclusion of water with soybean biodiesel reduces the HC, CO, NOx and smoke emissions when compared to base diesel and soybean biodiesel, and 10% water in soybean biodiesel is an appropriate solution to reduce the overall emissions in the soybean-fuelled diesel engine.     

Mechanistic study on spraying of blended biodiesel using phase Doppler anemometry

Droplet size and dynamics of blended palm oil-based fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and diesel oil spray were mechanistically investigated using a phase Doppler anemometry. A two-fluid atomizer was applied for dispersing viscous blends of blended biodiesel oil with designated flow rates. It was experimentally found that the atomizer could generate a spray with large droplets with Sauter mean diameters of ca. 30 μm at low air injection pressure. Such large droplets traveled with a low velocity along their trajectory after emerging from the nozzle tip. The viscosity of blended biodiesel could significantly affect the atomizing process, resulting in the controlled droplet size distribution. Blended biodiesel with a certain fraction of palm oil-based FAME would be consistently atomized owing to its low viscosity. However, the viscosity could exert only a small effect on the droplet velocity profile with the air injection pressure higher than 0.2 MPa.     

Comparative evaluations of injection and spray characteristics of a diesel engine using karanja biodiesel–diesel blends

The injection and spray characteristics of a diesel engine with 7.4‐kW rated power output for use of different karanja biodiesel blends (B10 and B20) are studied for identifications of further scope of performance improvement and emission reduction. The dynamic injection timing advanced for the biodiesel blends resulting in higher NOx emission, which increased from 2.94 g/kW‐hour with base diesel to 3.40 g/kW‐hour with B20. At the rated load, the dynamic injection timing advanced from 9.2 deg. crank angle before top dead centre (CA BTDC) with base diesel to 9.3 and 9.4 deg. CA BTDC for B10 and B20, respectively. The in‐line injection pressure increased from 460 bar with base diesel to 480 bar with B20, and in‐cylinder injection duration also increased from 9.5 deg. CA with base diesel to 10.2 deg. CA with B20. The penetration distance increased from 33.37 mm with base diesel to 34.80 mm and 34.25 mm with B10 and B20, respectively. Sauter mean diameter (SMD) increased from 11.39 µm with base diesel to 12.71 and 17.09 µm for B10 and B20, respectively, at the rated load. Air entrainment increases for the biodiesel blends, and it enhances the mixing rate of injected fuel with surrounding hot air. Vaporization time of biodiesel droplets increases because of larger SMD. However, increase in over penetration distance, large SMD and high vaporization time for the biodiesel blends would lead to deteriorated performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines. The remedial measures of spray characteristics for further performance improvement and emission reduction also are highlighted in the paper. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of response surface methodology to optimize diesel engine parameters fuelled with pongamia biodiesel/diesel blends

ABSTRACT

In the present scenario, the rate of fossil fuel consumption is very high and increasing rapidly which lead to a further increase in air pollution levels. Due to an increase in pollution level, researchers are striving to discover some cleaner and environment-friendly fuels for the diesel engines. This study was focused on the optimization of the input parameters of the diesel engine running on pongamia biodiesel for improvement in the engine performance. The input parameters selected for optimization were fuel injection pressure, fuel injection timing, pongamia biodiesel blends, and engine load with respect to BTE, BSFC, exhaust gas temperature, and P_max. An experimental analysis was performed according to the response surface methodology technique. The best engine input parameters setting for getting optimum performance was found at fuel injection timing 25 bTDC, fuel injection pressure 226 bar, 40% of pongamia biodiesel blending, at 74% of maximum rated engine load. Experimental and optimized results of the output responses at optimum input parameters were compared and found in the suggested error range.     

Physicochemical and tribological properties of microalgae oil as biolubricant for hydrogen-powered engine

Hydrogen fuel offers a cleaner fuel alternative to fossil fuel due to more efficient burning as well as reduces the environmental and health issues brought by fossil fuel usage. In engine application, regardless of either pure hydrogen or in combination with air or/and other biofuel, all the moving parts are exposed to friction and wear, and lubricant is used to minimize friction and wear for optimum operation. Thus, in this study, the use of microalgae oil as an alternative biolubricant is evaluated from the physicochemical and tribological aspects. It is found that modified microalgae oil (MMO) has demonstrated great anti-friction and anti-wear potential, particularly the 10% modified microalgae oil blend (MMO-10). The coefficient of friction is reduced (up to 10.1%) and significant reductions of wear loss and surface roughness are obtained in comparison to pure poly-alpha-olefin. Lubricant's heat dissipation is also enhanced with MMO addition, demonstrating great prospect for MMO for hydrogen-powered engine utilization.     

Biodiesel improves lubricity of new low sulphur diesel fuels

In this work, biodiesel from waste vegetable oil was used as an additive in low sulphur diesel fuel in automobile engines. The result was a fuel mixture with high lubricating power. According to the lubrication trials, the experimental mixtures complied with lubricity conditions established by European regulations, even when only a small quantity of biodiesel was used. It was also found that the mixtures were compatible with different engine gaskets and engine lubricant. Lastly, bench tests were performed using an automobile engine with mixtures of diesel fuel without conventional lubricant additive and biodiesel. The results showed that engine performance curves were very similar to those obtained with diesel fuel and that contaminating emissions from the engine decreased substantially by including biodiesel in the fuel, except for nitrogen oxides.     

