离子注入Mo+或Zr+提高钛在酸性氯化物中的耐蚀性

研究了采用多重能量离子注入Mo^ 或Zr^ 的钛在70℃的25％MgCl2 5%NaCl 1.6%HCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,钛在注入Mo^ 或Zr^ 后,自腐蚀电位大大提高,随时间的变化也显著减小,由活性溶解转变为自钝化状态。离子注入Mo^ 或Zr^＋能显著提高钛在酸性氯化物溶液中的耐蚀性;注入Mo^ 的效果较Zr^ 的好。钛在离子注入Mo^ 或Zr^ 后有高耐蚀性可归结于在试样表面形成了一层完整、致密的钛和钼（或锆）的氧化物膜。     

低温退火对电沉积纳米晶Ni镀层耐蚀性的影响

通过脉冲电沉积方法制备纳米晶Ni镀层。采用浸泡法和电化学方法研究了不同温度低温退火纳米晶Ni镀层在3.5wt.%NaCl和5wt.%HCl溶液中的腐蚀行为。结果表明:150℃以下退火,晶粒未出现明显长大。在3.5wt.%NaCl溶液中,镀层耐蚀性随退火温度的升高而提高;200℃退火后镀层的耐蚀性最好,镀层表面均有钝化现象。在5wt.%HCl溶液中,退火后镀层的耐蚀性有所提高,但退火温度的影响不大,镀层腐蚀过程中未观察到钝化现象。     

钝化液温度对铝阳极氧化膜性能的影响

对铝及其合金进行钝化处理是提高其耐蚀性的有效手段.研究了工业纯铝普通阳极氧化膜在不同温度钝化液(Alsur408)条件下处理的表面形貌、组织结构、厚度和耐腐蚀性规律.结果表明,阳极氧化的工业纯铝氧化膜表面有均匀的纳米级孔洞,经不同条件钝化后,在氧化膜表面生成钝化膜,厚度约为1μm;随着钝化温度增加,钝化膜逐渐增厚,表面形貌致密平整;当钝化液温度高于50℃时,表面裂纹明显,耐腐蚀性表现为先增强后减弱;当钝化液温度为40℃时,钝化膜表面平整致密,无微裂纹,自腐蚀电位为0.1V,耐腐蚀性最高.     

X80钢焊接接头在不同pH值土壤中的腐蚀电化学特征

高强度管线钢在油气管道长距离输送应用中埋地管道焊接接头处的腐蚀现象越发明显.为了探究高强度钢焊接接头在不同pH值土壤中的腐蚀行为,利用动电位极化及交流阻抗技术对X80钢焊接接头在库尔勒土壤模拟溶液中的电化学特征进行测定,并结合金相显微镜对其腐蚀形貌进行了观察.结果表明:随着土壤pH值的增大,X80钢焊接接头的腐蚀速率呈现逐渐减小的趋势;当模拟溶液为弱酸性环境时,腐蚀产物膜遭到破坏,加剧了Cl-等腐蚀性离子对金属的腐蚀,试样电极表面腐蚀坑明显;当溶液为碱性环境时,腐蚀产物膜对材料起到一定的保护作用,金属腐蚀受到抑制;当溶液pH值为10.5时,电极表面出现了钝化膜,试样表面腐蚀现象不明显,只有几个微小的腐蚀坑存在.     

超声冲击对纯钛材焊接接头疲劳性能的影响

目前,有关超声冲击法对工业纯钛焊接接头疲劳性能改善效果的影响研究报道不多。采用超声冲击处理方法对工业纯钛TA2焊接接头进行全覆盖强化处理,通过疲劳对比试验分析了不同超声冲击处理时间对TA2焊接接头疲劳性能的影响;通过接头微观组织、断口形貌观察分析了超声冲击处理提高TA2焊接接头抗疲劳断裂性能的微观机理。结果表明,在200 MPa应力条件下,原始焊态试样平均历经11 645次循环就已断裂,经超声冲击处理3 min的焊接试样平均历经23 424次循环后才断裂,疲劳寿命提高约1倍;在超声冲击过程中,试样表层受到大的应变量、高应变速率和重复载荷的作用,使得形变孪晶不断增加;重复载荷的作用,可以再次在内部产生更加细小的孪晶,孪晶与孪晶间重复交割导致晶粒进一步细化。     

镍铁基高温合金摩擦焊接接头在煤灰/烟气中的腐蚀行为

以HT700惯性摩擦焊焊接接头为研究对象,从腐蚀动力学、氧化膜相组成及微观结构方面研究了不同组织状态的焊接接头在750℃煤灰/烟气中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,焊接接头主要腐蚀产物基本一致,为富Fe、Cr的氧化物,另有少量Al_2O_3、TiO_2及Ti的内硫化腐蚀产物。焊态焊接接头晶粒细小,Cr元素可以更加及时地扩散至焊接接头表面,氧化初期可以快速形成氧化膜,延缓腐蚀;焊后热处理态焊接接头Cr元素扩散速率低,形成连续内氧化层的时间晚于焊态组织,导致氧化膜厚度更大。两种组织状态的焊接接头不同区域的腐蚀行为均呈现晶粒越小、氧化膜越薄的特征,焊缝熔合线具有最薄的氧化膜厚度。     

0Cr18Ni9Ti钢焊接接头表面纳米化及接头抗H2S应力腐蚀性能的研究

为了提高不锈钢焊接接头的组织均匀性及其抗H2S应力腐蚀性能,采用超音速颗粒轰击(Supersonic Particles Bombarding缩写为(SSPB))技术对0Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢焊接接头表面进行处理,利用金相显微镜和透射电镜对材料表面的微观组织进行了分析.利用X射线应力衍射仪对纳米化后的式样进行残余应力分析,抗硫化氢应力腐蚀试验按照GB4157-84标准执行.结果表明,经超音速颗粒轰击处理可以使样品表层晶粒细化至纳米量级,表层晶粒尺寸平均为10.4 nm,而且表层组织得到均一化.试验证实抗H2S应力腐蚀性能得到显著提高.     

垫片材料对工业用纯钛的缝隙腐蚀的影响

本文研究了垫片材抖及与异种金属(如铜合金或低碳钢)的偶合对工业纯钛在热盐水中的缝隙腐蚀的影响,并讨论了缝隙腐蚀的机理。以二甲基丙烯酸脂为垫片材料的钛缝隙腐蚀试样比以聚四氟乙烯和橡胶为垫片材料的试样或无垫片材料的试样对缝隙腐蚀更为敏感。二甲基丙烯酸酯在缝隙腐蚀中的作用似乎归因于形成了较致密的缝隙。钛缝隙腐蚀试样的恒电位电解结果表明,缝隙腐蚀发生在比大约-O.4伏(SCE)正的电位下。因此,和铜合金及低碳钢偶合的钛缝隙腐蚀试样对缝隙腐蚀不敏感,因为这些电偶的腐蚀电位都比-O.4伏负。业已搞清,随着溶液的pH值下降到钛的去钝化pH值,钛钝化膜的厚度显著减少。另一方面,不论pH值如何,钛的点蚀电他仍为5伏(SCE)左右,因此,钛即使在低pH溶液中也几乎不发生点蚀。这些结果表明,铁的缝隙腐蚀并非由点蚀引起,而是由于缝隙中的活化腐蚀所致。     

电化学及热处理氧化对商业纯钛耐蚀性能的影响

利用电化学氧化、热处理氧化对商业纯钛进行表面处理.不同的氧化电压和时间将产生不同形貌的氧化钛膜,电压过大时会生成很多的瘤状氧化物.热处理氧化后,钛表面生成均匀金红石和锐钛矿型混合氧化物膜,并且氧化膜下会出现Ti-O固溶体构成的渗氧层.在酸性含氯溶液和碱溶液中比较不同处理后钛板的腐蚀性能,在2种腐蚀介质中所有材料均随电位升高进入钝化区.在酸性溶液中,电化学氧化处理后钛板的腐蚀电流、维钝电流密度最小;在碱性溶液中,虽然热处理氧化对应维钝电流密度最小,但其钝化电位区间比电化学氧化对应电位区间窄.扫描电镜分析表明,热处理氧化膜随电位升高局部出现破损,而未经过表面处理的钛板,局部区域发生沿晶腐蚀.     

浓硫酸中304不锈钢焊接接头腐蚀行为的电化学研究

为了给应用于浓硫酸工业生产的304不锈钢管道的防护提供指导,采用电化学阻抗谱法与动电位扫描法研究了304不锈钢焊接接头各个区域在质量分数为98%的浓硫酸中不同温度下的腐蚀行为。结果表明:304不锈钢焊接接头在浓硫酸中的腐蚀形式以点蚀为主。在相同条件的浓硫酸介质中,焊接接头各区域耐蚀性优劣依次为:基材、焊缝、热影响区,焊接过程对不锈钢的腐蚀起到促进作用。随着硫酸介质温度的逐渐升高,基材的钝化膜比较稳定,而焊缝与热影响区的钝化膜会发生破裂;并且各区域的自腐蚀电流与腐蚀速率会逐渐增大,耐腐蚀性逐渐下降。     

Surface Nanocrystallization of Commercial Pure Titanium Induced by SMAT and Its Properties

In this paper the preparation technique of surface nanocrystallization in commercial pure titanium was carried out by surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT). The mean grain size was calculated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the results showed that the mean grain size of the surface was refined to nm Ievel after SMAT treatment. Nanocrystallized surface layers were formed after treated for 5, 15, 30 and 60 min. Microhardness experimental results implied the microhardness obviously increased on the surface layer and it also showed the variation of microhardness at the cross section. Corrosion test results showed the corrosion resistance of the surfaces in the original commercial pure titanium treated by SMAT was not improved in HCI solution. The corrosion micrographs were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM).     

Thermal Stability of Surface Layer Microstructures of Commercially Pure Titanium Treated by High Energy Shot Peening

Commercially pure titanium was treated by high energy shot peening, and annealed at a series of temperatures. The surface layers are characterized by means of scan electronic microscope, X-Ray diffraction, transmission electronic microscope and micro-hardness testing machine. The results showed that microhardness of surface layers decreases with anneal temperature, the tendency of microhardness is similar to unannealed one, in other words, the more close to the surface, the more rapidly the hardness decreases, after reaches the depth of 50 μm, the decrease becomes steadily. But the sub-surface microhardness decreased suddenly over 500 ℃, From 550 ℃ to 650 ℃, the microhardness of surface layers almost unchanged.Observing by TEM and SEM, the grain sizes of pure titanium surface layers have increased below 500 ℃; Deformation twins begin disappearing obviously at 550 ℃; The nano-scaled grains within about 10 micrometers from surface existed even at 550℃.Surface nanocrystallization is well known as one of important methods to improve surface properties. The thermal stability of nanocrystalline microstructures was related to their preparation and application. The commercial pure Ti thermal stability of nanocrystalline and deformed microstructures induced by high-energy-shot-peening (HESP) technique was investigated. The nanostructured surface and deformed sub-surface layers of specimens were prepared through HESP treatment. The thermal stability was characterized through XRD analyses of surface layers, SEM and TEM microstructure observation and microhardness measurement of specimens annealed in different temperature in the air after HESP treatments. The results showed that after HESP treatment, the microhardness of surface layers increased with treatment time, especially in the rang of about 40 micrometers from the surface, the microhardness increase was obvious. The surface microhardness decreased gradually with annealing temperature, but the sub-surface microhardness decreased suddenly over 500℃. From 550 to 650 ℃, the microhardness of surface layers almost unchanged, and is still higher than that of the undeformed microstructure. SEM observation showed that at and below 500 ℃, the microstructure changes were not obvious. At 550 ℃, the grains in surface layers grew remarkably both in SEM and TEM images at 20 micrometers deep, and the deformed twins formed in HESP treatment could be seen in the subsurface. In addition, the TEM images showed that even at 550 ℃, the nanosized grains existed within 10 micrometers from surface.     

