Simultaneous removal of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater by coupling two-step anaerobic digestion with a sequencing batch reactor

The objective of this study was to develop an integrated process for simultaneous removal of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from industrial wastewaters. The process consisted of a-two step anaerobic digestion reactor, for carbon removal, coupled with a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for nutrient removal. In the proposed process, carbon is eliminated into biogas by anaerobic digestion: acidogenesis and methanogenesis. The volatile fatty acids (VFA) produced during the first step of anaerobic digestion can be used as electron donors for both dephosphatation and denitrification. In the third reactor (SBR) dephosphatation and nitrification are induced through the application of an anaerobic–aerobic cycle. This paper describes the first trials and experiments on the SBR and a period of 210 days during which the SBR was connected to the acidogenic and methanogenic reactors. It was shown that nitrification of ammonia took place in the SBR reactor, during the aerobic phase. Furthermore, denitrification and VFA production were achieved together in the acidogenic reactor, when the efflux of nitrates from the SBR reactor was added to the first reactor influx. The proposed process was fed with a synthetic industrial wastewater, the composition of which was: total organic carbon (TOC)=2200 mg dm⁻³, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)=86 mg dm⁻³, phosphorus under phosphate form (P-PO₄)=20 mg dm⁻³. In these conditions, removals of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were 98%, 78% and 95% respectively. The results show that the combination of the two-step anaerobic digestion reactor and an SBR reactor is effective for simultaneous carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Reactor arrangements enabled zones of bacterial populations to exist. Complete denitrification occurred in the acidogenic reactor and hence the anaerobic activity was not reduced or inhibited by the presence of nitrate, thus allowing high TOC removal. Stable phosphorus release and phosphorus uptake took place in the SBR after coupling of the three reactors. A fast-settling compact sludge was generated in the SBR with the operational conditions applied, thus giving good separation of supernatant fluid. The benefits from this process are the saving of (i) an external carbon source for denitrification and phosphorus removal, (ii) a reactor for the denitrification step. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

Inhibitory effect of 2,4-dichlorophenol on nitrogen removal in a sequencing batch reactor

We examined the inhibitory effect of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) on nitrogen removal in the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system. The reactor was operated with FILL, REACT (nitrification: denitrification), SETTLE, DRAW and IDLE phases in the duration ratio of 2: 12 (9: 3): 1: 1: 8 for a 24 h cycle time. The deterioration of 2,4-DCP removal efficiency from 100 to 41% was observed when the influent concentration of 2,4-DCP was increased to 30mg/L. The residual 2,4-DCP remaining in the mixed liquor was found to inhibit the nitrification process, resulting in the decrease of nitrogen removal efficiency to 25 %. For kinetic study, the result showed that the experimental data of ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) removal at every stage fitted well to the first-order kinetics equation with high R² values. The rate constant of AN removal, k _AN , decreased with increasing influent concentration of 2,4-DCP, from 0.053 to 0.0006/min when 2,4-DCP concentration increased from 0 to 30 mg/L, respectively. However, the observed gradual recovering of AN removal with respect to the removal efficiency and kinetics during the recovery stage indicated that the inhibitory effect of 2,4-DCP on the nitrification process was reversible.     

序批式反应器中反硝化除磷脱氮的研究

为了提高污水脱氮除磷的效率,研究采用序批式反应器(SBR工艺)厌氧、好氧和缺氧(AOA)的运行方式富集反硝化聚磷菌(DPB),实现同步脱氮除磷。结果表明:在好氧段投加甲醇作为碳源(25—40 mg/L)可有效抑制好氧吸磷,对硝化反应影响较小,能够在缺氧段实现同时反硝化脱氮除磷。SBR反应器稳定运行10个月,当进水NH4+-N、PO43--P分别为30,15 mg/L时,总氮(TN)和PO43--P的平均去除率分别为82.5%和92.1%。聚磷菌能够利用硝酸盐作为电子受体,DPB占总聚磷菌的比例达到44.8%。与A2O运行方式相比,AOA运行方式更有利于实现DPB的富集。     

Biological nutrient removal with volatile fatty acids from food wastes in sequencing batch reactor

Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) derived from food waste were used as an alternative carbon source in biological nutrient removal. The pH Profiles were monitored during the nutrient removal in an Na-acetate fed sequencing batch reactor (SBR) (C source). Effluent N, P and SCOD concentrations of 0.5 and 0.1 mg/L were achieved with 5.5 hour of HRT (hydraulic retention time) when influent concentrations of NH₄⁺-N, PO₄³⁻ and SCOD were 42.5, 5.92 and 180 mg/L. Then the SBR was fed with four solutions of VFAs produced under different acidogenesis conditions of food wastes. VFAs-added SBR showed similar specific nitrification rates (3.0 to 3.9 mg-N/g MLSS · h) to that of acetate, but specific denitrification rates (3.2 to 4.2 mg NO₃⁻N/g MLSS·h) were slightly lower than with acetate of 4.67 mg NO₃⁻-N/g MLSS·h. VFAs-introduced SBR efficiently removed phosphorus except when the SBR was fed with a VFA-solution containing high amounts of valerate and caproate.     

低温下碳源对同步硝化反硝化的影响

为了提高生物脱氮效率,采用序批式生物反应器(SBR)处理模拟废水。在pH=7.0—8.5、温度10—15℃、溶解氧(DO)为3—5 mg/L、污泥浓度(MLSS)为(3 500±200)mg/L、ρ(NH4+-N)为50—70 mg/L条件下,分别考察蔗糖、醋酸钠和乙醇作为碳源对SBR工艺同步硝化反硝化(SND)脱氮效果和胞外聚合物(EPS)的影响。结果表明,蔗糖作为碳源时,当进水COD为370 mg/L时,COD去除率达到86%,SND率为88.3%,ρ(EPS)为659 mg/L;当醋酸钠作为碳源时,COD去除率达83.9%,SND率为68.8%,ρ(EPS)为742 mg/L;当乙醇作为碳源时,COD去除率仅为72.8%,SND率为58%,ρ(EPS)为736 mg/L。与醋酸钠和乙醇相比,蔗糖更适合作为低温下SBR工艺同步硝化反硝化的碳源。     

序批式移动床生物膜反应器脱氮除磷影响因素及特性

考察了曝气量、进水C/N比（COD/TN）及进水氮、磷浓度对序批式移动床生物膜反应器（SBMBBR）脱氮除磷效果的影响,分析了该复合生物系统的污染物去除特性。实验结果表明,反应器脱氮主要是基于好氧段发生的同时硝化反硝化（SND）作用实现的,而除磷是基于常规生物除磷和反硝化除磷过程而完成;在保持载体良好流化状态的前提下,反应器硝化效果和TP去除受曝气量变化影响不大,反硝化效果随曝气量的减小而改善;采用厌氧/好氧序批式运行方式,能够使进水中的有机物被反硝化聚磷菌优先利用,实现一碳两用,节省了脱氮对外部碳源的需要,在进水C/N为2.8～4.0时能获得良好的硝化、反硝化和TP去除效果;随着进水氮、磷浓度的提高,反应器除磷效果相对稳定,脱氮效果变差,最大氮、磷去除负荷分别达到0.17 kg TN·m^-3·d^-1和0.06 kg TP·m^-3·d^-1。     

Biodegradation of monoethanolamine in aerobic and anoxic conditions

Monoethanolamine (MEA) is widely used in many industries and its proper treatment is important for protecting the water environment. As MEA contains an amine group, nitrogen removal by nitrification/denitrification as well as biodegradation of MEA is necessary for wastewater treatment. In this study the effects of adaptation and inhibition of MEA on biological degradation, and the removal of amine were investigated in a laboratory scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR). In addition, the denitrification characteristics of nitrate, and nitrite with MEA as the electron donor, were compared to the other electron donor (acetate). In the aerobic SBR, the removal efficiency of 9,000 mg/L MEA reached 92% at the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10.5 days. Ammonium hydrolyzed from the MEA was nitrified after 8 weeks from the start-up showing that adaptation time is needed for nitrification. Non-linear curve fitting of the specific MEA biodegradation gave the maximum specific activity (V _max ), the half saturation constant (K _s ), and the inhibition constant (K _i ) of 2.81 g/(g VSS·d), 102.1 mg/L, and 1149.6 mg/L, respectively. Batch denitrification showed that MEA is a competitive electron donor to acetate.     

