仿生柔性防护装具的设计及防弹性能测试

依据仿生学原理,借鉴硬骨鱼鳞的微观结构及叠加模式,设计并制备了6套仿生柔性防护装具。使用了两种复合鳞片,分别为SiC陶瓷-超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)复合防护鳞片和Al₂O₃陶瓷-UHMWPE复合防护鳞片。对柔性防护装具进行侵彻测试,分析了复合鳞片类型、覆盖角度和子弹侵彻位置对柔性鳞片防护装具防弹性能的影响。结果表明,新型柔性鳞片状防护装具均能成功抵挡速度为(445±10) m/s的手枪弹(铅芯)侵彻,垫层材料的凹陷深度为5~20 mm。SiC-UHMWPE复合鳞片防护装具的防弹性能显著优于Al₂O₃-UHMWPE复合鳞片防护装具。此外,柔性防护装具的防弹性能均随着鳞片覆盖率的增加而提高。本研究成果为新型柔性防护装具的设计提供理论依据和科学指导。      

SiC-超高分子量聚乙烯仿生柔性叠层结构防弹性能关键影响因素的仿真与试验

基于仿生学原理构建一种鱼鳞状的柔性叠层防护装具，仿生鳞片为中间厚边缘薄的双层复合结构，上下层分别为SiC陶瓷和超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)。采用ANSYS LS-DYNA软件的显式分析方法模拟了SiC-UHMWPE柔性叠层结构的防弹性能，主要从装具变形量、应力传递规律、能量耗散机制和子弹残余速度展开分析，重点研究了支撑点数量、曲率半径及覆盖角对防护性能的影响。鳞片单排与多排排列时背面垫料的凹陷深度仿真结果分别为32.52 mm和24.73 mm。本文依据NIJ标准Ⅲ级要求对柔性防护装具进行实弹测试。结果表明，试件在多发子弹侵彻后，出现局部两点支撑的不利情形。该成果将对新型柔性防护装具的设计和制备具有重要意义。      

仿生鳞片式拼接柔性防护结构防弹性能研究

目的 根据仿生学原理,借鉴鳞甲类生物柔性拼接模式,设计出由碳化硼陶瓷和超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE,PE)背板复合而成的仿生鳞片式拼接柔性防护结构,以提高防护装备的灵活性和抗多发弹性能。方法 首先通过高温热压成形工艺制备出复合鳞片,然后采用95式5.8 mm钢芯弹进行侵彻试验,最后结合有限元仿真对侵彻过程中的弹击损伤机制和能量耗散形式进行分析。结果 弹丸侵彻导致复合鳞片的陶瓷层发生了严重的碎裂现象,PE背板发生了类圆状凹陷变形,但未被穿透;单次弹击损伤范围被限制在弹击鳞片及其相邻鳞片附近,未形成大面积损伤,表现出优异的抗多发弹性能;弹丸的能量通过弹击鳞片扩散到与其相邻的鳞片上,降低了弹丸对弹击鳞片的损伤,提高了柔性结构的极限抗单发弹性能。结论 仿生鳞片式拼接柔性结构能够有效抵御95式5.8 mm钢芯弹的侵彻,具备柔性的同时还具有优异的抗多发弹性能,可应用于新一代单兵及武器装备的小口径枪弹防护装甲。     

止裂层对陶瓷复合防弹插板冲击损伤行为研究

目的 研究冲击载荷下迎弹面覆盖止裂层的复合防弹插板陶瓷面板碎裂机理和抗侵彻性能。方法 对所设计的复合防弹插板进行空气炮打靶试验,构建冲击仿真有限元计算模型。结合试验和数值模拟,研究覆盖环氧树脂、凯夫拉平纹织物止裂层及无止裂层复合防弹插板的抗侵彻性能,分析不同冲击速度下复合防弹插板陶瓷损伤失效过程。采用内聚力单元对止裂层和陶瓷之间的黏结区域进行建模,分析黏结程度对陶瓷损伤和失效的影响。结果 止裂层表面约束的陶瓷在冲击过程中产生的径向裂纹随着撞击点附近的环向拉应力波的传播而延伸。止裂层黏结作用增强时,陶瓷的冲击缺口面积增大,但质量损失基本不变;迎弹面止裂层未对侵彻过程中子弹动能和复合防弹插板背凸情况产生显著影响。结论 止裂层在一定程度上能减少陶瓷质量损失,但也会造成更多的损伤,这种现象在高速情况下较为明显,且凯夫拉平纹织物止裂层所造成的损伤更多。相关研究工作可为陶瓷复合防弹板的设计提供参考。     