复合板基层厚度对激光焊接头腐蚀性能的影响

目的通过探索基层金属厚度对复合板激光穿透焊接的影响规律,分析其影响度与焊接速度、激光功率的差别,为双金属复合材料激光穿透焊接提供更多的技术支撑。方法以焊接速度、激光功率和基层金属厚度为变量,设计了三因素三水平的正交实验,对X65/DSS2205层状双金属复合材料进行激光穿透焊接实验,对不同焊接条件下接头的显微组织进行观察分析,采用EDS面扫方法对焊缝复层区进行成分扫描,测量接头复层侧动电位极化曲线,并比较了基层金属厚度的影响度较焊接速度与激光功率的大小。结果双金属复合板激光穿透焊接接头显微组织在厚度方向存在明显的分层;基层金属厚度为1.2 mm时,复层贵金属元素保留量最大;随着基层金属厚度的减小,接头综合耐腐蚀性能提高;基层金属厚度对接头耐腐蚀性能的影响小于焊接速度和激光功率2个变量;焊接速度为2.5 m/min,激光功率为3500 W,基层金属厚度为0.8 mm时,接头耐腐蚀性能最优。结论基层金属厚度对于复合板激光穿透焊接接头的焊缝复层元素含量、以及接头复层一侧耐腐蚀性能都有较为明显的影响,但相比于焊接速度与激光功率,其影响度相对较小,因此在进行复合板激光穿透焊接时,在选定基层金属厚度后,仍要对焊接速度和激光功率进行优化工艺设计。     

不锈钢与钛合金纳秒激光焊接工艺研究

目的 针对不锈钢与钛合金异种金属焊接时,容易产生间化合物,导致焊点拉力低的现象,通过纳秒激光焊接工艺来提高不锈钢与钛合金异种金属焊接的焊点拉力.方法 采用纳秒光纤激光器进行304不锈钢与TC4钛合金的焊接实验,通过激光运行螺旋线组成焊点,并对工艺参数进行正交试验,得到焊点拉力最大的工艺参数.结果 当激光功率为90 W,激光频率为600 kHz,焊接速度为200 mm/s,螺旋线间距为0.04 mm,脉冲时间为10 ns时,得到焊点拉力最大,为29 N.结论 采用纳秒光纤激光器进行不锈钢与钛合金的焊接时,由于激光与材料作用的时间极短,约为10 ns,熔池的温度也相对较低,产生的间化合物来不及生长,从而极大提高了焊点的拉力.     

SiCp/Al复合材料焊接综述

为实现SiCp/Al复合材料的高质量可靠焊接,推广SiCp/Al复合材料在各领域的应用,调研了国内外SiCp/Al复合材料不同焊接方法的研究现状。在熔化焊方面,国内外学者通过调整工艺参数、在焊缝中加入Ti元素发生诱发反应等方法,抑制了焊缝中Al4C3针状脆性相的形成,从而提高了焊接接头的力学性能。在搅拌摩擦焊方面,国内外学者针对不同材料设计了专用的焊接搅拌头,以保证它们具备高耐磨性与足够的冲击韧性,在焊接过程中不出现破损情况;关注了焊接过程中焊接头转速、焊接速度、轴向力与热输入等因素,以获得力学性能优秀、晶粒细小均匀的焊接接头。在扩散焊方面,国内外学者探究了中间夹层对焊缝界面间原子相互扩散的促进作用;采取不同工艺参数,以外加超声或电子束表面加热等方式促进了原子间的相互扩散,以获得力学性能优异的焊接接头,提高焊接效率。在钎焊方面,国内外学者通过探究钎料与SiCp/Al复合材料之间的润湿性来组合钎料与钎剂,通过化学腐蚀处理表面暴露颗粒增强相、在复合材料表面电镀金属等方法来增大钎料与增强相的润湿性、解决钎料铺展受阻的问题,以进一步提高钎焊焊接接头质量。     

Effect of heat treatments on apatite-forming ability of NaOH- and HCl-treated titanium metal

Titanium (Ti) metal was soaked in HCl solution after NaOH treatment and then subjected to heat treatments at different temperatures. Their apatite-forming abilities in a simulated body fluid (SBF) were discussed in terms of their surface structures and properties. The nanometer scale roughness formed on Ti metal after NaOH treatment remained after the HCl treatment and a subsequent heat treatment below 700°C. Hydrogen titanate was formed on Ti metal from an HCl treatment after NaOH treatment, and this was converted into titanium oxide of anatase and rutile phases by a subsequent heat treatment above 500°C. The scratch resistance of the surface layer increased with the formation of the titanium oxide after a heat treatment up to 700°C, and then decreased with increasing temperature. The Ti metal with a titanium oxide layer formed on its surface showed a high apatite-forming ability in SBF when the heat treatment temperature was in the range 500–700°C. The high apatite-forming ability was attributed to the positive surface charge in an SBF. These positive surface charges were ascribed to the presence of chloride ions, which were adsorbed on the surfaces and dissociated in the SBF to give an acid environment.     

An Oxygen-Permeation Treatment for Hardening Titanium Alloys

In this paper, the characterization of oxygen permeation (OP) in titanium alloy TC11 at high temperature and the influence of oxygen solution layer on performances of substrate were characterized with the help of apparatus, such as TGA,SEM/EDAX, XRD, EPMA, Micro-hardness Tester, Two-body Abrasion Tester, Amsler Wear Test Machine, Potentiostat/Galvanostat Model 273 system. The results showed that there was a little shift in X-ray diffraction peaks of α and β phase during the OPT process as a result of oxygen solution. The OP treatment can significantly increase the surface hardness of titanium alloys and, accordingly, the abrasive wear resistance was improved. Titanium alloys with oxygen solution layer exhibited improved corrosion resistance both in 3.5 % NaCl and in 5 % HCl solution. Oxidation resistance of TC11 with oxygen solution layer at high temperature was also enhanced. The solution and hardening mechanisms were discussed based on the experimental results.     

块体纳米晶工业纯铁在盐酸溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为

通过静态失重试验,动电位极化曲线,电化学阻抗谱(EIS)实验,研究了块体纳米工业纯铁(BNIPI)和粗晶工业纯铁棒(CGPIR)在室温1mol/l盐酸溶液中的腐蚀行为.结果表明,BNIPI与CGPIR相比,开路腐蚀电位Ecorr正向移动114mV,平均腐蚀速度和腐蚀电流Icorr变小,极化电阻Rp增大为1.58倍.BNIPI抗盐酸的腐蚀能力与CGPIR相比,不但没有下降,相反有所增强.使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对静态腐蚀失重试样的形貌进行了观察,显示BNIPI上几乎没有点蚀坑出现.     

Joint properties of dissimilar Al6061-T6 aluminum alloy/Ti–6%Al–4%V titanium alloy by gas tungsten arc welding assisted hybrid friction stir welding

Hybrid friction stir butt welding of Al6061-T6 aluminum alloy plate to Ti–6%Al–4%V titanium alloy plate with satisfactory acceptable joint strength was successfully achieved using preceding gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) preheating heat source of the Ti alloy plate surface. Hybrid friction stir welding (HFSW) joints were welded completely without any unwelded zone resulting from smooth material flow by equally distributed temperature both in Al alloy side and Ti alloy side using GTAW assistance for preheating the Ti alloy plate unlike friction stir welding (FSW) joints. The ultimate tensile strength was approximately 91% in HFSW welds by that of the Al alloy base metal, which was 24% higher than that of FSW welds without GTAW under same welding condition. Notably, it was found that elongation in HFSW welds increased significantly compared with that of FSW welds, which resulted in improved joint strength. The ductile fracture was the main fracture mode in tensile test of HFSW welds.     

Influence of the filler metal on the properties of Ti-6Al-4V electron beam weldments. Part I: Welding procedures and microstructural characterization

The use of different procedures for electron beam welding of 17 mm thick Ti-6Al-4V plate and the difficulties found in this process are analysed. When this alloy was welded autogeneously the presence of significant amounts of α martensite was observed, recommending looking for another solution. In the early trials a V joint design was used but distortions and defects were detected in the welds when multi-pass procedures were considered. Consequently, for the remaining weldments K or I joint configurations were selected. Initially, Ti-6Al-4V wire was preferred in order to match mechanical properties with base material but no significant improvement was found leading to consideration of using a less alloyed filler metal. Different commercially pure titanium filler metals have been employed to optimise the performance of the fusion zone of electron beam weldments. In a second paper [1] the influence of the welding procedure on the mechanical properties of the various joints will be discussed.