石油钻井废弃物微波单模谐振腔处理新工艺

 研究开发了对石油钻井废弃物的微波特殊工艺处理,考察了微波功率、停留时间、物质质量、N2流速以及压强等因素对石油钻井废弃物中所含油分脱除率的影响,探讨了可能的微波加热机理。结果表明,微波输入功率是影响微波处理石油钻井废弃物结果的最重要因素,其次是停留时间和物质质量影响。石油钻井废弃物中所含油分的脱除率在某种程度上与其初始水含量多少相关,水作为很好的微波吸收物质将吸收的能量传递给油。由于废弃物中存在一定的微孔结构,使得一部分水可以被加热成过热水,从而使油在较高的温度下气化,并在载气的作用下被脱除。     

炼油厂水冷器泄漏检测与循环水系统清洗

阐述了炼油厂循环水系统漏油时的查漏方法及处理过程。根据季铵盐“12 2 7”在循环水 (含油 )处理过程中所起的杀菌剥离、增容和絮凝作用 ,提出用“12 2 7”清洗被油品污染的循环水系统。此方法同时也为采用“水中含油对比法”查找水冷设备泄漏点提供了条件。     

Effects of magnesium and potassium sulfates on oil recovery by water flooding

Conventional water flooding has been applied successfully worldwide using sea water and/or formation brine. Two processes are proposed to improve oil recovery by water flooding such as; lowering water salinity as LoSal (300 to 5,000 ppm) and changing concentration of cations and/or anions as designer water.This experimental study investigates combined effects of concentration of magnesium and potassium sulfates with consideration of sodium chloride salinity on oil recovery by water flooding. To achieve the objectives of the study, nine flood experiments were conducted using actual sea water and synthetic water injected through actual sandstone reservoir cores. Three experiments were achieved using actual Egyptian sea waters of Al-Obayied, Balteam and Abo Rudies to investigate the combined effect of magnesium and potassium sulfate concentration on oil recovery. Three experiments were conducted to study the combined effect of Magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride contents on oil recovery. In addition, three other experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of potassium chloride concentrations associated with sodium chloride salinity (higher than the 5000 ppm stated for low salinity process) on oil recovery.The results revealed that sea water of higher content of magnesium sulfate and potassium sulfate increases the oil recovery by water flooding. In addition, the increase of concentration of magnesium sulfate with lower sodium chloride increases the oil recovery by designer water injected containing sodium chloride. It is also concluded that the increase of potassium sulfate increases the oil recovery. The increment in oil recovery by increase of magnesium, and/or potassium sulfate is attributed to wettability alteration to more water-wet, higher pH condition and also to the decrease in sodium chloride associated in the same water injected.The application of the attained results will have real importance in designing the concentration of magnesium and/or potassium concentration of the designer water injected with consideration of sodium chloride salinity of the reservoir.     

气浮净水技术在处理石油污染水中的应用

齐鲁石化公司供排水厂利用气浮净化技术处理石油污染地下水 ,由于油的密度较小 ,且憎水性能好 ,因此用溶气气浮法除油取得了良好的效果 ,油的去除率可达 90 % ,而且具有操作方便和省电等优点     

海上钻井含油钻屑处理技术

使用油基钻井液必然会产生大量含油钻屑。国内外相关法律法规都对海上油田含油钻屑提出了限制排放标准。含油钻屑只有达到排放标准方可排放入海,若达不到排放标准则需运回陆上处理。昂贵的海上运输费用及陆上处理费用,使得国外钻井公司及钻井液公司纷纷研究和开发现场处理含油钻屑新技术。本文较全面地介绍国内外海上含油钻屑处理技术。     

腐植酸对石油污染土壤特性和生物修复效果的影响

为研究腐植酸对石油污染土壤生物修复的影响,考察了不同腐植酸含量对石油污染土壤特性以及在低含水条件下对石油污染土壤土著微生物修复效果的影响,探究了腐植酸在干旱少降水地区修复石油污染土壤的可行性。结果表明,土壤腐植酸质量分数为100 mg/g时有利于调节土壤的C/N质量比,有利于土著微生物对速效磷的利用,土著微生物酶活性比对照土壤样品有显著提高;在低含水率条件下,腐植酸质量分数为100 mg/g土壤样品的30 d石油烃降解率达到277%,而对照土壤样品只有5.9%。      

湄洲湾海洋细菌降解石油烃研究

研究了从湄洲湾海域分离的两个菌株HI和H2对石油的降解作用。实验测定了在5个不同源油初始浓度下的原油降解率,并考察了在原油初始浓度3000mg/l,6d的培养过程中,培养液的OD值及原油降解率的变化。分别以正十一烷,正十六烷,正二十四烷,萘和菲5种纯烃配制成3种混合烃养基,以考察两个菌株对芳烃及烷烃的降解能力。结果表明,两个菌株对烷烃和芳烃都有较高的降解速度和耐油性,但对底物的利用和对含N,P营养盐的要求有显著的不同,H1菌株不需要营养盐,对芳香烃降解特别有效;而H2菌株需要营养盐,对烷烃的降解较为有效。     

