风力发电对上海电网的影响

根据上海电网的控制模式、负荷特性及风电场的出力特点,分析了风电机组并网运行对上海电网调频、调峰的影响。在对上海电网的调频及调峰能力分析的基础上,分别提出了适宜上海电网的单个风电场最大装机容量及到2020年的风电机组最大装机总容量。通过现场测试,分析了风电场对上海电网电能质量的影响。     

应对风电功率爬坡事件备用需求分析和预防控制

针对风电功率爬坡事件会严重影响系统有功平衡,甚至导致频率越限或失负荷等问题,提出一种应对风电功率爬坡事件的备用需求分析方法和预防控制策略。首先,基于序列运算理论将爬坡事件在时序上的概率预测结果转化为各时间断面上爬坡量的概率分布,并在此基础上结合风险可接受程度对系统备用需求进行了分析。然后,提出一种应对爬坡事件的预防控制策略,过程中不断根据最新的爬坡事件预测信息对调度计划进行调整,调整量包括风电场减载量、常规机组计划出力和备用容量。以含风电场的IEEE-RTS24为例对所提模型进行了仿真验证,结果表明该方法可对爬坡事件作用下系统运行风险进行准确评估,并可将风险控制在可接受范围内。     

Economical load dispatching method considering power plant dynamics

To reduce boiler fuel cost, a new ELD (economic load dispatching) method based on a dynamic fuel cost model, which is more accurate than the conventional quadratic model, is proposed. First, an ARMA (autoregressive moving average) model, which is constant‐coefficient linear digital filter, is applied in order to supplement the quadratic model. We call this the supplemented model ARMA‐model‐supplemented quadratic model. By using this model, the model deviations from actual data have been reduced. Second, based on the ARMA‐model‐supplemented quadratic model, we formulated the ELD problem as a quadratic programming problem, where the objective function is the summation of all units' fuel costs over multiple time points and the constraints are the supply–demand balances, the upper and lower generation limits, and the ramp rate limits. This problem can be solved by the standard quadratic programming technique. We call this new ELD method BEST (boiler‐dynamics‐based economical load dispatching) method. Then, in order to make the problem size smaller, we propose a scheme to ignore all time points except for those corresponding to the peak, the bottom, and the steepest point on the forecasted load curve. We call this scheme the sample scheme. Finally, the BEST method with the sample scheme is evaluated by numerical simulations on the Kansai Electric Power Co. system and it is shown that the proposed method can reduce the calculation time without compromising the fuel cost. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 127(1): 39–46, 1999     

Evaluation of Power Surpluses and Shortfalls Due to Error in Forecasting of Photovoltaic Generation Output

The 2011 Tohoku earthquake had a great impact on Japanese energy policy. It is expected that nuclear power plants will be phased out and a large amount of generation from renewable energy sources will be installed. Attention is particularly focused on photovoltaic (PV) generation, technology in which Japan is superior, and a high price is set in the feed‐in tariff policy, which started in 2012. However, large integration of PV into power grids may cause imbalances between power supply and demand. It will be indispensable to use PV power generation forecasts in economic‐load dispatching control (EDC), so that the economics and reliability of power systems networks can be maintained. Thus, in the previous study, we proposed an EDC method with unit commitment (UC) based on the results provided by a day‐ahead PV forecast. In this study, we evaluate the frequency and trend of shortfalls and surpluses of power due to error in forecasting PV power generation by numerical simulations using the power system model of the Kanto area in Japan. The results showed that shortfalls or surplus power occur not only due to overestimations or underestimations of PV power, but also due to the operating conditions of the power systems.     

计及有差转子角控制影响的潮流算法

电网频率和发电机转速是发电机转子角的微分量,因此通过控制转子角即可实现有功跟踪和频率控制。文中阐述了实施有差转子角控制后负荷变化时,多个发电机无需调度指令自发调整出力,共同分担负荷变化并维持频率恒定的机理。随后给出了负荷变化引起的调整结束进入稳态后出力变化量和角度变化量的关系,并进一步给出了实施有差转子角控制后可用的潮流算法。分析表明,通过简单修正牛顿—拉夫逊法即可将其用于有差转子角控制的潮流计算,计算结果可以和仿真结果很好地吻合。该算法可以在实施转子角控制后用于静态安全分析或状态估计计算。     

考虑火电机组深度快速变负荷能力的频率控制

风电的大规模并网和常规燃煤机组的快速爬坡能力不足对系统的频率稳定产生了严重的威胁。考虑到中国当前以燃煤机组为主的电源结构,通过合理利用火电机组深度快速变负荷能力提高机组动态特性是解决这一问题的有效手段,但是目前其在电力系统中的应用主要集中在调度上。文中提出了一种将火电机组深度快速变负荷能力应用在含风电电力系统的频率控制中的方法,该方法基于含风电电力系统的频率分析模型,首先在预测层面根据风电功率超短期预测的结果以及机组深度快速变负荷的经济性和安全性条件判断,合理制定火电机组深度快速变负荷状态的开关计划,然后利用所制定的开关计划进行实时风电功率激励下的系统频率控制,所提策略与传统自动发电控制策略紧密结合,工程上易实现。将所提方法应用于IEEE 10机39节点系统,仿真结果表明,所提方法能够有效提高含风电电力系统的频率控制能力,适用于高风电渗透率的互联电网。     

基于可中断负荷的阻塞调度方法研究

当系统发生输电阻塞时,仅通过调节发电机的出力来消除输电阻塞不是经济的调节方式。提出在电力市场环境下通过调节发电机组出力和中断可中断负荷共同消除输电阻塞的优化调度方法,即在日前市场中以发电成本最小为目标函数,在实时平衡市场中将可中断负荷应用于阻塞管理,并与发电机组出力再调度共同作为阻塞管理的手段,使阻塞管理费用最小;该优化方法采用基于跟踪中心轨迹的内点法来求解。用IEEE30节点系统验证的结果表明所提方法具有经济性。     

湖北电网AGC机组调峰和调频问题的探讨

分析了湖北电网AGC机组在电网调频调峰上的现状和存在问题,提出了运用AGC的超短期负荷预测模块,合理分配AGC机组和非AGC机组的发电出力,提高其运行效率和降低购电成本。     

计及电动汽车辅助调频的负荷频率控制联合优化

当电动汽车利用车网互动(V2G)技术参与电网一次调频时,其下垂控制特性会影响原负荷频率控制的调频性能。基于此,提出了一种计及电动汽车辅助调频的负荷频率控制联合优化方法。建立了含电动汽车的多区域多机组系统的负荷频率控制模型;在此基础上,针对电动汽车电池特性及二次调频出力的有效工作范围,考虑系统内机组的特性等,以时间乘以误差绝对值积分(ITAE)为目标函数,建立了电动汽车辅助调频与传统机组二次调频的联合优化模型,并利用粒子群优化算法进行求解。在MATLAB/Simulink中针对阶跃负荷扰动及长时间随机负荷扰动的情况,对联合优化前、后系统的动态响应进行了对比分析。仿真结果表明:所提联合优化方法能有效地改善负荷频率控制的稳态响应速度、优化系统的调频性能,并且能够保证用户对电动汽车的用电需求。     

基于粒子群算法的含大规模风电互联系统的负荷频率控制

以含大规模风电的互联电力系统为研究对象,以抑制风电并网时所引起的系统频率不稳定为目的,提出了基于PSO的负荷频率控制器。传统的负荷频率控制器根据区域控制偏差来调整机组的出力,使区域控制偏差ACE趋于零,从而保证全系统发出的出力和负荷功率相匹配。把风电输出当作一个负的负荷作为等效负荷,在传统的比例积分控制器中引入PSO智能控制,可以进一步提高对等效负荷的控制效果。通过在Matlab/Simulink中构建的含风电的两区域互联电力系统的仿真结果表明,无论是互联电网的频率偏差还是联络线的交换功率,控制指标更优。     

A coordinated dispatching strategy for wind power rapid ramp events in power systems with high wind power penetration

High wind power penetration poses a challenge for the dispatch of the power system when rapid ramp events occur. This paper proposes an optimal dispatching strategy against wind power rapid ramp events during peak load periods by coordinating generation units with different time intervals. Special attention is given to the definition of the wind power rapid ramp events considering operation conditions of the system. Then, the online prediction of wind power rapid ramp events and its influence on the spinning reserve procurement of the system is analyzed. Based on the principle of coordination among generation units with different time intervals, the optimal dispatch during peak load periods when wind power rapid ramp events occur is formulated as an optimization problem considering thermal generation units, the energy storage system, interruptible load and load shedding. To improve computational efficiency, the power output calculation of the generation units with different time intervals is decomposed. The results show that the proposed dispatching strategy is feasible for accommodating wind power rapid ramp events during peak load periods.     