瓦斯爆炸冲击作用下新型复合结构防护外壳的动态响应

为了降低和防止瓦斯爆炸冲击波对矿难救生系统的破坏,提高防爆抗冲击能力,提出新型复合结构防护外壳。运用有限元数值分析方法,对新型复合结构防护外壳在瓦斯爆炸冲击波作用下的动态响应进行研讨。分析冲击波作用下新型防护外壳的变形、应力和应变,并与单层防护外壳的动态响应进行了对比。结果表明: 采用中间柔性材料缓冲层的新型复合防护结构,能够延缓瓦斯爆炸冲击波对矿难救生系统的冲击作用,保护系统内部模块不受严重破坏,制造工艺简单且成本低。运用数值分析的方法,可以为救生系统设计建立一个仿真的实验环境,为优化救生系统设计、提高设计效率提供参考数据。     

仿贝壳层状复合装甲材料研究进展

贝壳珍珠母层因其独特的结构而成为了一种优秀的仿生材料模板,借鉴于贝壳高度复杂的多级叠层结构,仿贝壳层状复合装甲材料体现出了优异的强韧度和抗冲击性能,得到了防弹防护领域的广泛关注和研究。目前,仿贝壳层状复合装甲材料的研究方向主要集中于贝壳珍珠母层高综合性能的原因和验证,及其在各种材料中的复现。综述了各种仿贝壳层状复合装甲材料的强韧化原理、制备技术和防护性能。首先综述了贝壳的各种外在和内在的增韧机制;其次综述了目前常见的各种仿生制备技术及制备出材料的力学性能;在防护性能方面,主要综述了各种弹道测试和有限元分析下的仿贝壳层状复合装甲材料的研究现状。各种研究表明,仿贝壳层状复合材料确实具有高强高韧、高断裂吸收功等特点,但是要完美地做到仿生制备和精细调控材料的微观结构和力学性能,仍需要进行更多的研究。     

天然和仿生柔性生物结构的设计

自然界中生物材料表现出的力学性能与其结构设计形式紧密相关。柔性生物材料多为多级结构设计,其独特的功能梯度特征使其具备优异的变形能力及良好的断裂韧性。本文借鉴工程结构设计基本单元的思想提出柔性结构仿生元素理念,根据几何形态将结构仿生元素分为：线元素、梁元素、柱元素、板壳元素、薄膜元素及组合元素。根据系统论的观点建立仿生柔性结构设计体系,归纳总结出柔性仿生结构的设计准则,并基于鱼鳞梯度结构设计新型仿生功能梯度板。通过有限元的方法对功能梯度板归一化自然频率进行分析。结果表明,类鱼鳞功能梯度板具有柔韧性及刚度软化特性。阐述了仿生柔性结构的设计方法,包括模仿设计、组合设计及选择匹配设计。     

复合装甲中吸波层对材料防弹性能的影响

冲击波对复合装甲的破坏程度和方式受到一些因素的影响。采用吸波层来减弱冲击波对材料本身的破坏程度,初步研究了冲击波破坏装甲的形式和机理,并从防止冲击波振荡叠加的角度提出一些提高复合装甲防弹性能的措施。试验结果表明,使用吸波层使复合装甲的防弹性能有了明显的提高。     

草鱼鳞片的多级结构及力学性能

经过长时间的自然进化,硬骨鱼鳞片变得超薄、超轻,并具有很好的柔韧性。为研制新型柔性防护体系,对草鱼鳞片的多级结构及力学性能进行了研究。首先,按3个不同方向(0°、45°和90°)在鳞片中心区域裁取鳞片和胶原层2组试样;然后,进行了轴向拉伸测试并对不同含水量的鳞片以及不同应变率下鳞片和胶原层的力学性能进行了对比研究。结果显示:草鱼鳞片主要由坚硬的骨质外层和软质的胶原层组成,其中胶原层由胶原纤维层交错叠加组成,交错角约为28°~31°;鳞片的力学性能为平面内各向异性,而胶原层的力学性能为各向同性;脱水鳞片的弹性模量和拉伸强度显著增加,分别约为饱水鳞片的10倍和3倍,但极限应变减少了约50%。饱水鳞片和胶原层的力学性能与应变率有很大相关性。所得结论为新型仿生复合材料及柔性防护体系的研究提供了思路。      