同步硝化反硝化SBBR处理低C/N比生活污水的启动与稳定运行

以低C/N比实际生活污水为处理对象,聚氨酯海绵填料为生物载体（填料填充率25%）,采用逐步提高氮负荷的方式,在较短的时间内（98 d）成功启动了同步硝化反硝化（simultaneous nitrification and denitrification,SND）的序批式生物膜反应器（sequencing batch biofilm reactor,SBBR）。实时定量PCR（real-time qualitative polymerase chain reaction,real-time qPCR）结果表明系统内硝化菌得到富集。在稳定运行期间,系统对有机物及氮的去除效果良好,平均出水COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN分别为38.28 mg·L^-1、1.23 mg·L^-1、8.23 mg·L^-1。微生物将大部分碳源以聚羟基脂肪酸酯（poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate,PHA）的形式储存至体内,系统内NO₃^--N的去除主要通过内源反硝化作用,且反硝化过程基本无NO₂^--N积累,平均SND率为70.57%,TN去除率高达82.95%。由于硝化反应和反硝化反应在同一反应器内同时进行,反硝化过程产生的碱度可补充硝化过程消耗的碱度,维持系统内pH的相对稳定。此外,可以通过DO和pH的变化判断SND的进行状态,有效地控制反应时间,节省动力消耗。     

炼油催化剂废水冲击下短程硝化SBBR工艺性能研究

炼油催化剂废水因NH_3-N含量高、含盐量高并且水质波动大,导致常规水处理工艺出水不稳定。采用短程硝化SBBR工艺,分别研究NH_3-N、高盐和高pH冲击下SBBR和SBR的性能差别。结果表明,曝气时间为8 h,进水NH_3-N质量浓度为150 mg/L时,SBBR耐NH_3-N冲击极限在300 mg/L左右,比SBR抗NH_3-N冲击能力提升50%;当含盐量在5~50 g/L之间变化时,SBBR和SBR的耐盐冲击极限都在25 g/L左右,含盐量继续升高时,短程硝化反应依然存在,但受到抑制;pH值在8.0~11.5之间变化时,SBBR耐pH冲击极限为10.5,此时SBR耐pH冲击极限为10.0。     

循序间歇式脱氮工艺去除焦化废水中氨氮的研究

针对现有焦化废水中ＮＨ＿３－Ｎ严重超标问题．研究了循序间歇式工艺（ＳＢＲ法）对焦化废水中氨氮的去除．通过对硝化菌、反硝化菌的驯化、ｐＨ值调节、曝气方式影响因素的考察．表明该工艺对焦化废水中氨氮处理具有显著效果，处理后废水的出水ＮＨ＿３－Ｎ浓度为４．６ ｍｇ／Ｌ．脱氨率为９８％．     

序批式生物膜法对城市污水的脱氮效果

采用序批式生物膜对广州地区城市污水进行生物脱氮实验，研究表明：氨氮的去除率都在86％以上，出水浓度基本都小于4mg／L，而且大部分都在1mg／L；厌氧，反硝化经过60min左右后，硝酸盐浓度基本在0．08mg/L以下。温度对硝化和反硝化的影响较大。     

常温下SBBR反应器中短程同步硝化反硝化的实现

采用自主设计的序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)处理城市污水,在常温(25～27℃),pH值7.2～7.6条件下,通过恒定低曝气量实现了稳定的短程同步硝化反硝化。试验还考察了碳氮比对SBBR系统短程同步硝化反硝化的影响。结果表明:在SBBR中处理城市污水实现短程同步硝化反硝化较为适合的碳氮质量比在5～8之间,亚硝酸盐氮积累率在85%以上,TN去除率可以达到80%以上。     