风电接入对海上油田平台电网稳定性的影响

孤立电网接入风电可以节约燃料,降低运行成本。受风电特性的影响,风电穿透功率使电网在节约燃料的同时,也对电网稳定性造成了很大的影响。文章建立了包括燃气轮机在内的电网模型和多极永磁同步风力发电机模型,评价了由燃气轮发电机供电的海上油田平台孤立电网接入风电时的电网稳定性,并通过仿真研究了该海上油田平台孤立电网接入风电的最大穿透功率。PSCAD/EMTDC的仿真结果和中国海洋石油总公司建造的海上风力发电站的成功并网均表明,文中的平台电网能保持电网频率和负荷电压在规定的范围内。     

基于模糊控制的电池储能系统辅助AGC调频方法

针对AGC控制中火电机组响应时滞长、机组爬坡速率低的问题,提出了一种基于模糊控制策略的电池储能系统(Battery Energy Storage System,BESS)辅助AGC调频方法。该方法以区域控制偏差(Area Control Error,ACE)及其变化率作为模糊控制器的输入量,BESS的参考功率变化量作为输出量,根据系统的运行状态调节BESS输出功率,辅助火电机组改善电网的动态调频性能。基于Matlab/Simulink平台的仿真结果表明,BESS能够迅速响应负荷扰动,减小了系统频率偏差和联络线功率偏差,降低了系统的超调作用,有助于提高电网AGC调频能力和增强系统的稳定性。     

Evaluation of Residential PV‐EV System for Supply and Demand Balance of Power System

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in ecofriendly technologies such as residential photovoltaic (PV) systems and electric vehicles (EVs). PV systems and EVs will contribute to reducing CO₂ emissions in the residential sector and the transportation sector, respectively. In spite of that, high penetration of PV systems into the power grid can cause grid voltage and frequency stability problems. Also, the growth of the EV market will create an extra electricity load (for charging the EV fleet), leading to an increase in power utility fuel costs. In this research, we proposed the usage of the PV‐EV system as a method of mitigating the impact the spread of residential PV systems and EV on the power grid. We built an PV‐EV system simulation model and investigated the PV‐EV system contribution to the balance of power supply and demand and to reducing the total cost of the household under different electricity pricing scenarios. We also evaluated the effect of uncertainty in the forecasting of load and PV output on the performance of the PV‐EV system.     

支撑电网黑启动的风光储新能源电站协调控制策略

针对局部风光资源丰富地区大停电黑启动的方案,首先建立了风光储新能源电站黑启动控制模型,研究其支撑电网黑启动的过程,储能系统作为主电源保证黑启动过程中系统电压和频率稳定。其次,提出了一种风光机组负荷跟踪功率协调控制策略,当风光出力不足时,风光机组采用最大功率跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)算法,储能系统作为主电源负责微电网功率的平衡;当风光出力足够时,风机根据光伏出力的变化进行减载运行,有效跟踪负荷功率变化,减少储能充电功率。该控制策略不但可减少储能系统充放电转换次数提高储能系统使用寿命,还能大大降低黑启动中储能系统配置容量,提高经济效益。最后,基于DIgSILENT/PowerFactory仿真平台搭建了风光储新能源电站控制模型,仿真验证了风光储新能源电站作为电网黑启动电源的可行性和所提控制策略的有效性。     