陶瓷/纤维/阻尼复合靶板抗冲击性能及优化

随着弹体的侵彻能力逐渐增强，复合防弹装甲成为不可或缺的装备之一。基于ANSYS建立了陶瓷/纤维/阻尼复合防弹靶板的冲击有限元模型，揭示了材料参数和几何参数对复合防弹靶板的影响规律，利用多目标遗传算法优化了碳化硅陶瓷/碳纤维/超高分子量聚乙烯纤维/背层阻尼复合防弹靶板结构，并通过实验验证了优化设计结果的可信性。结果表明：同面密度条件下，涂刷一定厚度背层阻尼对靶板防弹性能的提升较为显著；采用遗传算法优化后的复合防弹靶板结构为：6.9mm碳化硅陶瓷/4.8mm碳纤维层合板/6.0mm超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维层合板/1.1mm阻尼，面密度为36.236kg/m²。相同防弹性能条件下，与陶瓷/装甲钢结构靶板相比，优化后的靶板面密度降低超过49%。     

Aluminum foam integral armor: a new dimension in armor design

Closed-cell aluminum foam offers a unique combination of properties such as low density, high stiffness, strength and energy absorption that can be tailored through design of the microstructure. During ballistic impact, the foam exhibits significant non-linear deformation and stress wave attenuation. Composite structural armor panels containing closed-cell aluminum foam are impacted with 20-mm fragment-simulating projectiles (FSP). One-dimensional plane strain finite element analysis (FEA) of stress wave propagation is performed to understand the dynamic response and deformation mechanisms. The FEA results correlate well with the experimental observation that aluminum foam can delay and attenuate stress waves. It is identified that the aluminum foam transmits an insignificant amount of stress pulse before complete densification. The ballistic performance of aluminum foam-based composite integral armor (CIA) is compared with the baseline integral armor of equivalent areal-density by impacting panels with 20-mm FSP. A comparative damage study reveals that the aluminum foam armor has finer ceramic fracture and less volumetric delamination of the composite backing plate as compared to the baseline. The aluminum foam armors also showed less dynamic deflection of the backing plate than the baseline. These attributes of the aluminum foam in integral armor system add a new dimension in the design of lightweight armor for the future armored vehicles.     

层间混杂复合材料装甲板防弹性能及其防弹机制

为研究层间混杂复合材料装甲板的防弹性能及其防弹机制,采用钢芯弹侵彻层间混杂复合材料装甲板。以超高分子量聚乙烯（Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene,UHMWPE）纤维、对位芳香族聚酰胺纤维作增强纤维,水性聚氨酯（Waterborne Polyurethane,WPU）树脂和环氧树脂（Epoxy resin,EP）作基体,采用热压工艺制备单向（Unidirectional,UD）结构的层间混杂复合材料装甲板。研究混杂比例、防弹面和树脂基体对混杂复合材料装甲板防弹性能的影响以及弹击后混杂复合材料装甲板的破坏形貌,分析混杂复合材料装甲板的防弹机制,并对复合材料装甲板的破坏机制进行了分析。结果表明:混杂复合材料装甲板的防弹性能优于其任一单一纤维复合材料装甲板;WPU的防弹性能要优于环氧树脂;以UHMWPE纤维复合材料充当防弹面时,混杂复合材料装甲板具有更好的防弹性能;纤维拉伸变形和装甲板分层是纤维复合材料装甲板主要的吸能方式。      

Ballistic resistance of double-layered armor plates

In this paper, the ballistic resistance of double-layered steel shields against projectile impact at the sub-ordnance velocity is evaluated using finite element simulations. Four types of projectiles of different weight and nose shapes are considered, while armor shields consist of two layers of different materials. In a previous study of the same authors, it was shown that a double-layered shield of the same metal was able to improve the ballistic limit by 7.0–25.0% under impact by a flat-nose projectile, compared to a monolithic plate of the same weight. Under impact by a conical-nose projectile, a double-layered shield is almost as capable as a monolithic plate. The present paper extends the analysis to double-layered shields with various metallic material combinations. The study reveals that the best configuration is the upper layer of high ductility and low strength material and the lower layer of low ductility and high strength material. This configuration results in some 25% gain in the ballistic limit under moderate detrimental impact. This research helps clarify the long standing issue of the ballistic resistance of the multi-layered armor configuration.     

Advanced layered personnel armor

Utilizing shock compression physics considerations and explicit numerical techniques a methodology has been developed to design composite personnel armor by optimizing the role each layer plays during projectile defeat. The initial design consists of a very hard 1st layer to deform and fracture the projectile, an orthotropic 2nd layer to slow down the shock wave propagation in the through thickness direction, whilst allowing rapid propagation in the transverse directions, a 3rd porous layer to absorb the shock wave energy through PV-work, and a 4th layer to provide confinement for the porous medium. Based on the above armor protection concept, composite plates comprising of alumina (Al₂O₃) Ceramic, Dyneema^® HB25 and porous polyurethane (PU) foam were constructed to test against baseline armor AISI 4140 steel plate. A hypothetical orthotropic material model closely resembling that of Dyneema HB25 was derived based on fundamental materials relations as well as limited available literature information. Material models for the other materials used in this research were based on existing sources. An integral experiment was conducted to validate this composite armor against numerical simulations. Through this study, the composite armor has been shown experimentally to be more effective in resisting penetration than a steel plate of equivalent (and slightly greater) areal density, and that the material layering sequence is fundamentally correct, while the numerical modeling has provided a general guidance to the behavior of the system. This research was done to explore this kind of approach to armor design to evaluate its merit. We make no claim that this design is ready for field use.     

Effect of interlayer on stress wave propagation in CMC/RHA multi-layered structure

Due to the significance of the propagation of stress wave in composite armor during projectile–target interaction, the characteristics of stress wave propagation in multi-layered composite structure under impact load were investigated by traditional Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar system in this study. The effect of interlayer characteristic on the stress wave propagation was discussed. The results show that the interlayer properties between CMC and RHA steel play an important role in the propagation of wave. Compared to “CMC/RHA” structure without interlayer, the tungsten carbide interlayer can increase stress level in CMC layer remarkably, while silica gel layer has an opposite effect, and epoxy resin adhesive layer has no distinct effect on the propagation of stress wave. The increased compressive stress level in CMC layer is very useful when the CMC layer served as the face plate of a composite armor. During the impact process of the projectile to the armor, the anti-penetration capability of the face plate of the composite armor can be improved when in the compression stress state. In the comparison ballistic testing conducted with 7.62 mm armor piercing projectiles, the protection efficiency of the “CMC/WC/RHA” composite armor is about 36% higher than that of the “CMC/RHA” structure, which is in good correlation with the stress wave measurement results.     

Improving the ballistic performance of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene fiber reinforced composites using conch particles

A new method was proposed to improve ballistic impact performance of unidirectional ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber plate (UD plate) by adding shell particles in matrix. The complex micro-laminate structure of these bio-composite materials was studied. It was revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra that modified shell particles were uniformly dispersed in the matrix. The results of ballistic tests and temperature adaptation tests demonstrated that the bulletproof property of the modified UD plate was improved by 20%.     

The effect of hybridization on the ballistic impact behavior of hybrid composite armors

In the present study, effect of hybridization on the hybrid composite armors under ballistic impact is investigated using hydrocode simulations. The hybrid composite armor is constructed using various combinations and stacking sequences of fiber reinforced composites having woven form of fibers specifically high specific-modulus/high specific-strength Kevlar fiber (KF), tough, high strain-to-failure fiber Glass fiber (GF) and high strength/high stiffness Carbon fiber (CF). Different combinations of composite armors studied are KF layer in GF laminate, GF layer in KF laminate, KF layer in CF laminate and CF layer in KF laminate at various positions of hybridized layers for a fixed thickness of the target. In this article the results obtained from the finite element model are validated for the case of KF layer in a GF laminate with experimental predictions reported in the literature in terms of energy absorption and residual velocity and good agreement is observed. Further, the effect of stacking sequence, projectile geometry and target thickness on the ballistic limit velocity, energy absorbed by the target and the residual velocity are presented for different combinations of hybrid composite armors. The simulations show that, at a fixed thickness of the hybrid composite armor, stacking sequence of hybridized layer shows significant effect on the ballistic performance. The results also indicate energy absorption and ballistic limit velocity are sensitive to projectile geometry. Specifically, it is found that arranging the KF layer at the rear side, GF layer in the exterior and CF layer on the front side offers good ballistic impact resistance. The hybrid composite armor consisting of a CF layer in KF laminate acquires maximum impact resistance and is the best choice for the design compared to that of other combinations studied.