The influence of VTES on the hydration process of C3S

This paper investigated the hydration process of tricalcium silicate (C₃S) in which a small amount of vinyltriethoxysilane (VTES) was added by using the techniques of ¹H NMR, ²⁹Si MAS-NMR and XRD. In comparison with the hydration process of C₃S without adding any additives, not only the average molecular weight of hydrated calcium silicate in C₃S paste, but also the ordering of the silicon nuclei in it increased. This indicates that the VTES has joined effectively into the real hydration process of C₃S. These results imply some possible reasons why the intrinsic properties of low porosity hardened cement paste (HCP) in which a small amount of VTES was added could be improved. Besides, it has been found that in early stage hydration of C₃S with or without VTES, Ca(OH)₂ crystal in the paste appears earlier than Q₁ which shows that in the first several hours of hydration, there only exists Si(OH)₄ and other basic salts and no dimer and polymer of silicate anion when Ca(OH)₂ crystal begins to form.     

On the origin of portland cement setting

On 16 cement pastes made from cements of different clinker composition and containing different amounts and forms of calcium sulfate the composition was determined at the beginning and end of setting. It appears that in cements of “normal” composition the setting is associated mainly with the hydration of C₃S and formation of CSH. The formation of ettringite plays a significant role only in cements with exeptionally high C₃A contents. A recrystallization of fine ettringite into well developed crystals at the time of setting could not be confirmed in pastes with w/c of at least up to 0.50.     

Evidence of calcium silicoaluminates in hydrated mixtures of tricalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate

Calcium monosilicoaluminate C₃A·CaSiO₃·12 H₂O and calcium trisilicoaluminate C₃A·3 CaSiO₃·31 H₂O have been identified in pastes of C₃S + C₃A. Electron probe microanalysis and scanning electron microscopy with energy X-ray dispersive analysis show that silicoaluminates are both formed around C₃A grains by diffusion of silicate ions from C₃S grains through solution. In samples containing gypsum, these silicate ions diffuse through the sulfoaluminate zone.     

碱性和无碱液体速凝剂促凝早强作用机理对比研究

碱性和无碱速凝剂掺入水泥后的水化机理不同,导致应用性能存在明显差异。本文通过测试凝结时间和砂浆抗压强度等宏观性能对比了两种速凝剂的应用性能,并通过水化放热分析、XRD定量分析、热重分析和SEM微观形貌观察等微观方法综合分析了两者的早期水化历程。结果表明:碱性速凝剂加入水泥后,[Al(OH)₄]^-加快了水泥中石膏的消耗速度,水化初期生成大量钙矾石(AFt),促进了硅酸三钙(C₃S)矿物的水化,缩短了水泥浆体的凝结时间并提高了砂浆的早期抗压强度,但石膏的加速消耗也使得单硫型水化硫铝酸钙(AFm)和水化铝酸钙(C-A-H)等水化产物提前生成,影响了水泥基材料的后期抗压强度发展;无碱速凝剂加入水泥后,[Al(OH)₄]^-和SO^2-₄在液相中生成了大量AFt,促进了铝酸三钙(C₃A)和C₃S矿物的水化,影响了氢氧化钙(CH)的结晶析出。值得注意的是,SO^2-₄不仅促进了C₃A生成AFt的过程,也延缓了水泥中石膏的消耗及AFm和C-A-H等产物的生成,因此无碱速凝剂的加入除了明显提高早期抗压强度外,后期28 d抗压强度也不受影响。     

Hydration reactions in pastes C3S+C3A+CaSO4.2aq+H2O at 25°C.I

A characteristic retardation of the hydration of C₃A is found in pastes C₃S+C₃A+CaSO₄.2aq+H₂O of weight ratios 1:3:z:4 at certain values of z, when sulphate concentration becomes insufficient for monosulphate formation. This retardation is ascribed to precipitation of amorphous Al(OH)₃, when C₃A dissolves in a limited amount of the aqueous phase shielded from the rest by C₄AH₁₃ or C₄AH₁₉. Evidence for the conversion of C₃AH₆ into C₄AH_n in supersaturated Ca(OH)₂ solution is found.     

