Phenol Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Tamarind Nutshell Activated Carbon: Batch and Column Studies

Activated carbons prepared from tamarind nutshell, an agricultural waste by‐product, have been examined for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions. The activated carbon was prepared by sulfuric acid activation. Both batch and column studies were performed for the sorption of phenol. The kinetic data were fitted to the models of Lagergren, pseudo‐second‐order and intraparticle diffusion, and closely followed the pseudo‐second‐order chemisorption model. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were well fitted. The solution pH greatly affects the sorption process. The column study results indicate that the sorption of phenol is dependent on the flow rate, the inlet phenol concentration as well as on the particle size of the adsorbent.     

A COMPARATIVE ADSORPTION/BIOSORPTION OF PHENOL TO GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON AND IMMOBILIZED ACTIVATED SLUDGE IN A CONTINUOUS PACKED BED REACTOR

The potential use of Mowital B30H resin immobilized dried activated sludge as a substitute for granular activated carbon for removing phenol from aqueous solution was examined in a continuous packed bed reactor as a function of flow rate and inlet phenol concentration. The working sorption pH value was determined as 1.0 for both the sorbents, and packed bed sorption studies were performed at this pH value. The maximum specific uptakes, total adsorbed quantities, and total removals of phenol related to the effluent volumes were determined by evaluating the breakthrough curves obtained at different flow rates and different inlet phenol concentrations for each sorbent. At the lowest flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and at the inlet phenol concentration of 500 mg/L, the maximum specific uptakes and total removals of phenol were 84.0 mg/g and 27.6%, respectively, for granular activated carbon and 9.0 mg/g and 9.3%, respectively, for immobilized dried activated sludge. Data confirmed that total removals of phenol decreased with increasing flow rate and inlet phenol concentration for both immobilized dried activated sludge and granular activated carbon systems.     

A comparative adsorption/biosorption of phenol to granular activated carbon and immobilized activated sludge in a continuous packed bed reactor

The potential use of Mowital B30H resin immobilized dried activated sludge as a substitute for granular activated carbon for removing phenol from aqueous solution was examined in a continuous packed bed reactor as a function of flow rate and inlet phenol concentration. The working sorption pH value was determined as 1.0 for both the sorbents, and packed bed sorption studies were performed at this pH value. The maximum specific uptakes, total adsorbed quantities, and total removals of phenol related to the effluent volumes were determined by evaluating the breakthrough curves obtained at different flow rates and different inlet phenol concentrations for each sorbent. At the lowest flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and at the inlet phenol concentration of 500 mg/L, the maximum specific uptakes and total removals of phenol were 84.0 mg/g and 27.6%, respectively, for granular activated carbon and 9.0 mg/g and 9.3%, respectively, for immobilized dried activated sludge. Data confirmed that total removals of phenol decreased with increasing flow rate and inlet phenol concentration for both immobilized dried activated sludge and granular activated carbon systems.     

褐煤超临界萃取焦渣活化及吸附性能研究

对大雁和扎赉诺尔两种褐煤的超临界萃取焦渣在ＣＯ２中的活化性能以及活化前后对酚的吸附性能进行了研究，考察了半焦性质，活化条件等对数以酚吸附量的影响。研究表明，萃取焦渣与原煤相比具有较好的吸附性能，经ＣＯ２活化处理，其吸附能力可以明显得到改善。     

Kinetic evaluation of phenol/aniline mixtures adsorption from aqueous solutions onto activated carbon and hypercrosslinked polymeric resin (MN200)

Kinetic adsorption of phenol and aniline from aqueous solution onto activated carbon and hypercrosslinked polymeric resin MN200 were evaluated in single and binary system. Larger phenol and aniline uptakes were observed for activated carbon in single as well as binary system, which can be attributed to the better physical properties of activated carbon, for instance larger surface area and micropore area. The kinetic experimental data was properly fitted by the pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order rate equations. A synergetic effect between solutes was observed since phenol and aniline sorption kinetic in binary system was faster than the individual sorption of each solute in single system, as well as a slight increase in the kinetic parameters obtained in binary system. The particle diffusion rate was defined as the rate limiting mechanism in the singles and binary system for phenol and aniline kinetic adsorption on both adsorbents. Two steps were markedly defined by the Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion analysis for phenol and aniline onto both adsorbents. In binary systems, the intraparticle diffusion was influenced by the physical properties of adsorbents.     

