湍流燃烧的统一二阶矩模型

提出了一种湍流燃烧统一二阶矩模型。其特点是对包括反应率系数k的脉动和浓度脉动关联在内的所有关联量都统一形式的二阶矩输运方程加以封闭和求解。考虑了化学反应对关联量耗散的影响，代替了已经的两种湍流燃烧二阶矩模型中，或用温度指数函数的级数展开近似，或用单变量概率密度函数乘积模拟联合概率密度函数的近似。用本模型对甲烷－空气射流湍流扩散燃烧进行了数值模拟，将其结果和EBU模型以及以前提出的两种二阶矩模型的模拟结果进行了比较，并用美国国家实验室的标准实验数据加以检验，证实本模型更好，本模型可用于模拟详细反应动力学，其计算量远小无PDF方程模型的计算量。     

用二阶矩亚网格尺度燃烧模型对丙烷-空气旋流扩散燃烧的大涡模拟

用二阶矩(SOM)亚网格尺度燃烧模型对环缝进燃料的丙烷-空气旋流湍流扩散燃烧进行了大涡模拟(LES).模拟得到统计平均的热态3个方向的速度、湍流度、温度、丙烷、氧和CO2浓度分布,其值与实验数据符合很好.结果表明,二阶矩(SOM)亚网格尺度燃烧模型适用于大涡模拟.环缝进气使湍流脉动强度、各向异性程度和温度分布趋于均匀.     

受浮力作用的湍流扩散火焰的数值模拟

应用浮力修正的k-ε模型和EDC湍流燃烧模型对旋流燃烧室内具有较低燃料/空气初始动量的甲烷湍流扩散火焰进行了数值模拟，得到了两组工况下的气体时均速度场、温度场、组分浓度场和湍流脉动速度均方根值分布等．并与实验数据进行了比较，二者基本相符．同时，还将计算结果与标准k-ε模型的模拟结果进行了对比，揭示了浮力对具有较低初始动量的湍流扩散火焰的影响．     

用ASOM和PDF方程模型模拟湍流射流燃烧

分别用代数二阶矩(ASOM)湍流燃烧模型和概率密度函数(PDF)输运方程模型模拟了美国Sandia国家实验室测量的甲烷-空气湍流射流燃烧,并将模拟结果与实验结果对比.结果表明,在大多数区域内,两种模型预报的平均温度、平均组分质量分数都与实验结果符合很好,考虑到ASOM模型的计算量约为PDF方程模拟计算量的1/100,因而认为ASOM模型更适合工程应用.用PDF模拟结果统计的温度和质量分数脉动的自关联,以及反应速率系数脉动和质量分数脉动的互关联,在大多数区域内与对应的时均量的梯度乘积有相似的变化趋势,因此验证了ASOM模型封闭假设的合理性。     

分级进风旋流燃烧室内湍流燃烧的数值模拟

应用考虑湍流-化学反应相互作用的代数二阶矩-概率密度函数(PDF)湍流燃烧模型,对分级进风旋流燃烧室内两组工况下的甲烷湍流燃烧进行了数值模拟,得到的二氧化碳浓度和气体轴向脉动速度均方根值分布与实验数据相符合,得到的气体轴向和切向速度、轴向一切向脉动速度关联量、温度和氧气浓度分布与实验数据基本相符合.研究结果表明,选取适当的二次风率可以起到优化燃烧过程的作用.     

燃料中心进入的旋流燃烧数值模拟

采用统一二阶矩(USM)旋流燃烧模型对旋流数为0.5的美国Sandia国家实验室甲烷-空气旋流火焰进行了数值模拟.预报的轴向、切向时均速度、脉动速度均方根值、温度以及CO2和H2O浓度分布都和实验值吻合,验证了统一二阶矩模型的可靠性.从测量值和预报值可以看出,火焰几乎就位于回流区内,燃烧过程进行得很快,回流区的存在强化了燃烧.     

