柔性多状态开关新型复合控制策略

分布式电源的大量接入和电动汽车的快速普及成为现今配电网面临的双重挑战,同时当前配电网普遍存在闭环设计、开环运行的现象,导致配电网内馈线功率失衡现象严重。为解决上述问题,文中研究了用于配电网馈线互联的柔性多状态开关控制技术。基于柔性多状态开关接入方式和拓扑分析,分析了柔性多状态开关与两侧馈线进行功率交换的原理。然后提出了一种新型复合控制策略,直流母线电压由所有变流器共同控制,能够实现装置同时独立进行有功潮流调节和无功补偿两种功能。搭建了仿真模型和原理样机实验平台,进行了配电网两条馈线潮流控制和无功补偿功能验证。仿真和实验结果显示,所提出的控制策略有效可行。     

含异构分布式电源的微电网无功功率分散分层控制策略

无功功率—电压下垂与电压—无功功率下垂是多逆变器孤岛微网系统中两种典型的分布式电源无功控制方式。针对含异构分布式电源的微电网,提出了无功功率的分散分层控制策略:①通过改进空载电压,能够在阻抗不匹配的情况下实现无功功率的合理分配,并将公共连接点(PCC)电压恢复至额定值;②基于不同时间尺度搭建分层结构,能够满足微网静态和动态性能的需求;③摆脱传统控制中通信的制约,实现分布式电源即插即用效果。最后,小信号分析、时域仿真以及RT-LAB硬件在环仿真实验验证了控制策略的可行性和有效性。     

Fuzzy adaptive leader‐following consensus of second‐order multiagent systems with imprecise communication topology structure

The consensus problem of second‐order nonlinear multiagent systems (MAS) with imprecise communication topology structure is addressed in this paper. Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy models are presented to describe the leader‐following MAS with imprecise communication topology structure. By designing the distributed adaptive controller, an efficient framework is proposed for the consensus control of the MAS with both uncertain parameters and input disturbances. Under the conditions that the communication topology is fuzzy union connected and the dynamics of the leader agent is unknown to any agent of followers, the proposed protocol can guarantee that the consensus errors asymptotically approach zeros. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is extended to solve the formation control problem. Sufficient conditions are given for the consensus and formation problems of the MAS based on the Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, a numerical example and multiple pendulum systems are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control protocols.     

Flexible Virtual Synchronous Generator Control for Distributed Generator with Adaptive Inertia

Distributed generators using power electronic converter interface have no inherent inertial response similar to that from the rotating mass of conventional synchronous generators. Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) emulates the behavior of the synchronous generator including system inertia to improve system dynamic performance. Unlike a real synchronous generator, using VSG with proper design, the equivalent inertia of the distributed generator can be controlled in a wider range. In this paper, a flexible virtual synchronous generator (FVSG) control strategy is proposed, with adaptive inertia contributing to a fast and smooth inertial response. The frequency change rate is designed as an adaptive inertia coefficient to flexibly accommodate system inertia with frequency fluctuation rate. Compared with the conventional VSG control, based on fixed inertia coefficient, both inertia support and oscillation suppression are achieved in the proposed control scheme. Moreover, the principles of control parameters design are analyzed in details. Thus, the dynamic response of the system frequency can be substantially improved by the FVSG. Both Matlab/Simulink simulations and prototype tests are implemented to validate the proposed FVSG control strategy on improving system dynamic frequency performance.     

孤岛微电网分布式电压不平衡补偿控制策略

针对不平衡负载、故障等引起的微电网公共连接点电压不平衡问题,提出了一种基于多代理系统的分布式协调电压不平衡补偿控制策略。将微电网各分布式电源等效为多代理系统中的代理,利用领导节点产生只有少数代理能够接收的补偿信号参考,公共连接点电压不平衡补偿等效为各代理节点向领导节点同步的追踪同步问题。利用线性状态反馈设计了分布式控制率。该控制策略基于一个单向通信的有向通信网络,各代理只需处理本地及相邻代理信息。该控制策略避免了对集中控制器的依赖,提高了系统的可靠性。利用一个微电网测试系统对所提控制策略进行了验证,仿真结果表明所提控制策略能够有效抑制公共连接点电压不平衡度。     