CCUS环境下水泥单矿C3S的CO2腐蚀动力学研究

在碳捕集、利用和封存(CCUS)井下,油井水泥因长期受井下高温、高压和高酸性流体的作用会遭受碳化腐蚀导致水泥环失效。为了模拟CO₂地质封存井下碳化腐蚀环境,本文将油井水泥的主要单相矿物硅酸三钙(C₃S)置于不同温度(30 ℃、60 ℃、90 ℃),并密封在8.0 MPa的气相或液相的CO₂碳化环境下,采用XRD和TGA相结合的分析方法,分析水泥单矿C₃S受CO₂腐蚀环境的影响规律。根据非稳态Fick扩散的渗透理论模型,建立腐蚀产物定量分析结果与腐蚀龄期的数学模型,拟合得到C₃S受CO₂腐蚀后的产物生成系数,以此评价不同CO₂腐蚀因素对C₃S的影响程度。结果表明:在CO₂气相环境中,温度升高将显著加剧对C₃S的腐蚀且产生溶蚀现象;而在CO₂液相环境下,高温(90 ℃)使C₃S水化反应加剧并形成阻滞层,降低CO₂对C₃S的腐蚀速率。     

C-S-H纳米晶核对矿物掺合料复合胶凝材料水化性能的影响研究

水泥中掺入大量矿物掺合料易造成其早期强度低、施工周期长等问题。本文研究了C-S-H晶核对含矿物掺合料的复合胶凝材料体系水化性能的影响规律;通过热力学计算阐述了C-S-H晶核降低水化产物成核势垒的机理,并通过离子溶出与沉积探讨大掺量矿物掺合料胶凝体系水化机理。结果表明:矿物掺合料复合胶凝材料体系水化能力较弱,这是由于Ca²⁺溶出受到制约,C₃S的水化反应缓慢;当加入晶核后,水泥中硅酸盐相溶解-结晶能力得到大幅提升,使得矿物掺合料水泥体系的水化反应活性接近纯水泥体系。研究表明,C-S-H晶核可解决大掺量矿物掺合料胶凝体系所带来的水化能力严重不足问题。     

Structural Properties of Calcium Silicate Pastes: I, Effect of the Hydrating Compound

The chemical and physical properties of C₃S, β-C₂S, a C₃S/C₂S blend, and portland cement pastes cured at 25°C were investigated. The H₂O specific surface areas of the calcium silicate samples follow a common linear relation when plotted against a CIS ratio. The β-C₂S had higher capillary porosity and N2 surface area, resulting from increased mesopore volume at the expense of micropores. All calcium silicate pastes had similar polysilicate content vs time curves, indicating an aging process which is not sensitive to the starting composition of the hydrating calcium silicate. The polysilicate content of portland cement was much lower than that of the corresponding calcium silicate pastes. Strength-capillary porosity relations for the various systems are discussed.     

水泥矿物体系诱导期的水化进程及机理的研究进展

硅酸三钙(C₃S)体系及铝酸三钙-二水石膏(C₃A-CH₂) 体系作为主要的硅酸盐水泥矿物相,对水泥新拌阶段及后续性能发展阶段有尤为重要的影响。而水泥在诱导期内的水化进程很大程度上决定了其后续性能的发展。鉴于此,本文回顾了水泥水化的热力学原理,重点综述了目前关于水泥水化诱导期开始及结束时作为主要矿物体系的C₃S体系和C₃A-CH₂体系的水化进程及机理的研究进展,以及不同矿物体系诱导期的成因。但限于目前的研究手段,对于水泥水化诱导期内各种矿物体系的相互作用和相互影响仍未完全厘清,还需要进一步的探索。     

The Pore Structure of Hydrated Cementitious Compounds of Different Chemical Composition

The pore structure ofβ-C₂S, C₃S, and portland cement pastes was investigated using mercury porosimetry and H₂O and N₂ adsorption. The β-C₂S had more total macro- and mesoporosities than C₃S and portland cement pastes of a similar degree of hydration. C₃S and portland cement pastes had similar total porosities but differed in the porosity size distribution. In the mesopore range, the various test methods gave different results. These differences are discussed on the basis of the various models proposed for cement paste. It is shown that shrinkage could be correlated with the volume of pores <0.03 μm, but not with total porosity.     