旋流燃烧室内甲烷湍流燃烧的数值模拟

为合理考虑湍流-复杂化学反应的相互作用,建立了甲烷湍流四步反应的温度脉动简化概率密度函数(PDF)模型.应用该模型对TECFLAM燃烧室内的甲烷湍流旋流燃烧进行了数值模拟,得到了与实验相符合的气体轴向、径向与切向速度、温度、温度脉动均方根值及甲烷、氧气、二氧化碳与水蒸气质量分数分布.得到的一氧化碳和氢气质量分数分布与实验基本符合.     

湍流扩散火焰的大涡模拟及验证

对丙烷/空气射流扩散火焰进行了大涡模拟,并就截面流向速度无量纲分布、速度脉动无量纲分布、温度无量纲分布以及NOx生成与Sandia实验室测量数据进行了对比分析,得出大涡模拟方法可以较好地模拟湍流扩散火焰的结论.在此基础上对拟序结构与化学反应的相互影响以及雷诺数对各尺度的影响进行了研究,结果表明:在流场的起始阶段,燃烧对拟序结构的形成有促进作用;在发展阶段,燃烧对大涡拟序结构有削弱作用,却能使小涡的生成增加,从而增强了化学反应;大涡拟序结构的存在改变了各参数的分布;随着雷诺数的增大,各尺度横向脉动均变大,预测到的NOx减小,产生的最大值前移.     

甲烷/空气预混射流火焰的大涡模拟

在不同射流速度条件下,对甲烷/空气预混射流火焰进行了大涡模拟.甲烷/空气预混射流气体按化学当量比混合,计算采用两步简化反应机理和WALE亚格子湍流输运模型,3个算例下流场特征和火焰结构计算结果与前人实验结果一致,中心线轴向速度和温度场结果与实验数据相符.通过对不同Karlovitz数条件下甲烷/空气预混射流火焰结构进行分析,并计算Takeno指数,研究了湍流涡对预混火焰的影响.研究发现:在Ka100(Ka=37)条件下,预混射流火焰会出现预热区的增厚,放热区保持完整,湍流火焰保持为预混燃烧;在Ka100(Ka=112)条件下,湍流火焰进入分布反应区模式.Takeno指数显示,由于卷吸和小尺度涡的作用,湍流火焰出现局部的部分预混燃烧.甲烷/空气预混射流湍流火焰的大涡模拟证实了湍流火焰分布反应区模式的特点:未燃气体与燃后气体之间不再有明显的界面,火焰面模型不再适用;反应区增厚,放热区展宽,放热率降低;由于卷吸和小尺度涡对火焰的作用,湍流火焰局部出现部分预混燃烧;湍流火焰温度降低,放热区附近温度场趋向均匀.     

基于大涡模拟的发动机缸内湍流流动及拟序结构

应用大涡模拟方法对发动机缸内湍流流场进行了三维瞬态数值分析.主要从湍流脉动、湍动能和缸内拟序结构演变等方面考察了发动机缸内流场特性.计算结果表明:相比雷诺平均模型,大涡模拟方法可以更真实地反映发动机循环过程中缸内气体流动的细节和规律.利用大涡模拟结合Q准则判别法可以较好地识别缸内大尺度湍流拟序结构;拟序结构对于缸内大尺度动能的产生及湍流的维持具有关键的作用.RANS类模型则不具备充分捕获大尺度拟序结构的能力.湍流脉动与活塞平均运行速度接近于成正比.     

Studies of the Effect of Spray Inlet Conditions on the Flow and Flame Structures of Ethanol-Spray Combustion by Large-Eddy Simulation

Large-eddy simulation (LES) of ethanol spray-air combustion with a poly-dispersed initial droplet size distribution is presented here by using an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, a sub-grid-scale kinetic energy stress model, and a filtered finite-rate combustion model with a sub-grid scale reaction rate called the second-order moment (SOM) combustion model, proposed by our research group. The simulation results are validated in detail by experiments. Furthermore, the flow and flame structures of spray combustion with different spray cone angles and cone angle thickness are studied. The results show that for the case of smaller spray cone angle thickness, the coherent structures in the high temperature zone tend to shed more clearly. High temperature develops around the coherent structures in the region of high vapor concentration, but not inside the large vortices. For the spray combustion with larger spray cone angle thickness, the vortex shedding at the outside of the flame zone is faster than that with smaller spray cone angle thickness. The instantaneous temperature maps of different spray flame structures with smaller cone angle thickness indicate the existence of small flame islands, expressing the droplet-group combustion, which is not observed in single-phase jet combustion and not obvious in the case of larger cone angle thickness.     