Nonlinear single-loop control of the parallel converters for a fuel cell power source used in DC grid applications

This paper presents an innovative control law for a multiphase interleaved converter in the distribution of power supply in fuel cell (FC) generators. Traditionally, to control the DC output power, voltage, or current in a converter, a linear multiple-loop feedback control technique is used. The nonlinear multiple-loop feedback control approach offers several techniques that help to improve the system response. In this paper, an alternative nonlinear single-loop feedback control scheme is proposed. This scheme is based on the differential flatness concept, which provides a solution to achieve the preferred response using a less sophisticated algorithm. To validate the proposed technique, a prototype of a FC power converter (a 600-W two-phase interleaved boost DC–DC converter) was constructed in the laboratory, and the control algorithm was implemented to control the prototype using a dSPACE 1104 controller card. The control scheme exhibited excellent experimental results for use with a 1.2-kW Nexa Ballard polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) regarding the steady state and dynamic responses as well as the control robustness.     

联网运行下微型电网电压自愈控制方法

传统联网运行下微型电网电压自愈控制方法使用电流差动保护措施,无法远程控制馈线开关,不能快速实现电压自愈。提出一种新的自愈控制方法,将MAS分布式控制系统引入联网运行下微型电网电压自愈控制中,通过双层MAS结构中下层各Agent将微型电网运行情况及故障信息反馈到上层微型电网Agent后,制定最终自愈控制方案,并下达命令进行优化自愈恢复;通过各Agent间协作快速定位电网故障和进行电压自愈控制,其中故障定位时,Agent基于改进差动电流判断故障发生依据和支路故障判断依据,实现故障定位分析;电压自愈控制时采用启发式搜索方法形成供电恢复路径,各个联络开关处Agent发送恢复命令至故障末端分段开关处Agent,并通知本地Agent开挂合闸,实现微型电网电压自愈。通过实验表明,该自愈控制方法故障定位精准,自愈恢复耗时仅为0.27 s,自愈控制性能佳。     

A Voltage Control Method for a Distributed Line Feeder by means of Multiagent Approach

This paper proposes a method for the coordinated control of power factor by means of a multiagent approach. The proposed multiagent system consists of two types of agent: single feeder agent (F_AG) and bus agent (B_AG). In the proposed system, an F_AG plays as an important role, which decides the power factors of all distributed generators by executing the load flow calculations repeatedly. The voltage control strategies are implemented as the class definition of Java into the system. In order to verify the performance of the proposed method, it has been applied to a typical distribution model system. The simulation results show that the system is able to control very violent fluctuation of the demands and the photovoltaic (PV) generations.     

含逆变型分布式电源配电网自适应电流速断保护方案

近年来,针对含有逆变型分布式电源(IIDG)的配电网保护受到广泛关注。然而,现有的基于远方信息或就地信息的保护原理都存在着一定的局限性,尤其是IIDG以T形接入方式接于线路上的情况。为此,文中首先研究了IIDG的控制策略及其故障电流输出特性,进而提出了计及控制策略的含IIDG配电网自适应电流速断保护新原理;其次,提出了利用基于IEC 61850通信协议中的制造报文规范(MMS)服务获取IIDG的功率参考值和控制参数的保护实现方案,以较小的经济代价确保自适应电流速断保护在不同的分布式电源出力条件下具有固定的保护范围;最后,基于实时数字仿真(RTDS)和自主研发的保护装置平台,实现并验证了所提保护方案的有效性。     

含分布式电源的智能配电网保护控制方案

分布式电源(DR)在配电网中的高度渗透,使传统的配网保护与控制面临极大的困难,对此提出了一种基于高级馈线终端单元(Advanced Feeder Terminal Unit,AFTU)的保护控制技术。根据DR容量和负荷大小,预先将含DR的配电网络划分为若干能孤岛运行的区域。在馈线出口、DR接入位置以及区域边界处装设断路器和AFTU,AFTU之间通过光纤网络互联。各AFTU实时检测本地信息,并与相邻的AFTU进行信息交互。根据本地及临近的信息,可快速定位故障区段,实现故障的隔离及孤岛运行。利用相关的信息,设计了重合闸和孤岛再并网控制策略。案例分析说明了所提分布式保护控制方案的可行性。     