海上平台新型撇油罐的改造

通过对新型撇油罐结构、原理及工艺过程的分析,找出了影响撇油罐除油效率的主要原因并进行了改造,改造后效果良好,配合其他污水处理设施,可将外排生产水水中含油量（OIW）降至20mg／L以下,达到了GB4914--2008《海洋石油勘探开发污染物排放浓度限值》中一级海域排放标准,环保效益、社会效益与经济效益显著。     

浅谈崖城气田降压后生产水工艺系统改造

针对崖城气田生产后期气井压力和生产分离器的控制压力下降导致生产水在生产分离器内沉降时间变短使排海生产水中含油质量浓度升高的问题,通过增加1台撇油罐并对工艺系统进行改造,配合现有的污水处理设施,将排海生产水中含油质量浓度降至15 mg/L以下,达到了GB 9414—2008《海洋石油勘探开发污染物排放浓度限值》中的三级海域排放标准,效果较好。     

油水置换式水下储油舱原油输送方式研究

采用油水置换式水下储油舱储存原油有很多优点,但是需要解决水下储油舱与上部平台之间的原油输送问题.介绍了水下储油舱及油水置换工艺,分析了原油注入及输出储油舱时的动力、阻力情况.确定了方式I2、方式O2分别作为原油进入及输出储油舱的方式.以重质油标准和某边际油田的产能为例,研究了原油注入及输出储油舱的阻力△FI与△FO与水深、流速等参数的关系.无论水深多少,对于方式I2,原油必须依靠外力进入水下储油舱;对于方式O2,海水能直接将原油压至上部平台.降低原油流速,减小管路内壁粗糙度,可以降低油水置换过程中的阻力.     

Wettability Restoration of Limestone Cores Using Core Material From the Aqueous Zone

Abstract

In the struggle to mimic the wetting state of a limestone reservoir, strongly water wet preserved cores from the aqueous zone have been used. By exposing the cores to the reservoir crude oil and formation water, the authors tried to mimic core properties from the oil leg. Wettability and oil recovery of restored cores were compared, confirming that both wettability and oil recovery depended on the fluids used in the cleaning process. When the preserved cores from the water zone was cleaned mildly and restored with formation brine and crude oil, they behaved in strongly water-wet way (reference core), while restored oil contaminated cores cleaned by organic solvents acted less water-wet. The water wetness was improved when the oil-contaminated cores were cleaned with hot seawater or hot seawater containing cationic surfactant. The oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition for the reference cores was significantly higher than the restored cores previously exposed to crude oil. In the case of forced displacement, the oil recovery from the water-wet reference core was lower than the same restored core.     

低密度海水水包油钻井液的研制

针对低压油气层和欠平衡钻井,以海水为外相,以生物毒性低、闪点高的矿物油(5#白油)为内相,采用抗温性和乳化能力强的表面活性剂作为乳化剂,研制了抗高温海水水包油钻井液体系,并对其性能进行了评价。试验结果表明,该钻井液具有乳化稳定性强、抗温稳定性好、储层保护效果好等特点,适合于渤海湾地区潜山地层深井钻探。     

新疆油田采出水处理现状综述

克拉玛依各采油厂、重油公司都是老油田,长期注入不达标污水,已经给油田造成巨大伤害,通过应用"油田污水离子调整旋流反应法处理技术"和配套处理工艺,使新疆油田采出水处理技术达到注水水质标准、国家排放标准及回用锅炉水质标准;污水回用或回注,节约了淡水资源,利用了污水热能,降低了稠油开采能耗。本文对新疆油田离子调整旋流反应法污水处理技术应用前后采出水处理现状进行了综述。     

玛湖凹陷风城组页岩油地质工程甜点地震预测方法及应用

为了进一步加快准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下二叠统风城组页岩油勘探开发进程,寻找页岩油赋存的甜点区。在明确地质甜点以岩性为主控因素,工程甜点以脆性指数和水平主应力差为主控因素的基础上,建立了基于叠前同时反演的地质工程甜点地震预测方法。在地质甜点方面,通过岩心、实验、钻井、测井等资料,明确了页岩油甜点优势岩性为白云质粉砂岩,优选出优势岩性敏感弹性参数,利用叠前同时反演和岩相概率分析技术,预测白云质粉砂岩的分布范围;在工程甜点方面,将叠前同时反演获得的杨氏模量和泊松比,通过Rickman脆性指数法和组合弹簧模型分别得到研究区脆性指数体和地应力体。预测结果与钻井实测结果相吻合,证实了地质工程甜点预测的准确性,可供其他地区页岩油气勘探参考。     