以稻壳为载体的SBR对农村生活污水去除效能分析

为实现高效、低耗处理农村生活污水,以农业废弃物稻壳为材料,对添加稻壳的序批式活性污泥法（SBR）反应器处理人工模拟农村生活污水的效能进行了分析,并研究了稻壳释放和吸附污染物特性。研究结果表明,以稻壳为载体的SBR对有机物和氨氮具有很好的去除效果,当进水有机物和氨氮平均浓度分别为530.77mg/L和35.32mg/L时,二者的去除率分别为90.46%和95.64%,并表现出良好的同步硝化-反硝化特性;短时间内稻壳对模拟废水有机物表现为释放特性,而对氨氮表现为吸附特性;比较而言,稻壳对实际生活污水中有机物则表现为释放和部分吸附特性,而对氨氮则表现为释放特性;长时间浸没试验结果表明,去离子水中浸没稻壳会引起有机物和氨氮浓度的升高。生物作用是以稻壳为载体的SBR对污染物去除的主要原因,稻壳的吸附作用很小。     

交替好氧/缺氧短程生物脱氮工艺抗冲击负荷能力

采用序批式间歇活性污泥反应器(SBR)研究了进水有机物和氨氮负荷对交替好氧/缺氧短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺的影响。研究结果认为:进水中不同COD和氨氮质量浓度均没有对交替好氧/缺氧短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺中的实时控制参数和处理效果产生影响,系统运行稳定,仅是由于进水COD和氨氮质量浓度的大幅度变化将会导致各自的好氧曝气所需时间有所差异;进水氨氮质量浓度越高,所需硝化时间越长。但经过实时控制以后,无论进水氨氮质量浓度如何变化,硝化和反硝化作用都是很完全的;反应器最终出水中基本检测不到氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度。因此,可以得出交替好氧/缺氧短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮工艺抗冲击负荷能力强,当采用实时控制策略控制脱氮过程时,系统运行稳定。     

Start‐up and enrichment of a granular anammox SBR to treat high nitrogen load wastewaters

BACKGROUND: Landfill leachate is characterized by low biodegradable organic matter that presents difficulties for the complete biological nitrogen removal usually performed by conventional biological nitrification/denitrification processes. To achieve this, the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) process is a promising biological treatment. This paper presents an anammox start‐up and enrichment methodology for treating high nitrogen load wastewaters using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology. RESULTS: The methodology is based on the gradual increase of the nitrite‐to‐ammonium molar ratio in the influent (from 0.76 to 1.32 mole NO₂^?‐N mole^?1NH₄⁺‐N) and on the exponential increase of the nitrogen loading rate (NLR, from 0.01 to 1.60 kg N m^?3 d^?1). 60 days after start‐up, anammox organisms were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique as Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans. After one year of operation, NLR had reached a value of 1.60 kg N m^?3 d^?1 with a nitrogen (ammonium plus nitrite) removal efficiency of 99.7%. The anammox biomass activity was verified by nitrogen mass balances with 1.32 ± 0.05 mole of nitrite removed per mole of ammonium removed and 0.23 ± 0.05 mole of nitrate produced per mole of ammonium removed. Also, enrichment of anammox bacteria was quantified by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis as 85.0 ± 1.8%. CONCLUSIONS: This paper provides a methodology for the enrichment of the anammox biomass in a SBR to treat high nitrogen loaded wastewaters. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

高氨氮垃圾渗滤液SBR法短程深度生物脱氮

以实际垃圾填埋场渗滤液为研究对象,应用SBR系统对该类废水短程生物脱氮的可行性进行研究,重点考察了短程生物脱氮实现、稳定及系统的脱氮性能.结果表明,经过95天的运行,SBR系统成功实现并维持了稳定短程生物脱氮,平均亚硝积累率在92.5%以上.获得了稳定的脱氮性能,NH4+-N,TN平均去除率分别在97.2%和91.7%以上.DO、ORP和pH曲线的特征点能够准确判断硝化和反硝化终点,可作为SBR处理垃圾渗滤液短程生物脱氮过程的控制参数.相对于氨氧化菌,亚硝酸盐氧化菌对FA、FNA更敏感,因此两者协同作用抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌活性,再辅以过程控制,能够准确判断硝化终点,实现NOB从系统硝化菌群中逐渐被淘洗,AOB成为优势菌种的目标,这是系统长期维持稳定短程生物脱氮的决定因素,FISH检测结果证明了这一点.     