计及逆变型分布式电源控制特性的配电网故障分析方法

随着分布式电源(DG)的大量接入,DG的故障穿越行为对配电网的故障特性影响很大。而传统的等值模型均未计及DG的控制策略,从而造成含DG的配电网故障分析存在不可忽略的局限性。为此,文中在系统分析DG控制策略和动作行为的基础上,建立了计及控制策略的逆变器并网方式下DG压控电流源等值模型,更加真实地体现出DG故障电流的输出特性。在此基础上,通过建立故障前后电网支路电流和节点电压关系方程,推导出故障穿越时DG输出电流与公共连接点电压的求解方程组,从而建立故障精确分析方法。最后,基于DIgSILENT建立含DG的10kV配电网仿真模型,验证了所述方法的正确性和有效性。     

含分布式电源的配电网多代理故障自恢复系统

提出一种完全分布式的多代理系统(multi-agent system,MAS),来实现包含分布式电源配电网的故障自恢复功能。该MAS由母线代理组成,每一个母线代理(bus agents,BA)都具备独立引导供电恢复的能力,通过BA之间的通讯与协作来完成供电恢复任务。为保障BA间通讯的有效进行,制定了深度优先通讯机制,该通讯机制与深度优先搜索类似。该MAS不仅能处理单一故障的情况,而且能处理连锁故障的极端情况。采用Java语言和多代理开发框架设计MAS。通过典型的故障算例验证了该MAS的有效性。     

Fault analysis on distribution feeders with distributed generators

This paper shows that the current an inverter interfaced distributed generator (IIDG) contributes to a fault varies considerably, due mainly to fast response of its controller. This paper proposes a method to extend the conventional fault analysis methods so that IIDG contribution can be estimated in the fault analysis. The proposed method gives rms profiles of the fault currents of interest (IIDG contribution and the fault currents the protective device will see). Test results, based on a prototype feeder, show that the proposed approach can estimate the fault current's contributions under both balanced and unbalanced fault conditions.     

Online Droop Tuning of a Multi-DG Microgrid Using Cuckoo Search Algorithm

This article presents an intelligent strategy to achieve appropriate real power sharing among distributed generators in a microgrid. The presented strategy employs two droop-based control methods and automatically adjusts their parameters. The first method is unit power control, which has specifications similar to the conventional droop method, and the second is feeder flow control, showing significant characteristics in both grid-connected and islanded modes operation of a microgrid. A combination of unit power control and feeder flow control methods is used for a multi-distributed generator microgrid. The microgrid operation mode passes from the grid-connected to the islanded through a transition. A new evolutionary algorithm called cuckoo search is employed to coordinate the power management of distributed generators within an on-line droop tuning. In comparison to the predecessor evolutionary algorithms, the cuckoo search algorithm represents more effective random processes with fewer parameters. Using the proposed control strategy, while the distributed generators contribute to load demand provision based on their rated powers, their powers are optimized in terms of overshoot and settling time. Digital time-domain simulation studies are carried out in the MATLAB/SIMULINK (The MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA) environment to verify the performance of the proposed control system.     

基于分布式模型预测控制的含分布式储能有源配电网动态电压控制

针对大规模分布式电源(distributed generator, DG)接入配电网造成的电压越限问题,提出一种基于分布式模型预测控制(distributed model predictive control, DMPC)的含分布式储能有源配电网动态电压控制方法,协调配电网中大量分布式光伏(Photovoltaic, PV)、储能(energy storage, ES)等可调资源,实现电压越限的快速动态恢复。首先,通过分析分布式光伏、储能等可控资源不同的动态过程以及配电网的电压灵敏度模型,建立计及分布式电源动态过程的配电网整体控制模型;考虑到配电系统整体规模大、控制设备多,为避免对通信可靠性要求过高,通过ε分解法将整体配电网模型分解为若干子网络,降低系统的耦合关系。其次,考虑各分布式光伏、储能的有功和无功功率出力约束以及容量限制,进行含约束的分布式模型预测控制设计,并转化为二次约束二次规划(quadratically constrained quadratic program, QCQP)问题优化求解控制指令,实现配电网电压越限的快速动态恢复。最后,通过基于IEEE-33节点配电网的仿真验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于LMMHD波浪能发电机特性的高效实时输出功率控制系统

针对目前液态金属磁流体(LMMHD)波浪能发电机输出功率控制系统响应慢、精度差、变换效率低、低压下不能可靠换向的问题,在LMMHD波浪能发电机输出特性分析的基础上,提出一种通过实时调节LMMHD发电机等效负载来控制发电机输出功率的控制策略,该控制策略快速准确且多模块并联时不存在并联均流问题。通过对考虑寄生参数影响的主电路效率的理论分析,得到了所提输出功率控制策略下主电路效率的变化规律,进而提出了多模块并联的方案,提高了系统效率,降低了单模块的设计难度。并提出了一种滚动时域判断和双模块独立驱动的换向驱动方法,在实现低压下可靠换向的同时避免了电流从体二极管流通,降低了导通损耗。仿真和样机实验结果验证了所提策略的有效性。     

Control Scheme for Distributed Generator ProvidingNetwork Voltage Support

The distributed generator over the last 30years has posed several challenges when they are connected to a distributed network.The most immediate problem is to change the voltage at the connection point depending on the power supplied to the network and may cause it to exceed statutory limits.This paper describes a new control scheme for a distributed generator for supporting the voltage control in the network,thus ensuring the distributed generator to contribute to network voltage management.The scheme performance is demonstrated by a model for a distributed generator connected to a distribution network.The result shows that using the new control scheme,the distribution network voltage constraints are maintained while maximizing the active power delivered by distributed generators.     

A d-axis based current differential protection scheme for an active distribution network

The emergence of distributed generators has changed the operational mode and fault characteristics of the distribu tion network, in a way which can severely influence protection. This paper proposes a d-axis-based current differential protection scheme. The d-axis current characteristics of inverter-interfaced distributed generators and synchronous generators are analyzed. The differential protection criterion using sampling values of the d-axis current component is then constructed. Compared to conventional phase-based current differential protection, the proposed protection reduces the number of required communication channels, and is suitable for distribution networks with inverter interfaced distributed generators with complex fault characteristics. Finally, a 10 kV active distribution network model is built in the PSCAD platform and protection prototypes are developed in RTDS. Superior sensitivity and fast speed are verified by simulation and RTDS-based tests.     

基于IEC 61850的主动配电网故障自恢复多代理系统

鉴于分布式能源(DER)在电力系统中的渗透率不断上升,可孤岛运行的DER对配电网馈线故障及恢复供电有新的影响,为此提出一种基于IEC 61850的主动配电网(ADN)故障自恢复多代理系统(MAS)。该MAS由部署在馈线分段开关上的领导代理和馈线其他元件上的成员代理组成。重点基于IEC 61850的信息模型研究了自治区域代理之间的功能布局和通信流程,故障区域通过代理之间的通信与协商完成故障定位、隔离和供电恢复。MAS考虑了ADN架构和各区域负荷供电特性,并顾及与IEC 61850在ADN中的兼容性和适用性。仿真结果表明所提MAS满足ADN中各设备之间的互操作性和可配置性,确保ADN供电恢复的可靠性和安全性。     

Dynamic fault location method for distribution networks with distributed generation

This paper presents a new analytical time-based fault location algorithm for radial distribution networks with synchronous generators used for distributed generation (DG). The algorithm uses the voltage and current samples recorded at the main feeder head along with the scheduled injected active and reactive powers by the network synchronous generators to estimate the fault location. A full order synchronous machine model has been used to consider dynamic behaviour of the DG plants during fault transients. The algorithm, therefore, uses time domain analysis and is dynamic in the sense that it uses the updated synchronous machines and network data at each time step. The algorithm is implemented in two sequential steps. In the initialisation step, by using the measured pre-fault voltage at the main feeder head and scheduled power injections by the DG plants, a pre-fault load flow calculation is performed to evaluate different parameters of the synchronous generators, initial values of the network node voltages, line section currents, loads and capacitive charging currents. In the second step, the numerical fault location algorithm is performed by moving the data window from the pre-fault to a post-fault cycle. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm has been validated by several simulated fault studies carried out on a 205-node 20 kV practical radial distribution feeder. The results have shown remarkable accuracy in fault location when considering only the current and voltage measurements at the main feeder head have been used.