微波辐照下炭材料升温特性试验研究

为研究微波功率、活性炭粒径、载气流速对活性炭升温规律的影响,利用微波加热综合试验平台进行活性炭微波加热升温试验,研究了不同因素下活性炭的升温特性。结果表明:相同前提下,随着微波功率的增大,2种活性炭(木质活性炭、煤质活性炭)的升温速率不断加快,最高温度随之提高,微波功率从240~400 W时,木质活性炭在10~16 min平均温度增幅达93℃,明显大于煤质活性炭;增加粒径导致木质活性炭达到的最终温度有所降低,且升温速率减小;提高载气流速可减缓木质活性炭的升温速率并降低其最高温度。获取最高活性炭温度的最佳试验工况为微波功率P为400 W、活性炭粒径d≤1 mm、载气流速Q为60 L/h。     

不同粒子电极对三维电极法处理苯酚废水影响的研究

研究不同粒子电极对三维电极法处理苯酚废水的影响.采用自制的三维电极反应器,以模拟苯酚废水为处理对象,通过试验分析不同类型活性炭、活性炭不同投加量、石英砂与活性炭混合以及活性炭与涂膜活性炭混合粒子电极对苯酚去除效果的影响.结果表明采用3 mm的柱炭,活性炭量为500 g时苯酚去除效果较好;石英砂与活性炭混合粒子电极比单纯活性炭处理效果好,但去除率提高不明显;在相同条件下采用比例为3:1的活性炭与涂膜活性炭作为粒子电极时,苯酚去除率最高为90.52%.     

Removal of copper from industrial wastewaters by activated carbon prepared from periwinkle shells

The present study aims at the removal of copper from industrial wastewater by using a low-cost adsorbent. Activated periwinkle shell carbon (PSC) was prepared and characterized for various physiochemical properties. To determine copper removal capacity, the performance of PSC was compared with commercial activated carbon (CAC) and a mixture of activated periwinkle shell carbon and commercial activated carbon (PSC:CAC) in a ratio 1:1. The effect of adsorbent dose, contact time, pH, agitation speed and adsorbent particle size was studied for adsorption of copper from wastewater under batch conditions. The result obtained showed that PSC competes favourably with CAC. The maximum adsorption capacity was observed for PSC:CAC with 88.12% removal at an optimal pH of 8. The PSC and CAC had 84.19% removal and 85.15% removal, respectively. The equilibrium data obtained fitted both the Langmuir and the Freundlich models. Good correlation coefficients were obtained for the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.     

Application of TiO2-mounted activated carbon to the removal of phenol from water

TiO₂-mounted activated carbon was prepared through hydrolytic precipitation of TiO₂ from teraisopropyl orthotitanate and following heat treatment at 650–900 °C for 1 h under a flow of nitrogen. The removal of phenol from its aqueous solution under UV irradiation was measured on TiO₂-mounted activated carbons thus prepared. Although BET surface area of TiO₂-mounted activated carbons decreased drastically in comparison with the original activated carbon, the efficiency of phenol removal under UV irradiation was high. The sample heated at 900 °C, which consisted mainly of rutile phase, showed the highest total removal of phenol. Efficiency of phenol degradation is reduced because of phenol adsorption on the catalyst.     

活性炭的改性及其对苯酚吸附行为的研究

通过正交试验的方法,优化活性炭的改性条件;并以活性炭为载体,氢氧化钠溶液为改性剂,在最优条件下制备改性活性炭;测定了改性前后活性炭的比表面积及表面酸性官能团的含量;考察了改性前后活性炭对苯酚的吸附行为。结果表明,在NaOH溶液浓度为0．1mol／l,浸渍时间为3h,活化时间为3h,活化温度为400℃的情况下,改性活性炭吸附效果最佳,苯酚吸附量为149．05mg／g,比未改性活性炭的吸附量提高了61．97％;NaOH-改性活性炭的比表面积为1046．10m2／g,比未改性活性炭的比表面积增加了12．42％,改性后表面的酸性基团含量降低,碱性增强;Freundlich和Langmuir二种等温线模型均能较好的反应活性炭对苯酚的吸附行为,其中Freundlich模型更为理想。     