A fully-coupled simulation of vortical structures in a large-scale buoyant pool fire

A numerical study simulating the temporal vortical structures of a large-scale buoyant pool fire has been carried out using a fully-coupled Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model which incorporates all essential subgrid scale (SGS) turbulence, combustion, radiation and soot chemistry considerations. Based on the strained laminar flamelet approach, a scalar dissipation conditioned SGS combustion model is introduced to distinguish the highly non-equilibrating burn and extinguishment of flamelets commonly found in pool fires. Numerical results from the present model are validated and compared against a one-meter diameter methane pool fire experimental data and predictions from other LES field models. The predicted time-averaged velocity and temperature profiles have been found to be in good agreement with the experimental data and those numerical results. Qualitative comparisons of instantaneous velocity field against experimental data have revealed that the dynamic phenomena of large-scale vortical structures and its associated puffing behaviour of pool fire are well captured. Quantitative comparisons of velocity time history and pulsation frequency also show close agreement against experimentally evaluated quantities.     

Impacts of plate slits on flame acceleration of premixed methane/air in a closed tube

The paper aims at revealing the interaction of various numbers of premixed methane/air jet flames in a closed duct. In the experiment, a high-speed video camera and pressure transducers are used to study the flame structure and pressure dynamics. In the numerical simulations, large eddy simulation (LES) with Power-Law combustion model is employed to investigate the interaction between the moving flame and vortices induced by the thin plate. The results demonstrate that the flame propagation for all plate configurations can be divided into four typical stages, i.e. hemispherical flame, finger-shaped flame, jet flame and bidirectional propagation flame. For three plate configurations, the jet flames merge together under the effect of the vortices, and the more slits with the same blockage ratio (BR) do not mean the stronger deflagration. It is observed that the peaks of flame tip speed and pressure growth rate decrease with the increase of the number of slits. The sub-grid scale combustion model, Power-Law model, coupled with sub-grid scale viscosity model, dynamic Smagorinsky-Lilly eddy viscosity model can well reproduce the flame propagation. By analyzing the numeric flow structure, the flame propagation mechanism of premixed methane/air flame propagation in a tube with various slits can be explained in the view of pure hydrodynamics.     

甲烷预混多喷嘴阵列燃烧器热声振荡模态实验研究

为研究燃气轮机模型燃烧室的非预混燃烧流场,采用大涡模拟方法分别结合火焰面生成流形模型（FGM）和部分预混稳态火焰面模型（PSFM）对甲烷/空气同轴射流非预混燃烧室开展了数值模拟研究,并与试验结果进行对比。结果表明：FGM所预测的速度分布、混合分数分布、燃烧产物及CO分布与试验结果更符合;两种模型均能捕捉到燃烧室中的火焰抬举现象;燃烧过程中的火焰结构较为复杂,同时存在预混燃烧区域和扩散燃烧区域,扩散燃烧主要分布在化学恰当比等值线附近,预混燃烧区域主要分布在贫油区。     

Large eddy simulation of spark ignition in a turbulent methane jet

Large eddy simulation (LES) is used to compute the spark ignition in a turbulent methane jet flowing into air. Full ignition sequences are calculated for a series of ignition locations using a one-step chemical scheme for methane combustion coupled with the thickened flame model. The spark ignition is modeled in the LES as an energy deposition term added to the energy equation. Flame kernel formation, the progress and topology of the flame propagating upstream, and stabilization as a tubular edge flame are analyzed in detail and compared to experimental data for a range of ignition parameters. In addition to ignition simulations, statistical analysis of nonreacting LES solutions is carried out to discuss the ignition probability map established experimentally.     

