Noise in phosphorus-implanted buried channel MOS transistors

Noise measurements on phosphorus-implanted buried channel MOS transistors are reported. The data are interpreted as two superimposed generation-recombination (g – r) spectra with different time constants plus a white spectrum due to thermal-like noise of the conducting channel.     

Phase Locking of 2-mm Wave Sources Upon High-Order IMPATT Multipliers

We describe experiments resulting in the phase locking of two electrically tunable 2-mm wave sources based on active high-order IMPATT multipliers. Phase locking modes were tested on a pair of identical multiplying sources (master and slave) with the tuning ranges 138.5+/?1.5 GHz (master) and 140.0+/? GHz (slave). The phase lock loop (PLL) system is used to lock the slave source to the master source. The multipliers of this type can translate the spectra of highly stable centimeter-wave oscillators to any part of the millimeter range with the output power 100÷20 mW over the 30 to 140 GHz range without additional amplification. The phase locked sources operate over a 3% frequency band with low phase noise and rapid frequency tuning. The amplitude-frequency characteristics of the sources are presented with the locking-mode signal spectra.     

Noise characteristics of high-power doped-fibre superluminescent sources

Measurement of the noise characteristics of a superluminescent erbium-doped silica fibre source shows a noise component in addition to shot noise, which prevents the SNR of the source output increasing beyond a fixed value. The additional noise component can be attributed to excess photon noise previously identified with light from thermal sources, and will be present in all broadband sources emitting above a certain power.<>     

Linewidth measurements of MEMS-based tunable lasers for phase-locking applications

We have used two techniques - the beat spectrum method and the frequency noise spectrum method - to measure linewidths of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based tunable external cavity lasers (ECLs) in the C-band (1527-1567 nm). The two techniques yield similar results, but the latter is able to measure narrow linewidths more accurately in the presence of frequency jitter. The MEMS-based ECL linewidths are found to be inversely proportional to output powers over a wide range of powers. At output powers of 12 dBm, the beat linewidth is no more than 30 kHz, corresponding to per-laser linewidths of about 15 kHz. We show that these lasers are suitable for coherent detection of quadrature phase-shift keying.     

Measurements of BER performance for bipolar encoding of an SFS

This paper reports on the measurements of bit error rate (BER) performance for a broad-band optical communications scheme that encodes the power spectrum of an erbium-doped superfluorescent fiber source (SFS) with bipolar equivalent codes. The proposed scheme, like spectrum-sliced wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), suffers from the excess noise associated with the detection of a thermal-like source. BER calculations based on measured testbed characteristics and a simple model are compared with BER measurements for one and two active users. In addition, the performance of a single user in the presence of broad-band spectral interference is investigated, giving a preliminary estimate of multiuser capacity. This paper discusses various solutions for increasing network capacity and performance, relevant to the proposed scheme as well as to wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)     

The Regeneration of Binary Microwave Pulses (Abstract)

Comparative noise figure measurements in the 400 mc frequency range have been made using commercial noise diode sources, thermal noise sources, and fluorescent lamps as noise generators. The thermal sources were of two kinds, a high temperature source at about 1,000°K and a low temperature source at 4°K. Measurements made with noise diodes yielded results about 1.0 db higher than those made with the thermal noise sources, from which it is inferred that the diodes are not satisfactory primary standards of noise in this frequency range. The effective noise temperature of a standard 6 w fluorescent tube (coupled to a helical line) was determined to be approximately 12,000°K by comparing its noise output with that of the hot thermal source. This is consistent with the figure of 11,400°K reported by Mumford at 4,000 mc.     

A functional GaAs FET noise model

It is the purpose of this paper to develop a theory upon which the design of low noise FET amplifiers can be based. This is not a fundamenta model of the noise mechanisms in GaAs FET's, but rather, an endeavor to relate physically measurable device capacitances and resistances to the device noise figure and optimum noise source impedance. I will be shown that the noise performance of an FET can be adequately described by two uncorrelated noise sources. One, at the input of the FET, is the thermal noise generated in the various resis, tances in the gate-source loop. This noise source is frequency dependent and it can be calculated from the equivalent circuit of the FET. The second noise source, in the Output of the FET, is frequency independent, and not recognizably related to any measured parameters. This output nise is a function of drain current and voltage. The decomposition of the FET noise into two uncorrelated sources simplifies the design of broad-band low noise amplifiers. Once the equivalent circuit of a device and its noise figure at one frequency are known, the optimum noise source impedance and noise figure over a broad range of frequencies may be calculated. For the device designer this model also may be helpful in balancing input-output noise tradeoffs.     

Analysis of beat noise in coherent and incoherent time-spreading OCDMA

The effect of beat noise and other types of additive noise in time-spreading optical-code-division multiple-access (TS-OCDMA) networks is analyzed in this paper. By defining the coherent ratio kt, the ratio of the chip duration to the coherence time of the light source, TS-OCDMA systems are classified into incoherent, partially coherent, and coherent systems. The noise distributions and the bit-error rates are derived, and system performance is discussed for different cases. The performance of coherent systems is limited by the beat noise. With increasing kt, the effect of beat noise decreases in incoherent systems, and they eventually become free of beat noise. Possible solutions to the beat noise problem in coherent and partially coherent systems are also proposed and discussed.     

掺铒光纤ASE宽带光源的实验研究

掺铒光纤ASE源是一种优良的宽带光源,受到人们广泛关注.实验研究了掺铒光纤ASE宽带光源单、双程结构后向ASE输出光谱特性,当泵浦光中心波长为1480 nm时,分别考察了掺铒光纤长度、泵浦光功率对后向ASE输出平坦区间宽度和平坦度的影响.通过对两种结构下后向ASE输出光谱的分析比较发现,双程结构在L波段长波长处,尤其是1570～1620 nm波长范围,功率显著提升,从而使得ASE光谱的平坦区间宽度增大,平坦度提高.所得实验结果将为掺铒光纤ASE宽带光源的研制提供依据.     

Thermal noise in a finite bandwidth

In a practical circuit, the output noise due to the thermal noise of a resistor will depend on the actual transfer function of the noise source. The bandwidth will never be infinite because the transfer function of either the noise source or the device measuring the output noise will cause limitations. Consequently, the thermal noise voltage of a resistor in a finite bandwidth is maximum for a given resistor value. That maximum thermal noise voltage depends on the stop frequencies and decreases for both smaller and larger resistor values     

Effect of Signal Polarization State Evolution in Amplified Recirculating Delay Line Signal Processors

A study of signal polarization state evolution in an amplified recirculating delay line (RDL) signal processor is presented. It shows that the change in the RDL signal polarization states behaves periodically, which can be described by a sinusoidal function. This change significantly alters the RDL signal processor frequency response shape when a polarization dependent component is connected at the signal processor output. Results demonstrate the validity of the equation that is used to predict the frequency response shape of the amplified RDL filter for different signal polarization state evolutions.     

掺铒光纤放大器噪声特性的全面分析

本文对掺铒光纤放大器（ＥＤＦＡ）的噪声特性进行了全面的分析。把光信号和ＥＤＦＡ中放大自发辐射（ＡＳＥ）产生的量子噪声，以及信号－ＡＳＥ拍频噪声和ＡＳＥ－ＡＳＥ拍频噪声一并加以考虑。通过数值模拟，给出了不同信号功率和泵浦功率下的ＥＤＦＡ噪声系数。这些结果对优化ＥＤＦＡ的工作参量及其工程制作具有一定的指导作用。     

Analysis of the Noise Characteristics of CMOS Current Conveyors

The definition of the current conveyor is reviewed and a multiple-output second generation current conveyor (CCII) is shown to combine the different generations of current conveyors presently existing. Next, noise sources are introduced, and a general noise model for the current conveyor is described. This model is used for the analysis of selected examples of current conveyor based operational amplifier configurations and the noise performance of these configurations is compared. Finally, the noise model is developed for a CMOS current conveyor implementation, and approaches to an optimization of the noise performance are discussed. It is concluded that a class AB implementation can yield a lower noise output for the same dynamic range than a class A implementation. For both the class A implementation and the class AB implementation it is essential to design low noise current mirrors and current sources, and with the class AB design, the current mirror and current source noise can be reduced by using small values of bias current without compromising the maximum available output current.     

Radio frequency response of GaN-based SAW oscillator to UVillumination by the Sun and man-made source

A new solar-blind UV detector based on a GaN surface acoustic wave delay line oscillator is reported. The illumination by an artificial UV source in the presence of sunlight increased the RF spectral line width of the oscillator by almost an order of magnitude, which is attributed to the different noise spectra of these light sources. The output of this detector is a radio signal, which makes it especially attractive for remote sensing applications     

Noise power spectra of optical two-beam interferometers induced by the laser phase noise

Dynamic range of many optical signal processing and sensing devices incorporating two-beam interferometers (such as Mach-Zehnder and Michelson interferometers) can be limited by random phase fluctuations of the optical source emission field. This paper is concerned with the intensity fluctuations, originating from the laser source phase noise, at the output of a two-beam interferometer. Closed-form theoretical expressions are presented for the autocovariance function, variance, and noise power spectral density of the instantaneous output intensity which are valid for any optical biasing phase and any source coherence time. Application of the results in the noise performance evaluation of optical devices incorporating two-beam interferometers will also be shown.     

Reduction of MAI and Beat Noise in OCDMA Systems Using an SA-SOA-TPA-Based Receiver

In this letter, we investigate the removal of multiple access interference and optical beat noise from a two-channel optical system that simulates the output from a time-spread optical code-division multiple access system operating at a data rate of 100 Mb/s. Both noise sources were removed using a saturable absorber semiconductor optical amplifier two-photon absorption receiver structure. Experimental results show error-free operation when all three devices are used together.      

Compound noise separation in digital circuits using blind source separation

Analysis of individual noise sources in pre-nanometer circuits cannot take into account the evolving reality of multiple noise sources interacting with each other. Noise measurement made at an evaluation node will reflect the cumulative effect of all the active noise sources, while individual and relative severity of various noise sources will determine what types of remedial steps can be taken, pressing the need for development of algorithms that can analyze the contributions of different noise sources when a noise measurement is available. This paper addresses the cocktail-party problem inside integrated circuits with multiple noise sources. It presents a method to extract the time characteristics of individual noise source from the measured compound voltage in order to study the contribution and properties of each source. This extraction is facilitated by application of blind source separation technique, which is based on the assumption of statistical independence of various noise sources over time. The estimated noise sources can aid in performing timing and spectral analysis, and yield better circuit design techniques.     

Beat interference penalty in optical duplex transmission

The near- and far-end source spectra in optical full duplex systems can heterodyne, producing a high level of beat interference noise in the receiver bandwidth. This is called coherent common-channel crosstalk, the penalty from which is found in addition to that from incoherent near-end crosstalk (NEXT) quantified in an earlier publication. We find most directly modulated high-chirp laser systems, such as those using single-mode distributed feedback lasers or multimode Fabry-Perot (FP) lasers, are relatively immune to coherent NEXT for speeds up to 100 Mb/s. In the transform limit, however, which occurs at high bit rates or low chirp, the maximum allowable NEXT must be decreased by as much as 20 dB, compared to the incoherent case. One solution is to use uncooled single-mode lasers separated by a small wavelength spacing (20 nm, for example) as popularized for the coarse wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) grid     

On quantization of noisy signals

Quantized noise distributions derived from continuous signals with additive noise are studied. Two noise sources are considered, quantized image noise derived from the continuous input noise source and noise due to quantization roundoff error. These are treated as statistically independent sources. An analytic solution for the quantized noise probability density is obtained. The analytic solution is estimated by two expressions valid for normally distributed noise over different ranges of variance. The estimates have excellent agreement in the region of overlapping validity. Quantized noise variance is related to the continuous noise variance from normally distributed noise using these expressions. A table and plots of useful values are included. These results are helpful in choosing a quantization interval for a particular application. They can also be used to determine quantizer output noise level and signal-to-noise ratio in digital applications