Continues bromine absorption with membrane air-blowing/absorption

以开发节能高效的新型提溴工艺为目的,设计了以中空纤维疏水膜作为布气装置的膜鼓气/吸收（MA-B/A）法连续吸收过程。压缩空气经过布气装置以微小气泡的形式分别进入串联的各级鼓气膜组件,与料液形成对流传质。空气流夹带料液中Br2所形成的空气/溴气混合气透过PVDF疏水膜组件的膜孔与吸收液反应,生成溴的化合物,实现对溴的连续吸收。考察了吸收池液位高度、吸收液流量、浓度、pH、温度、吸收段膜壁厚与组件结构等参数对膜吸收过程性能的影响。实验得到了MA-B/A法连续吸收过程的最佳参数条件。当膜丝厚度为0.15 mm,组件为海藻型,吸收池液位高度为1.5 m,流量为0.5 L?h-1,浓度为0.10 mol?L-1,pH为6~7,温度为70 ℃时,溴的脱除率为82.0%,回收率为76.3%,吸收率高达93.1%。     

Flexible and cost-effective optimization of BOG (boil-off gas) recondensation process at LNG receiving terminals

In view of high energy consumption and poor flexibility in boil-off gas (BOG) recondensation operation at liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals, a flexible and cost-effective optimization including the control system and flow process has been proposed. The optimized control system maintains BOG recondenser pressure via the condensing LNG flow and recondenser liquid level via bypass LNG flow. A BOG recondensation process with pre-cooling operation utilizes high-pressure pump LNG to pre-cool compressed BOG before it is directed into recondenser. The engineering application in a case of 6.69 tons/hour (t/h) BOG and LNG output fluctuating between 49 t/h and 562 t/h shows, after the flexible and cost-effective optimization, that process energy decreases 91.2 kW, more 1.28 t/h BOG is recovered when LNG output load reaches the valley, and the operation stability is well improved.     

Effects of gas concentration on hydrodynamics of gas absorption in a microchannel

In this article, the effects of gas concentration on hydrodynamics of gas–liquid two-phase flow with mass transfer during gas absorption in a microchannel are investigated, by using 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) solution to absorb mixtures of CO₂ and N₂ with various volume fractions. The concentration of CO₂ not only affects the driving force of gas–liquid mass transfer, but also affects the pressure drop of gas–liquid two-phase flow. The average linear velocity of the liquid phase is estimated by introducing the void fraction, which accurately characterizes the difference in the bubble velocity versus the liquid velocity. On this basis, the pressure drop model of gas–liquid two-phase flow with mass transfer in a microchannel is established. Through the pressure drop model, the influence mechanism of CO₂ concentration on the pressure drop during gas absorption in a microchannel is revealed.     

不同中空纤维膜材料对烟气中二氧化硫的吸收性能影响

膜法烟气脱硫能耗低、传质面积大、分离效率高，可以有效地解决传统塔器内的液泛、漏液、夹带等问题。本文采用自制的中空纤维膜接触器，通过改变烟气流量、水流量和水温对比了聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）、聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）和聚丙烯（PP）这3种中空纤维膜对烟气中二氧化硫的吸收性能，并通过电镜和接触角仪表征，对比了3种膜的参数和疏水性。结果表明：在不同烟气流量、水量和水温下，3种膜的吸收性能都表现为PTFE＞PP＞PVDF，120min时二氧化硫吸收浓度，PTFE最大，是PP的1.68倍，是PVDF的4.62倍；烟气流量的改变对二氧化硫的吸收浓度有显著影响，当烟气流量由60mL/min提高到140mL/min时，120min时PTFE膜二氧化硫的吸收浓度提高了2.14倍；影响膜性能的主要因素为疏水性，PTFE浸泡前后的表面接触角为105°和97°，疏水性远大于PP和PVDF。PTFE中空纤维膜孔径大、孔隙率高，具有极强的疏水性，在烟气脱硫及相关吸收过程中表现出较好的应用前景。     

中空纤维膜接触器脱碳和传质性能的数值研究

中空纤维膜吸收烟气中CO₂是一种清洁、高效、最具潜力的脱碳技术方法之一。本文建立了一个二维的中空纤维膜接触器平行逆流吸收混合气中CO₂的非润湿模型。考虑轴向和径向扩散,模拟了EEA、EDA和PZ 3种吸收剂在不同操作条件下对CO₂的脱除效果和传质性能。结果表明：脱碳性能从大到小为PZ>EDA>EEA;气相参数对脱碳和传质的影响比液相参数更显著;提高气体流速、CO₂浓度和气温,脱碳率均会下降;提高液速、吸收剂浓度和液温,脱碳率均增大,而传质速率只有在提高气温时会下降,其他参数的升高均会使其增大;应采用适当的液相参数,防止操作参数过高带来的不利影响。     