Inhibition of NO emission by adding antioxidant mixture in Jatropha biodiesel on the performance and emission characteristics of a C.I. engine

In this paper, the effect of adding an antioxidant mixture in Jatropha biodiesel as fuel, in a single cylinder, direct injection compression ignition engine was experimentally investigated and the level of pollutants in the exhaust and performance characteristics of the engine were analyzed. Nine test fuels were prepared with three antioxidants, namely, Succinimide (C₄H₅NO₂), N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine-dihydrochloride (C₈H₁₄Cl₂N₂), and N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (C₆H₅NHC₆H₄NH₂) added to neat biodiesel at 500 parts per million (ppm), 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm and the observed experimental results were compared with those of neat biodiesel and neat diesel as base fuels. The comparison showed that NO emission was reduced drastically for the test fuels with the antioxidant addition of 2000 ppm. The maximum reduction of 10% of NO emission was observed for the antioxidant mixture in neat biodiesel, with a slight increase in unburned HC, CO and smoke opacity. In addition, the obtained experimental results reveal that the addition of two antioxidants as mixture in neat biodiesel caused improved NO emission reduction for all test fuels.     

激光微珩磨缸套润滑耐磨性能理论分析

基于摩擦学理论和缸套／活塞环的润滑磨损特征，采用激光微造型技术，在缸套内表面进行规则微观几何形貌的造型。通过分析缸套／活塞环摩擦副的物理模型，建立了具有规则微观几何形貌特征的缸套内表面润滑理论模型，用变异的多重网格法进行了数值求解，并对微观几何形貌参数进行了初步的优化设计。研究结果表明，即使在两个平面摩擦副上进行简单的激光微凹腔造型，也能维持良好的动压润滑效果。同时得出，微凹腔的面积占有率为15％、深径比为0．5时，润滑油膜厚度增加了10％-15％，平均摩擦力减小了20％，润滑减磨效果较好。     

Emission analysis on compression ignition engine fueled with lower concentrations of Pithecellobium dulce biodiesel‐diesel blends

The present study investigates the effect of Pithecellobium dulce biodiesel (PDBD) blends with diesel fuel on compression ignition (CI) engine emissions. Initially, PDBD was prepared by using a base transesteri?cation process. The GC‐MS, ¹H NMR, and Fourier transform infrared characterization of PDBD was carried out, and fuel properties were determined. The experiments were conducted on a single cylinder, CI engine using three blended fuels: PDBD5 (5% biodiesel and 95% diesel), PDBD10 (10% biodiesel and 90% diesel), and PDBD20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel). The experimental outcomes revealed that 20% of PDBD reduces 19.64% carbon monoxide, 17.64% hydrocarbon, and 6.73% oxides of nitrogen emissions. Furthermore, from this study, it was inferred that the PDBD20 blend could be used as an alternative fuel for CI engines with no modi?cations in engine design.     

Combustion characteristics of CI engine fueled with WCO biodiesel/diesel blends at different compression ratios and EGR

The present study investigated the effect of compression ratio (CR) with the use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology on the performance of combustion characteristics at different CRs and engine loads; the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), specific fuel consumption (SFC), volumetric efficiency (VOL.EFF), exhaust gas temperature, carbon dioxide emission (CO₂), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and oxygen content (O₂). The single-cylinder, four-stroke compression ignition engine was run on a mixture of diesel and biodiesel prepared from Iraqi waste cooking oil at (B0, B10, B20, and B30). A comparison has been achieved for these combustion characteristics at different blends, load, and CRs (14.5, 15.5, and 16.5) at 1500 rpm constant engine speed. The transesterification process is used to produce biodiesel and ASTM standards have been used to determine the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel and compare them to net diesel fuel. The preliminary conducting tests indicated that engine performance and emissions improved with the B20 mixture. Experimental test results showed an increase in BTE when CR increased by 17% and SFC increased by 23%. It also found a higher VOL.EFF by 6% at higher pressure ratios. A continuous decrease in BTE values and an increase in SFC were sustained when the percentage of biodiesel in the mixture was increased. Emissions of carbon dioxide, HC, and NOx increased by 12%, 50%, and 40%, respectively, as CR reached high values. NOx increased with the addition of biodiesel to 35%, which necessitated the use of EGR technology at rates of 5% and 10%. The results indicated that the best results were obtained in the case of running the engine with a mixing ratio of B20 with the addition of 10% EGR, NOx decreased by 47% against a slight increase in other emissions.     

轴承巴氏合金磨损试验的优化设计

在MG-2000摩擦磨损试验机上采用改进的环环试验方法进行巴氏合金与轴颈材料对磨试验,通过对试样优化设计,确定了试样的最佳尺寸和形状,改进了试验方法。试验结果与工程实际情况相吻合,该试验方法和所确定的试样形式和尺寸适合用于汽轮机大型滑动轴承边界润滑状态下的巴氏合金磨损试验。