Effect of Activated Carbon Bed on Binder Removal from Ceramic Injection Moldings

Weight losses during the binder removal from ceramic injection moldings that have been placed in beds of activated carbon powder and two types of alumina powder were compared. The effect of the specimen size and shape on debinding in a bed of activated carbon was investigated. Because of the structure of its particles, activated carbon powder allowed binder losses in ceramic moldings that consisted of submicrometer-sized particles to increase at a temperature of 130°C. The binder loss in a bed of activated carbon was dependent on the ratio of surface area to volume of the body that was extracted. Renewal of the sorption abilities of the bed of activated carbon after saturation with binder increased the rate of binder removal.     

活性炭负载Fe(III)吸附剂去除饮用水中的As(V)

利用活性炭负载水合铁氧化物制备了复合吸附剂,并用于饮用水中As(V)的去除. 研究了活性炭种类、粒度、溶液pH值、Fe(III)盐浓度和干扰离子等对As(V)去除的影响. 结果表明,煤质活性炭作为基质负载水合铁氧化物比椰壳炭和果壳炭具有更好的除砷效果. 随着炭粒度降低,除砷效率显著增加. 在pH 3~9范围内,活性炭负载水合铁氧化物可有效吸附As(V). F-, Cl-, SO42-的加入对As(V)的去除效率基本无影响,而SiO32-和PO43-则明显抑制As(V)的去除. Langmuir模型比Freundlich模型能更好地描述复合吸附剂对As(V)的吸附平衡. 动力学研究表明,As(V)吸附反应可用二级速率方程描述.     

Carbonaceous adsorbents from sewage sludge and their application in a combined activated sludge-powdered activated carbon (AS-PAC) treatment

In this study, waste biological sludge is converted to an adsorbent by chemical activation with sulphuric acid. The adsorbent obtained is then applied to the aerated vessel of an activated sludge process treating glucose and phenol to improve the quality of the treated effluent. The sludge-based carbonaceous adsorbent was found to be mesoporous in nature, with a good adsorption capacity for large molecular weight compounds and limited removal efficiency for smaller molecules such as phenol. The addition of carbon, either sludge-based or commercial, enhanced phenol removal from 58% to 98.7% and from 87% to 93% the organic matter removal as measured by the chemical oxygen demand (COD) when operated with feed concentrations of 100 mg phenol/l and 2500 mg COD/l. No differences were found between the activated sludge-activated carbon bench scale continuous reactors operating with either commercial or sludge-based adsorbents in spite of the higher adsorption capacity of the former. It is suggested that powdered adsorbent bioregeneration in the combined AS-PAC system may be impaired by the obstruction of pores due to bacterial growth, the effect being more important for the commercial activated carbon with a narrower pore size distribution.     

山核桃壳活性炭对煤气洗涤水的吸附净化

以山核桃壳为原料,经磷酸浸渍、炭化和活化后制得活性炭,用SEM和低温氮气吸附仪对活性炭进行表征,并用该活性炭对模拟气化试验产生的煤气洗涤水进行吸附净化,考察活性炭对煤气洗涤水中挥发酚、TOC、COD、氨氮和微量元素的净化效果。实验结果表明:用山核桃壳制备的活性炭具有介孔结构,其孔径主要分布在1~6nm范围内,比表面积达2959m²/g,孔容积为2.223cm³/g;该活性炭对挥发酚具有良好的吸附效果,经45h处理对挥发酚的去除率可达99.75%,TOC和COD的去除率分别到达88.33%和65.73%;对氨氮和微量元素也有很好的净化效果,经15h吸附后氨氮的去除率可达80.71%,微量元素的去除率均达99%以上。     