Simultaneous organic and nutrient removal from municipal wastewater by BSACNR process

Biological nutrient removal was investigated under a biological synthetic activated ceramic nutrient removal (BSACNR) process. Tests were made to establish whether organic compounds and nutrients (N, P) from municipal wastewater were eliminated effectively in a lab-scale BSACNR process by increasing the hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 4 hr to 10 hr. In the system, synthetic activated ceramic (SAC) media were packed in each reactor for attached growth of both nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria; the sludge of the clarifier was returned to the anaerobic reactor to release phosphate. In this configuration, nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal could be performed at their respective conditions. The influent was synthetic wastewater, and the mean concentration of COD, NH⁺ ₄ -N and T-P in the influent was about 200 mg/L, 20 mg/L and 8 mg/L, respectively. At a total HRT of the system of 4-10 hr, the system worked successfully obtaining the removal of COD, NH⁺ ₄-N, T-N and T-P: 90.5-97.5%, 72.9-94.4%, 56.5-73.7% and 36.0-61.1%, respectively. The results of this research show that a biological synthetic activated ceramic nutrient removal (BSACNR) process packed with SAC media could be applicable for treatment of organic and nutrient from municipal wastewater.     

厌氧／缺氧SBR反硝化除磷过程的研究

Removal of denitrifying phosphorus was verified in a laboratory anaerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor (A/A SBR). The results obtained demonstrated that the anaerobic/anoxic strategy can enrich the growth of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB) and take up phosphate under anoxic condition by using nitrate as the electron acceptor. The phosphorus removal efficiency was higher than 90% and the effluent phosphate concentration was lower than 1mg·L^-1 after the A/A SBR was operated in a steady-state. When the chemical oxygen demand(COD) of influent was lower than 180mg·L^-1, the more COD in the influent was, the higher efficiency of phosphorus removal could be attained under anoxic condition. However, simultaneous presence of carbon and nitrate would be detrimental to denitrifying phosphorus removal. Result of influence of sludge retention time (SRT) on denitrifying phosphorus removal suggested that the decrease of SRT caused a washout of DPB and consequently the enhanced biological phosphorus removal decreased with 8 days SRT. When the SRT was restored to 16 days, however, the efficiency of phosphorus removal was higher than 90%.     

碳氮比与氨氮负荷对序批式活性污泥法同步硝化反硝化的影响

为了提高生物脱氮的效率,研究采用序批式活性污泥法(SBR工艺)考察碳氮质量比w(C/N)与氨氮负荷对同步硝化反硝化的影响。结果表明:当w(C/N)为5.6,氨氮负荷为0.024 g/(g.d),碳源快速消耗,SBR工艺较难实现同步硝化反硝化,同步硝化反硝化率只能够达到0.76%。当w(C/N)为10.5,氨氮负荷为0.024 g/(g.d)时,SBR系统能够实现同步硝化反硝化,同步硝化反硝化率达到97.6%,NH4+-N和COD去除率均接近100%;当w(C/N)为16.3,氨氮负荷为0.024 g/(g.d)时,同步硝化反硝化率为94.5%,增加外加碳源的成本。同步硝化反硝化可以取代二段独立的硝化和反硝化过程,节省运行费用。     

Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification with electricity generation in dual‐cathode microbial fuel cells

BACKGROUND: Nitrogen removal using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is of great interest owing to the potential benefits of bioenergy production. In this study, simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in dual‐cathode MFCs was investigated. RESULTS: The dual‐cathode MFCs investigated were capable of generating electricity and removing nitrogen, influenced by operating methods, nitrogen loading rates and external resistance. Depending on the ammonium concentration in the anode chamber, 84–97% of the ammonium nitrogen was removed via nitrification in the aerobic cathode. The removals of nitrate and total nitrogen were relatively low (～50%) at the influent ammonium concentration of 80 mg NH₄⁺‐N L^?1, but were significantly improved to more than 90% at a lower ammonium input (40 and 20 mg NH₄⁺‐N L^?1). When the electrode couples were electrically connected for different purposes, with high power output from the anode/aerobic cathode and high current generation from the anode/anoxic cathode, nitrogen removal was also improved. An investigation of aeration suggested that factors other than carbon supply, possibly inefficient reactor configuration, also limited the performance of the developed MFC. CONCLUSION: The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed pathway was feasible with effective nitrogen and organic removal. This study provided valuable information for the further development of a continuously operated dual‐cathode MFC system. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry