碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料与铝板胶螺混合连接接头失效仿真

基于商用有限元软件ABAQUS,建立了碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料（CFRP）层合板和铝板双搭接胶螺混合连接接头强度预测模型,并进行了仿真分析,同时与试验结果进行对比,探究了此类混合接头在拉伸载荷工况下的失效形式和承载能力。结果表明,拉伸加载过程中,螺栓通过分担部分载荷加强了胶接连接。混合接头的失效形式先表现为胶层的断裂失效,最终表现为层合板孔边挤压失效。利用模型预测的接头承载能力与试验结果的误差为9.7%,具有较好的吻合性。该分析方法能够为复合材料-金属胶螺混合连接的分析和设计提供一定的参考。      

拉伸状态下碳纤维复合材料T型接头的断裂行为

建立了碳纤维复合材料T型接头数值模型,模拟了其在拉伸载荷下的损伤产生、扩展及失效过程,并对碳纤维复合材料T型接头试件进行了静态拉伸试验。结果表明,接头的初始损伤载荷为9.8~12.0 kN,损伤发生后接头的载荷值发生突降（降低约27%~38%）,此时接头仍具有一定承载能力;试件完全脱胶载荷较初始损伤载荷略有降低（载荷范围为8.0~8.6 kN）。数值计算和试验结果吻合,结果均显示填料区是碳纤维复合材料T型接头最薄弱的部位,易发生破坏;填料区破坏后裂纹迅速向填料区周围的胶层扩展,导致胶层的剥离,这是导致碳纤维复合材料T型接头失效的最主要原因。     

复合材料蜂窝夹层结构T型接头拉伸性能研究

通过试验测量了复合材料蜂窝夹层结构T型整体接头的拉伸性能,得到其拉伸强度与破坏模式。建立了接头结构有限元模型,利用分类损伤判据、失效准则与刚度退化准则对结构的损伤情况进行模拟,研究了接头的拉伸破坏行为。有限元分析结果与试验结果吻合良好。研究结果表明,结构的薄弱点位于腹板内靠近蒙皮的位置。蜂窝在此处发生面外拉伸破坏,从而导致结构的最终破坏。腹板上的拉伸载荷主要通过过渡区填料传递给蒙皮,腹板与蒙皮间的搭接段对载荷传递的贡献较小。参数研究表明,对于复合材料蜂窝夹层结构T型接头,搭接段长度对结构的强度几乎没有影响,而增大蒙皮蜂窝的高度或采用低模量蜂窝可以提高结构强度。     

碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料L型接头拉伸失效机制

设计了单L型(LS)及双L型(LD)两种重量相近的L型接头。采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方式对两种接头的拉伸失效机制进行了研究。通过自行设计的试验夹具在伺服液压试验机上将两种L型接头准静态加载至破坏,分析其破坏机制及应变分布。研究发现,两种L型接头存在不同的失效机制,在破坏阶段单L型接头表现出更好的延展性。单L型接头加载至峰值载荷时,在靠近加载侧的内侧螺栓孔附近首先出现破坏,随后损伤向外侧螺栓孔附近扩展,直至完全失效。双L型接头加载至峰值载荷的50%左右时,L型框体和L型片之间的胶膜首先发生破坏,随后载荷继续增加至峰值载荷时,L型框螺栓孔附近发生破坏,损伤向框体边缘扩展,载荷大幅下降。此外,两种接头的应变随载荷的增加存在不同的变化趋势。采用一种新型复合材料初始失效准则及刚度折减方法,编写用户自定义子程序(UMAT),结合内聚区模型建立复合材料L型接头的渐进损伤模型。基于ABAQUS软件进行计算,得到接头的预测失效载荷及破坏形式。结果表明：有限元分析所得复合材料L型接头的损伤位置及失效模式与试验吻合,预测载荷与试验值相差较小,证明了有限元模型的适用性。     

基于失效机制的单向纤维增强树脂复合材料退化模型基于失效机制的单向纤维增强树脂复合材料退化模型

基于复合材料力学理论和失效机制,建立了一种新的适用于单向纤维增强树脂基复合材料的突降退化模型,用于描述复合材料基本材料性能在不同模式失效发生后的衰减行为。在模型中不仅考虑了复合材料拉伸和压缩弹性模量的差别,还考虑了损伤后材料拉伸和压缩性能退化的不同,以及裂纹闭合效应和侧向约束对压缩失效后性能的影响。另外,该模型只需要基本材料参数作为输入,便于应用。为了验证所提出的模型,建立了T800碳纤维增强X850环氧树脂基复合材料的退化模型,并对典型复合材料螺栓连接结构的拉伸失效行为进行渐进损伤分析。数值模拟获得的结构破坏载荷、破坏形式及载荷位移曲线与试验结果有较好的一致性,验证了所提出模型的计算精度和有效性。      

RTM成型非对称复合材料T型接头的拉伸失效机制

采用树脂传递模塑(RTM)工艺制备了结构对称和非对称两种复合材料T型接头试样,并对其进行了静态拉伸力学试验,对比分析了两种结构的拉伸破坏模式、结构刚度及破坏载荷。同时基于T接头内聚力模型(CZM),研究了两种不同结构T型接头的拉伸破坏过程及失效机制,并对比分析了不同偏转角下T接头的层间应力。结果表明：不同结构T型接头的拉伸破坏模式不同,偏转角的存在使结构非对称T型接头夹角大侧圆弧受力明显高于小侧圆弧,导致接头首先在大侧夹角圆弧与三角区界面定向萌生初始裂纹,随后裂纹主要沿大侧腹板翻边与蒙皮的界面扩展,进而导致接头最终破坏,最终失效载荷较对称T型接头提高了15.3%,且结构刚度更大。有限元结果表明T型接头三角区的初始失效主要由层间正应力及剪应力引起,有限元分析的失效模式与试验一致,结构对称及非对称T型接头最终失效载荷与试验值均吻合较好;且随着偏转角的增加,腹板圆弧处层间应力逐渐减小,初始失效载荷将随之增大;初始破坏位置将转移至大侧夹角圆弧末端。     

复合材料π接头拉伸力学性能的试验和计算研究

采用试验和数值模拟的方法对整体化复合材料π接头在拉伸载荷作用下的力学特性进行研究。在Instron 8803电液伺服材料试验机上进行了π接头试验件的拉伸试验,记录试验过程中损伤产生及破坏过程,记录初始失效载荷和最终失效载荷。试验结果表明,填料是π接头破坏的关键部位,需要进行深入研究。提出了复合材料π接头力学性能数值模拟的基本假设和方法,基于通用有限元商用软件,建立π接头三维力学分析模型,获得π接头各部位应力分布情况;基于基本假设,对最大应力失效准则进行修正,并给出π接头各部位损伤载荷的预测值。计算预测π接头的初始损伤部位与试验吻合,初始失效载荷计算值与5个试件试验数据均值相比误差为0.53%,表明了数值分析方法的可行性。     

碳纤维编织复合材料层合板抗侵彻性能研究

通过弹道冲击实验开展了碳纤维编织复合材料层合板的抗侵彻性能研究，进行了动态响应分析和损伤模式分析。建立了基于Hashin失效和Yeh分层失效准则的渐进损伤模型，运用ABAQUS有限元软件模拟了碳纤维编织复合材料层合板的侵彻失效过程，采用Lambert-Jonas公式拟合了柱状弹侵彻层合板弹道极限曲线，对比分析了碳纤维编织复合材料层合板侵彻实验与数值模拟的弹道极限速度及损伤形貌。结果表明，层合板侵彻损伤模式主要为分层、纤维断裂和基体开裂失效，弹道极限速度数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

复合材料π接头拉伸力学性能的试验和计算研究

采用试验和数值模拟的方法对整体化复合材料π接头在拉伸载荷作用下的力学特性进行研究.在Instron 8803电液伺服材料试验机上进行了π接头试验件的拉伸试验,记录试验过程中损伤产生及破坏过程,记录初始失效载荷和最终失效载荷.试验结果表明,填料是π接头破坏的关键部位,需要进行深入研究.提出了复合材料π接头力学性能数值模拟的基本假设和方法,基于通用有限元商用软件,建立π接头三维力学分析模型,获得π接头各部位应力分布情况;基于基本假设,对最大应力失效准则进行修正,并给出π接头各部位损伤载荷的预测值.计算预测π接头的初始损伤部位与试验吻合,初始失效载荷计算值与5个试件试验数据均值相比误差为0.53%,表明了数值分析方法的可行性.     

激光选区熔化成形铝合金板与CFRP复合材料层合板螺栓连接结构失效分析方法评估

对激光选区熔化成形(SLM)铝合金板与碳纤维增强树脂基(CFRP)复合材料层合板两列四排沉头螺栓单剪连接件在拉伸载荷作用下进行了数值分析和试验研究。基于渐进损伤法的三维有限元模型准确地预测了连接件材料损伤萌生和演变,对比试验和三维有限元所得钉载比例、极限载荷及失效模式,可以发现,通过拟合SLM铝合金板断裂应变和应力三轴度曲线,编写UMAT子程序引入韧性准则和Hashin失效准则的三维有限元模型预测的连接件失效载荷与试验值误差仅为1.9%,且失效模式均为净截面拉断,两者吻合,此方法可以满足工程精度要求。利用经过验证的数值模型,分别预测了SLM铝合金板和CFRP层合板损伤演变过程,并分析了SLM铝合金板刚度对连接结构失效模式的影响,当SLM铝合金板厚度增大到4mm时,连接结构失效模式由SLM铝合金板净截面拉断转移到CFRP层合板上。     

Failure behavior of 3D woven composites under transverse shear

Much less research has been done on failure characteristics of composites under transverse shear, especially for 3D textile composites. This work is an attempt to this need. General characteristics of 3D composites related to the present study are first discussed. Three types of 3D woven carbon/epoxy composites were made with identical internal yarn structures but different external loop patterns. For comparison purposes, a unidirectional carbon/epoxy composite with the same numbers of axial fibers and a monolithic epoxy material were also made to reveal the role of transverse yarns in resisting the shear. To apply the transverse shear, a special fixture was used to clamp and cut the specimen using two cutters. With the fixture, no notch on the specimen is needed, and thus the interlacing loops on the surface remain intact before the test. The gap between the cutters was varied to examine its influence on the failure behavior. Damage in fibers is most intensive within the cutting zone. Microscopic observations on the induced damage were carried out. Two failure modes in axial yarns are prevailing: shear fracture and tensile rupture. Matrix cracking leading to the loss of the shear rigidity is responsible for the tensile rupture of the axial yarns. The transverse shear resulted in complex but intriguing damage modes. The loop pattern, gap length, and cutting position are the crucial influencing factors to the damage modes, maximum load, and the maximum shear displacement to failure.     

Hybrid specimens eliminating stress concentrations in tensile and compressive testing of unidirectional composites

Two novel approaches are proposed for elimination of stress concentrations in tensile and compressive testing of unidirectional carbon/epoxy composites. An interlayer hybrid specimen type is proposed for tensile testing. The presented finite element study indicated that the outer continuous glass/epoxy plies suppress the stress concentrations at the grips and protect the central carbon/epoxy plies from premature failure, eliminating the need for end-tabs. The test results confirmed the benefits of the hybrid specimens by generating consistent gauge-section failures in tension. The developed hybrid four point bending specimen type and strain evaluation method were verified and applied successfully to determine the compressive failure strain of three different grade carbon/epoxy composite prepregs. Stable failure and fragmentation of the high and ultra-high modulus unidirectional carbon/epoxy plies were reported. The high strength carbon/epoxy plies exhibited catastrophic failure at a significantly higher compressive strain than normally observed.     

The role of microdamage in tensile failure of graphite/epoxy laminates

Damage development during quasistatic tensile loading of several laminates of graphite/epoxy material is examined and compared to damage development in laminates of a similar graphite/epoxy material subjected to tension-tension fatigue loading. Emphasis is placed upon following damage development at the microstructural level. Evidence of the important role of off-axis ply cracks in localizing and controlling fiber fracture in adjacent load-bearing plies for both loading modes is resented. The relationship between fiber fracture density and static load level is presented for tensile loading of unidirectional and cross-ply laminates by direct observation of fiber fracture in situ. The frequencies of occurrence of multiple adjacent fiber fractures are also reported. The cross-ply laminate results are compared with those from fatigue testing. Significant differences are described and discussed.     

考虑纤维随机分布的复合材料热残余应力分析及其对横向力学性能的影响

建立了考虑纤维随机分布并包含界面的复合材料微观力学数值模型,模拟玻璃纤维/环氧复合材料固化过程中的热残余应力。通过与纤维周期性分布模型的计算结果进行对比,发现纤维分布形式会对复合材料的热残余应力产生重要影响,纤维随机分布情况下的最大热残余应力明显大于纤维周期性分布的情况下。研究了含热残余应力的复合材料在横向拉伸与压缩载荷下的损伤和破坏过程,结果表明:热残余应力的存在显著影响了复合材料的损伤起始位置和扩展路径,削弱了复合材料的横向拉伸和压缩强度。在横向拉伸载荷下,考虑热残余应力后,复合材料的强度有所下降,断裂应变显著降低;在横向压缩载荷下,考虑热残余应力后,复合材料的强度略有下降,但失效应变基本保持不变。由于热残余应力的影响,复合材料的横向拉伸和压缩强度分别下降了10.5%和5.2%。      

A simple laminate theory approach to the prediction of the tensile impact strength of woven hybrid composites

Simple laminate theory is used to predict the stress distribution in plain weave hybrid carbon/glass-reinforced epoxy composites under tensile loading in a direction parallel to the direction of the weave. The tensile load to cause initial failure in the carbon-reinforced plies is predicted in terms of the two-dimensional Tsai-Wu failure criterion and the measured strengths of the constituent carbon- and glass-reinforced plies. The load at final failure is predicted using the same criterion for the failure of the glass plies and assuming a reduced tensile stiffness in the carbon plies following initial failure. The theory is tested against experimental results for three woven reinforced hybrid carbon/glass composites at a quasi-static and an impact rate of strain. Reasonable agreement is obtained for the overall strength at failure, but the strain at failure is significantly overestimated.     

含拼接铺层碳纤维增强树脂复合材料拉伸破坏机制

对于尺寸较大或形状复杂的结构,通常需要在纤维增强树脂（FRP）复合材料内部对铺层进行拼接处理。铺层拼接会在材料内部引起复杂的应力分布,具有突出的安全隐患。以同一位置处出现不同层数铺层拼接的单向碳纤维增强树脂（CFRP）复合材料为研究对象,重点分析了铺层拼接对材料拉伸力学性能的影响机制。通过拉伸实验,测试了拼接对其力学强度的影响;用相机记录了破坏过程,并结合数字图像相关技术（DIC）对拼接位置附近的应变场进行了监测。利用有限元模型（FEM）模拟和分析结构的破坏机制,采用3D-Hashin准则和渐进损伤模型对CFRP复合材料铺层进行模拟;采用内聚力模型对胶层失效行为进行描述。实验结果表明,拼接结构的引入大幅降低了材料的抗拉强度。FEM模拟与实验测试结果吻合度高,说明了模型的有效性。综合实验结果和模拟分析得到,铺层拼接处产生应力集中,造成被拼接的两部分分离并伴随拼接铺层和连续铺层的层间剪切破坏;层间破坏发生后,拉伸载荷完全由连续铺层承载。因此,材料的最终承载能力由材料中连续铺层数决定。      

Strength calculation of composite single lap joints with Fiber-Tear-Failure

The Fiber-Tear-Failure (FTF) is a common mode of failure in the adhesively bonded single lap joint having continuous fiber reinforced composite. Within single lap joints, presence of material and geometric discontinuities restrict the applicability of strength of material based approach for failure load prediction. Zone based approach appears promising in tackling discontinuity issues provided the right failure criterion and critical zone size are known. In this paper, a right failure prediction criterion is identified that can be used for the Fiber-Tear-Failure load prediction using zone based approach. Using a carbon fiber composite and an epoxy paste adhesive, failure modes were generated experimentally using different dimensions of lap joints. Several stress/strain based failure criteria for composite were tested. Critical zone size was calculated by performing the finite element analysis on a single lap joint with known failure load. For other joints, failure loads were calculated by adjusting the input loads in the analysis such that the failed zone size became the same as the critical zone size. The result reveals that Azzi–Tsai (Norris) criterion is capable of predicting failure loads of single lap joints with FTF.     

Effect of fiber orientation on fracture toughness of laminated composite plates [0°/θ°]s

Fracture toughness of single edge notched fiber reinforced composite plates is investigated experimentally. Load–displacement curves for unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy resin reinforced composite plates are obtained experimentally under tensile load. Fracture toughness is obtained by determining failure loads. For numerical study, ANSYS is used. Material properties of laminates are calculated with classical laminated plate theory and applied to the finite element model by using plane element. Stiffness matrix of laminates is determined and shell element is chosen for numerical solution. Critical stress intensity factors are calculated with Displacement Correlation Method under experimental failure load conditions.     

Time and temperature dependence of carbon/epoxy interface strength

Characterization of fiber/matrix interface is essential for the understanding of long-term properties of fiber reinforced composite materials. In this research, time and temperature dependence of carbon/epoxy interface strength were investigated. Unidirectional specimens were tested under tensile load up to failure, at various temperatures and testing speeds. The failure modes were identified as matrix dominant failure or interface dominant failure. A unit-cell model was considered to evaluate the stresses at the microscopic level and identify the critical points of highest stresses. Time and temperature dependent stress-concentration factor and thermal residual stress at the critical points were calculated using viscoelastic FEA. The micro stresses at the critical points were found to be properly represented by a bilinear curve with the interface dominant failure mode associated with the horizontal portion of the curve, suggesting that the interface strength is independent of time and temperature.