基于需求侧预约响应的平滑微网等效负荷功率波动控制策略

引入微网总负荷与风光等间歇性能源出力的差值——等效负荷作为具有稳定可控输出的微电源总发电参考量进行研究。通过在微网需求侧向能量管理系统(EMS)预约,储水式电热水器(WSH)群进行响应以平滑微网等效负荷功率波动。首先,建立了等效负荷的模型、基于反向变化频次比的风光出力跟随总负荷功率波动状况的评价指标,并分析了需求侧WSH群响应参与微网能量管理的可行性,计及WSH的传导能量、换位能量和加热能量,建立了WSH群的温度模型。其次,依据需求侧预约用水或常规用水时间、量值和用户主动控制及WSH温度上限,建立动态可控WSH群并计算其反向温度值,根据反向温度值排序结果将投入待机WSH与切除加热WSH两个过程统一,形成了基于需求侧预约WSH群响应的平滑微网等效负荷功率波动控制策略。最后,应用某微网实际案例数据验证了该控制策略的有效性。     

光伏功率扰动下的水电机组海鸥优化模糊PID控制研究

光伏发电机组输出功率的随机性和波动性影响着供电系统的安全稳定运行。为了提高水光供电系统的频率稳定能力,根据水轮机调速系统的数学模型,结合海鸥算法的寻优能力和模糊控制的推理能力,提出基于海鸥优化模糊PID（SOAFPID）控制的水电机组控制策略,使其能够快速调节光伏和负荷波动引起的系统频率偏差。通过搭建Simulink仿真模型,分析其在不同扰动工况下的频率稳定能力。仿真结果表明：与传统PID控制方法相比,采用SOAFPID控制的水电机组在光伏和负荷功率扰动下具有更小的超调量和更快的稳定速度,在水光供电系统中表现出了优越的动态调节性能。     

基于无功辅助服务补偿的发电厂AVC系统机组无功出力分配策略

运行机组间无功出力分配是发电厂AVC系统的重要技术环节,分配策略的优劣影响着AVC控制的安全性及发电厂运行的经济性。从提高发电厂收益角度,提出了基于无功辅助服务补偿的发电厂AVC系统机组无功出力分配策略,建立了优化模型。该优化模型考虑了发电厂参与无功辅助服务后机组及变压器损耗增加的成本,在满足调度机构AVC系统下发的控制目标及机组安全运行等约束条件的前提下,以电厂收益最大为优化目标,求取参与AVC控制机组的无功出力控制量并下发相应机组执行。算例仿真验证了基于无功辅助服务补偿后发电厂运行机组间无功出力分配的有效性,能在满足调压要求的同时明显地提高电厂的经济效益。     

考虑可控负荷的多区域电力系统分布式模型预测负荷频率控制

由于同步发电机的惯性较大,导致传统的集中式负荷频率控制模式反应不够迅速,而用户侧具有快速响应能力的可控负荷资源为系统的频率调节提供了新机遇。研究了考虑用户侧可控负荷资源主动参与系统频率调节的多区域互联电力系统分布式模型预测负荷频率控制问题。通过建立的含可控负荷的多区域互联电力系统负荷频率响应模型及自动发电控制模型,基于连续时域交替方向乘子法和分布式模型预测控制方法,提出了一种用户侧可控负荷资源主动参与的多区域互联电力系统分布式模型预测最优负荷频率控制模型。基于修改的IEEE39节点三区域互联电力系统进行仿真验证,结果表明所提考虑可控负荷的分布式模型预测控制策略可显著减少系统恢复至稳态所需的时间。分布式控制策略的控制自由度更高,增强了系统的可控性。     

An improved fast decoupled power flow model considering static power–frequency characteristic of power systems with large‐scale wind power

Large‐scale wind power (LSWP) integration may cause significant impact on power system frequency, so it is necessary to take frequency regulation issues into account in power system steady‐state operation analysis. An improved fast decoupled power flow model considering static power–frequency characteristic of power systems with LSWP is proposed in this paper. In this scheme, the active power of generators and loads are presented with their static power–frequency characteristics. The slack bus degenerates to the nodal voltage phase angle reference bus of the system, and all the generators with frequency regulation capability participate in unbalanced power regulation. The power flow calculation results can reveal the impact to the system frequency of operation mode change and load variation, and present the output adjustment of the generators. The proposed model can be solved conveniently by the block solving technology based on the fast decoupled power flow algorithm. The scheme presented in this paper has been tested on the IEEE standard 30‐bus test system by simulating basic operation and primary and secondary frequency regulation of the generators, which demonstrated the validity by the method. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.