安塞油田老化油形成机理及处理技术研究

乳化油是由原油、水、重质烃及固体杂质混合形成,以稳定黏稠的复杂多相形态存在,重质烃及无机杂质长时间、大量富集,导致油、水密度差越来越小,长期放置形成难处理的老化油,常规原油脱水处理工艺和热化学法难以处理达标。本文通过分析老化油形成原因,检测分析其组分,研发专用处理剂配方,同时针对老化油组分差异,采用不同处理工艺,成功解决了老化油处理难题,初步形成了复杂多相乳化油处理工艺技术体系。     

Treatment of contaminated wastewater

The environmental impacts of petroleum are often negative because they are toxic to almost all lifestyles, and there is a possibility of causing climate change. Oil pollution in the air and in the water can be toxic and dangerous to the human body. Preliminary researchers have thoroughly studied and discussed the methods of treatment of oily wastewater. Removing oily wastewater from the oil without damaging the environment is an important problem for the oil industry. The three-phase solid, water, and oil blends can be separated from each other when a continuous oil–water separator system is used. Oil contaminated wastewater is generally treated by gravity sedimentation, coagulation, flotation, coagulation composite flotation, demulsification, membrane separation, flocculation treatment, chemical precipitation, and biological treatment and filtration.     

海上薄油层引流注水开发实践

东海平湖BJT油田由于受平台条件、水处理能力以及储量规模等条件的限制,无法像陆地油田一样通过注水来实现二次开发。为提高仅依靠弹性驱动进行开采的薄油层H4B的油藏采收率,通过邻井侧钻一分支井眼,将上部水层与该油层连通,利用能量充足的上部水体来补给油藏能量,实现层间引流注水。通过生产观察,油藏压力得到补充,油井产量得以有效稳定,且通过低速开采、周期性开关井的生产制度,使得油水层间压力得以平衡,薄油层的采收率得以提高。该开发实例为同类油藏开发提供了重要的借鉴。     

润滑油加氢装置运行末期的生产状况分析

针对润滑油加氢装置运行末期，由于无法掺炼加氢裂化尾油，原料性质发生较大改变，导致加氢裂化精馏塔塔底油氮含量超标、基础油倾点不合格以及加氢裂化反应器内催化剂床层出现热点等问题，采取了提高加氢裂化、异构脱蜡反应温度及采用减二线蜡油等相关措施，使加氢裂化精馏塔塔底油满足异构脱蜡单元对进料氮质量分数不大于2 μg/g、异构脱蜡系统减压塔塔底基础油倾点不高于-15 ℃的指标要求，加氢裂化反应器热点未出现。     

MANAGEMENT OF OIL SANDS TAILINGS

In Alberta, oil sands bitumen is utilized for synthetic crude oil (SCO) production by surface mining, bitumen extraction followed by primary (coking) and secondary (catalytic hydrotreating) upgrading processes. SCO is further refined in specially designed or slightly modified conventional refineries into transportation fuels. Oil sands tailings, composed of water, sands, silt, clay and residual bitumen, is produced as a byproduct of the bitumen extraction process. The tailings have poor consolidation and water release characteristics. For twenty years, significant research has been performed to improve the consolidation and water release characteristics of the tailings. Several processes were developed for the management of oil sands tailings, resulting in different recovered water characteristics, consolidation rates and consolidated solid characteristics. These processes may affect the performance of the overall plant operations. Apex Engineering Inc. (AEI) has been developing a process for the same purpose. In this process oil sands tailings are treated with Ca(OH)₂ lime and CO₂ and thickened using a suitable thickener. The combination of chemical treatment and the use of a thickener results in the release of process water in short retention times without accumulation of any ions in the recovered water. This makes it possible to recycle the recovered water, probably after a chemical treatment, as warm as possible, which improves the thermal efficiency of the extraction process. The AEI Process can be applied in many different fashions for the management of different fractions of the tailings effluent, depending on the overall plant operating priorities.     

二氧化碳埋存与提高采收率的关系

二氧化碳排放引发的环境问题引起国际社会的广泛关注.埋存主要选择的是枯竭的油气藏、深部的盐水储层、不能开采的煤层和深海埋存等方式.二氧化碳既可提高采收率又能实现埋存是石油企业追求的目标.二氧化碳驱油分为混相驱和非混相驱.二氧化碳注入方式分为水与气交替和重力稳定注入的方法.欧盟混相驱最大提高采收率为9%,最小提高采收率为4%.北海油田使用2.475t二氧化碳可提高1t原油产量.重力稳定非混相驱油最大提高采收率为18%,最小为10%.通过对二氧化碳提高采收率与埋存的研究,必将为环境保护和油气资源的高效开发和可持续发展提供理论及实践依据.