硫硅酸钙-硫铝酸盐水泥研究进展

硫铝酸盐水泥具有煅烧温度低、CO₂排放少、快硬早强以及抗冻抗渗等优良特性,在建材、固废领域具有广阔的应用前景,并衍生出贝利特-硫铝酸钙、贝利特-硫铝酸钡钙等一系列硫铝酸盐水泥。然而,硫铝酸盐水泥主要矿物成分贝利特(β-C₂S)具有水化活性低、水化速度慢的缺点,易导致水泥后期强度增长缓慢。硫硅酸钙(C₅S₂$\bar{\text{S}}$)曾被认为是一种“惰性”矿物,但在硫铝酸盐体系下可表现出比β-C₂S更强的水化活性,因此硫硅酸钙-硫铝酸盐水泥(TSAC)的研究具有重要意义。本文从C₅S₂$\bar{\text{S}}$矿物的形成和水化、TSAC的制备和性能等方面,综述了C₅S₂$\bar{\text{S}}$和TSAC的研究现状,并提出了TSAC需进一步研究和解决的问题,如固废原料探寻、TSAC性能调控以及TSAC熟料矿物组成优化等,以期为新型低碳水泥的研究和应用提供积极有利的参考和支持。     

不同温度下矿渣对铝酸盐水泥早期水化行为的影响

通过凝结时间、抗压强度、电阻率、浆体内部温度测试和水化产物分析,研究了20 ℃、35 ℃和50 ℃下矿渣(GGBFS)对铝酸盐水泥(CAC)早期水化行为的影响。结果表明,掺入矿渣会逐渐减小CAC 72 h的化学收缩,降低化学收缩速率峰值。20 ℃时,电阻率变化曲线出现了明显的晶相转变期,化学收缩曲线存在明显的诱导期; 35 ℃时,凝结时间延长,掺入矿渣抑制了电阻率的发展;50 ℃时,电阻率在接近24 h时显著降低,凝结时间显著缩短,掺入矿渣缓解了24 h电阻率的减小。矿渣-铝酸盐水泥体系的水化产物和抗压强度受养护温度的影响较大。20 ℃时,掺入40%(质量分数)矿渣减少了CAH₁₀的生成量,降低了硬化浆体的强度;35 ℃和50 ℃时,1 d水化产物主要为C₂AH₈和少量C₃AH₆,掺入矿渣延缓了强度的倒缩。在28 d龄期时,不同养护温度下掺入矿渣均能促进C₂ASH₈的生成。     

Composition of Solutions in Contact with Hydrating β-Dicalcium Silicate

The concentration of ionic species in the solution in contact with hydrating dicalcium silicate (C₂S) has been studied as a function of time and in the presence of admixtures. The ionic product for calcium hydroxide increases quite slowly and saturation levels are not greatly exceeded at any time. Small quantities of C₃S control the ionic concentrations and cause considerable super-saturation with respect to calcium hydroxide. The implications of the present data with respect to C₂S hydration are discussed.     

The influence of CaCl2 on the crystallization of calcium silicates in autoclave hydration of C3S

The influence of CaCl₂ on the autoclave hydration C₃S (5 hours at 190°C) after different precuring times (0–16 hours) at room temperature has been studied. The addition of calcium chloride retards the autoclave hydration of C₃S and prevents completely the formation of the crystalline hydrated silicates (-C₂SH and C₃SH_1.5). This result has been compared with that observed in the ball-mill hydration of C₃S in the presence of CaCl₂, i.e., the complete absence of crystalline afwillite.

Abstract

On a étudié l'influence du CaCl₂ sur l'hydratation en autoclave du C₃S (5 heures à 190°C) après différents temps de conservation (0–16 heures à température ambiante. L'addition de chlorure de calcium retarde l'hydratation en autoclave du C₃S et empêche complétement la formation des silicates cristallins hydratés -C₂SH et C₃SH_1.5. Ce résultat a été comparé avec le phenomene observé en étudiant l'hydration du C₃S dans un moulin à boulets en presence de CaCl₂, c'est à dire la disparition complète du composé crystallin afwillite.     

Models for the composition and structure of calcium silicate hydrate (C---S---H) gel in hardened tricalcium silicate pastes

Models for the structure of C---S---H gels occuring in hardened C₃S cement pastes are considered and compared to some examples in which composition and silicate anion structure have been investigated experimentally.     