Integrating a simplified P-N radiation model with EdmFoam1.5: Model assessment and validation

This work compliments our recently published work of implementing the eddy dissipation turbulent combustion model in OpenFOAM [1]. The major update proposed herein is linking the EdmFoam1.5 solver with radiation modeling libraries in OpenFOAM. The new solver was validated against experimental data for jet and swirling Sydney flame (SM1). Each case was modeled with/without radiation modeling. The results have a fair agreement in general. In jet flame cases, the radiation modeling has a good impact on refining the predicted results. However it has not the same great effect on the swirling flame case. A review of the EDM applications in different reacting flow problems is also presented and discussed.     

DNS-LES Validation of an Algebraic Second-Order-Moment Combustion Model

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of three-dimensional turbulent reacting channel flows with buoyancy is carried out using a spectral method. Statistical results from the DNS database are used to validate an algebraic second-order-moment sub-grid-scale (ASOM-SGS) combustion model and show that the ASOM-SGS model is reasonable. Furthermore, a methane–air jet flame is simulated by large–eddy simulation (LES) using the ASOM-SGS model and indicates that the Reynolds–averaged Navier-Stokes ASOM combustion model is a reasonable model.     

Numerical study of hydrogen/methane buoyant fires using FireFoam

Hydrogen/methane buoyant fires with various hydrogen volume fractions ranging from 0% to 20% were numerically studied in this paper. The modified eddy dissipation concept combustion model for multi-fuels in the large eddy simulation (LES) framework was employed for combustion, and especially the infinitely fast rate based on “global” concept was improved. Combined with the weighted sum of gray gas model for emission/absorption coefficient, the finite volume discrete ordinates model was used to compute the radiative heat transfer. The predicted centerline temperature, velocity, and flame height are in good consistence with the measured data. Furthermore, the detailed analysis was conducted on the dependency of the parameters such as centerline temperature and velocity, flame height, and soot volume fraction on hydrogen volume concentration.     

Large eddy simulation and laser diagnostic studies on a low swirl stratified premixed flame

This paper presents numerical simulations and laser diagnostic experiments of a swirling lean premixed methane/air flame with an aim to compare different Large Eddy Simulations (LES) models for reactive flows. An atmospheric-pressure laboratory swirl burner has been developed wherein lean premixed methane/air is injected in an unconfined low-speed flow of air. The flame is stabilized above the burner rim in a moderate swirl flow, triggering weak vortex breakdown in the downstream direction. Both stereoscopic (3-component) PIV and 2-component PIV are used to investigate the flow. Filtered Rayleigh scattering is used to examine the temperature field in the leading flame front. Acetone-Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) is applied to examine the fuel distribution. The experimental data are used to assess two different LES models; one based on level-set G-equation and flamelet chemistry, and the other based on finite rate chemistry with reduced kinetics. The two LES models treat the chemistry differently, which results in different predictions of the flame dynamic behavior and statistics. Yet, great similarity of flame structures was predicted by both models. The LES and experimental data reveal several intrinsic features of the low swirl flame such as the W-shape at the leading front, the highly wrinkled fronts in the shear layers, and the existence of extinction holes in the trailing edge of the flame. The effect of combustion models, the numerical solvers and boundary conditions on the flame and flow predictions was systematically examined.     

LES of a premixed jet flame DNS using a strained flamelet model

Turbulent premixed flames in the thin and broken reaction zones regimes are difficult to model with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) because turbulence strongly perturbs subfilter scale flame structures. This study addresses the difficulty by proposing a strained flamelet model for LES of high Karlovitz number flames. The proposed model extends a previously developed premixed flamelet approach to account for turbulence’s perturbation of subfilter premixed flame structures. The model describes combustion processes by solving strained premixed flamelets, tabulating the results in terms of a progress variable and a hydrogen radical, and invoking a presumed PDF framework to account for subfilter physics. The model is validated using two dimensional laminar flame studies, and is then tested by performing an LES of a premixed slot-jet direct numerical simulation (DNS). In the premixed regime diagram this slot-jet is found at the edge of the broken reaction zones regime. Comparisons of the DNS, the strained flamelet model LES, and an unstrained flamelet model LES confirm that turbulence perturbs flame structure to leading order effect, and that the use of an unstrained flamelet LES model under-predicts flame height. It is shown that the strained flamelet model captures the physics characterizing interactions of mixing and chemistry in highly turbulent regimes.