活性炭吸附法处理乙烯废碱液的研究

以活性炭为吸附剂处理乙烯废碱液,通过单因素实验,考查了吸附时间、吸附温度、活性炭粒度、活性炭投加量、废碱液pH对硫去除率的影响。吸附法处理乙烯废碱液的最佳工艺条件:吸附时间50 min、吸附温度25℃、活性炭粒度20~40目、活性炭投加量1.8 g、乙烯废碱液pH为3。在此条件下可使20 mL乙烯废碱液中硫浓度由1113.25 mg/L降到1.98 mg/L,硫去除率达99.82%,COD浓度由800000 mg/L降到5600 mg/L,COD去除率达99.9%。     

三维EF法采用不同填料处理苯酚废水的实验研究

采用不同类型电极粒子作为第三级，对三维电极／Fenton法（三维EF法）处理苯酚模拟废水进行研究。实验结果表明，采用活性碳棒＋玻璃珠作为电极粒子时苯酚去除效果最好，而采用活性碳棒＋铁屑不适宜作电极粒子。为达到更好的实验效果，进一步发现当活性碳棒＋玻璃珠的体积比为7：3时，苯酚去除率达到最佳76，417％，且当反应进行15min时废水的B／C为0．473，达到可生化范围。     

不同活化法制备的焦化除尘灰基活性炭的性能比较

采用焦化除尘灰为原料,分别用水蒸气和KOH为活化剂制备焦化除尘灰基活性炭,并对所制的活性炭进行碘吸附值、BET比表面积、孔径分布、孔容以及表面形貌测试。实验结果表明,采用KOH活化法制备的活性炭吸附性能强于采用水蒸气活化法制备的活性炭。氢氧化钾活化法制备的活性炭为中孔孔型,BET比表面积达275.51 m2/g。     

ACF催化臭氧化降解苯酚的反应参数影响

研究了活性碳纤维(ACF)催化臭氧化降解苯酚过程中各种参数的影响。结果表明,ACF能够显著提高臭氧化效率,当ACF为1g,反应10min时苯酚的去除率为96.8%,而同样条件下活性炭仅为68%;臭氧化效率在酸性下几乎相同并高于碱性下,而且在碱性下随pH值升高而降低;臭氧化空气流量从0.04m3/h增加到0.16m3/h,反应10min时的效率提高为17%;苯酚初始浓度升高到500mg/L仅使臭氧化效率下降不到10%。重复实验表明臭氧化过程中ACF的催化性能可以得到原位再生。     

KOH活化法制备棉秆基活性炭及其对含苯酚废水的吸附

以农业废弃物棉秆为原料,采用氢氧化钾活化法制备活性炭,并用于吸附含苯酚废水中的苯酚。棉秆基活性炭的最佳制备条件为棉秆先炭化,以KOH溶液为活化剂,KOH与棉秆炭的质量比(物料比)1.5:1,活化温度800 ℃、活化时间70 min,此条件下制备的棉秆活性炭亚甲基蓝的吸附值为342.33 mg/g,碘吸附值为1 368.65 mg/g,其BET比表面积达到了1 735.94 m²/g,总孔容积0.36 cm³/g,平均孔径2.33 nm。将此活性炭用于吸附苯酚,苯酚质量浓度60 mg/L的50 mL废水中,当pH值为7,吸附时间2 h,活性炭投放量为50 mg时,苯酚去除率最高可达98%。对此吸附过程进行动力学分析,结果表明准二级动力学模型能很好的描述此活性炭吸附苯酚的过程。     

Comparative study of support effects in ruthenium catalysts applied for wet air oxidation of aromatic compounds

Catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) reactions of aniline and phenol were conducted over supported ruthenium catalysts. Three support materials were employed: ZrO₂ and graphite, which exhibit medium adsorption capacities for pollutants and present mesopores in their texture, and an activated carbon. This latter has higher adsorption capacity for pollutants because of the large capability of the micropores for contaminant retention from water. The Ru catalysts supported on the activated carbon material showed the higher values of conversion in the oxidation of aniline and of conversion and mineralization in the reaction of phenol. Under our experimental conditions the role of micropores present on the support material seems to be relevant for improving catalytic performances. The incorporation of Ru nanoparticles from different precursors has been also evaluated. Even if the final Ru particle size is a key parameter for the catalytic mineralization, a cooperative effect with the activated carbon support has been established.