Crystal lattice defects in di-calcium silicate

It is well documented that the impurity content of C₂S has a marked effect on its hydration properties. It is also a fact that pure C₂S at room temperature exists in a crystal configuration, γ, which is completely different from the clinker C₂S. Incorporation of impurity ions into pure C₂S inhibits the β → γ transition on cooling, even at impurity levels as low as 0.1%. Currently, there is no fully accepted model for the mechanism of the stabilization of the β phase over the γ phase by impurities. The presence of these trace impurities naturally raises the question of the location and role of the impurities in producing this marked stabilizing effect. A quantitative solution to this problem requires that the lattice defect disorder of C₂S be defined and related to the phase stabilization properties of the impurities. Definition of crystal defect disorder can be achieved through detailed measurements of the electrical conductance of the solid with the data being interpreted in terms of solid state physics. Data for the electrical conductance of pure and “intentionally” impure (doped) C₂S over the temperature range 300 to 1100°C is presented. These data are interpreted in terms of crystal defects, their formation, location and kinetics. Models are presented to account for the stabilizing action of impurity ions within the crystal lattice of C₂S.     

冷却方式对熟料矿物及C3S晶型的影响

C₃S矿物是熟料的主要成分,是水泥熟料强度的主要提供者,熟料的强度不仅受C₃S含量影响,与C₃S晶型也直接相关。为研究冷却方式式对熟料矿物成分和晶型结构的影响,将不同水泥厂工业生料经制样烘干后在1 450 ℃下煅烧保温30 min,采用液氮淬冷、空气快冷和随炉慢冷的方式制备熟料。通过TG-DSC、XRD、Rietveld全谱拟合、岩相分析等对熟料矿物组成、含量、晶型、形貌以及固溶情况进行分析。结果表明:冷却速度加快,熟料中C₃S含量提高,β-C₂S、C₃A及C₄AF含量降低,铝率较大生料的冷却速度对C₃S、C₃A含量影响更显著;冷却方式不同,C₃S晶型不同,液氮冷却和空气冷却时C₃S多为M1或M3型,随炉冷却时C₃S多为T型,冷却速度减慢使C₃S晶型从M型向T型转变。     

钢渣粉对硫铝酸盐水泥水化过程的影响及热力学模拟

通过测试水泥浆体的凝结时间、抗压强度、电阻率,同时结合水化产物分析及热力学模拟,研究了不同掺量钢渣粉对硫铝酸盐水泥水化行为的影响规律。结果表明,随着钢渣粉质量掺量的增大,初凝时间呈先延长后缩短的趋势,且在掺量为20%时达到最大值。在28 d龄期内,掺入钢渣粉的水泥硬化浆体抗压强度均小于未掺入钢渣粉的硬化浆体,但在龄期达到60 d和90 d时,掺入40%钢渣粉试样的抗压强度均大于未掺入钢渣粉的试样。钢渣粉与硫铝酸盐水泥复合浆体的电阻率在水化初始阶段随着钢渣粉掺量的增大而增大,在水化后期(约3 h后)则随钢渣粉掺量的增大而减小。在1 d龄期内,钢渣粉掺量为40%的试样中的钢渣粉发生了水化反应,使得水泥浆体在减速期的水化速率最大。由热力学模拟结果可知:在钢渣粉掺量为40%的试样中,C₂S在10 h后开始进行水化反应,C₂ASH₈则在168 h后开始生成;当钢渣掺量大于15%时,随着钢渣粉掺量的增大,钙矾石和铝胶的生成量逐渐减少,C₂ASH₈的生成量逐渐增多。     

The rate of calcium hydroxide precipitation measured by electrical conductance

The rates of calcium hydroxide precipitation from supersaturated solutions were measured. The times of onset of precipitation were shorter for the solutions seeded with Ca(OH)₂ or with C---S---H, than for unseeded solutions. Calorimetric measurements indicated the presence of solid Ca(OH)₂ added at the time of mixing to be ineffective in promoting the onset of the acceleratory period of C₃S hydration. This suggests that Ca(OH)₂ precipitation is not the principal factor which determines the end of the induction period in C₃S hudration.     

The hydration of Portland cement,C3S and C2S in the presence of a calcium complexing admixture (EDTA)

The effect of EDTA, a calcium chelating agent, on the early hydration of Portland cement, C₃Sand β-C₂S has been studied by solution analysis and electron microscopy. EDTA is a retarded of cement hydration. Under normal conditions of hydration, the silica levels in solution are very low (<0.05 M) but in the presence of EDTA an initial flush of silica appears in the bulk aqueous phase. On continued hydration, following the saturation of EDTA with calcium, the appearance of ‘free’ calcium causes precipitation of C-S-H gel from the bulk solution and changes in microstructure of the colloidal gel around clinker particles in C₃S and β-C₂S pastes are observed. The action of EDTA as a retarding admixture is explained in terms of the membrane model of cement hydration.