燃煤净烟气中共存杂质对膜法捕集CO2影响现状

膜法捕集CO₂是现役燃煤电厂碳减排的重要手段之一，在实际应用中膜法捕集系统通常适合安装在湿法脱硫系统下游，鉴于脱硫净烟气中的颗粒物及气态污染物难以完全脱除，同时水汽接近饱和状态，气相中的共存杂质以及吸收液组分与膜及膜材料相互作用，会对膜法捕集CO₂性能造成严重影响。本文综述了烟气中共存气态、颗粒物组分及液相吸收剂对膜分离、膜吸收宏观性能、膜微结构及材质的影响，以及燃煤脱硫净烟气环境下膜法捕集CO₂长期运行性能及变化规律的研究现状，指出了抑制膜失效的技术方法，以期为突破膜法捕集CO₂技术发展的瓶颈，实现膜的稳定高效运行提供参考。     

Gas-liquid and gas-liquid-liquid reactors with top and bottom blowing: I. Fluid dynamic regimes

The hydrodynamics of G-L and G-L-L0 reactors with top and bottom blowing is investigated. The reactor is a cold model of a 250 ton industrial converter, the different phases present in the real converter (steel-slag-gases) were simulated employing the triphasic system water-vaseline-air; this system was selected to maintain not only the fluidynamic similarity between both reactors. The behaviour of each phase with respect to the other phases employing different top and bottom gas flow rates was analysed. Thus, the formation of gas bubbles in the bulk of the liquid phase (important in the study of G-L mass transfer and in the mixing field), emulsions and drops (important in L-L0 mass transfer) and the streamlines in the reactor were studied to better understand the refining process in the real converter. We also propose flow regime maps with coupling of the different regimes for the three phases present in the reactor, when the gas flow rate is modified.     

Helical liquid flow on a vertical cylinder and its application to gas absorption

An experimental examination of a novel device for enhancing the gas absorption into an aqueous absorbent flowing down the outer wall of a vertical cylinder was reported. This device utilizes flexible strings tightly wound around the cylinder, taking the form of a multiple helix. The absorbent flows along parallel channels partitioned by the strings, maintaining mutual contact with the surrounding gas for a longer time than it would when it flows down the same cylinder wall in the absence of such strings. Both flow‐observation experiments and absorption experiments using water as the absorbent flowing along a single helical channel and carbon dioxide as the gas to be absorbed were carried out. The effectiveness of the helical‐flow device for promoting the absorption was recognized at water flow rates high enough to induce an oscillatory flow mode accompanied by periodical liquid?gas interface deformation. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3109–3118, 2013     

GAS-LIQUID AND GAS-LIQUID-LIQUID REACTORS WITH TOP AND BOTTOM BLOWING: I. FLUID DYNAMIC REGIMES

The hydrodynamics of G-L and G-L-L0 reactors with top and bottom blowing is investigated. The reactor is a cold model of a 250 ton industrial converter, the different phases present in the real converter (steel-slag-gases) were simulated employing the triphasic system water-vaseline-air; this system was selected to maintain not only the fluidynamic similarity between both reactors. The behaviour of each phase with respect to the other phases employing different top and bottom gas flow rates was analysed. Thus, the formation of gas bubbles in the bulk of the liquid phase (important in the study of G-L mass transfer and in the mixing field), emulsions and drops (important in L-L0 mass transfer) and the streamlines in the reactor were studied to better understand the refining process in the real converter. We also propose flow regime maps with coupling of the different regimes for the three phases present in the reactor, when the gas flow rate is modified.     

环境化工中的气/液膜接触分离过程及其特性

阐述了新型膜接触器由于避免了传统分离设备的一系列缺点和不足,具有操作范围宽,分离效率高,气液两相的流速可独立控制,可直接线性放大和结构紧凑等众多优点,日益成为分离科学研究的热点。并着眼于3种气/液界面膜接触分离过程(膜吸收、膜蒸馏、膜结构填料替代)在废气、废水等环境治理与化工分离方面的研究,从膜接触器结构、膜材料、传质、分离效率等方面详细分析和探讨了三种膜过程的分离特点,并对其作用原理、操作参数及分离性能进行了综合比较。     

New absorption liquids for the removal of CO2 from dilute gas streams using membrane contactors

A new absorption liquid based on amino acid salts has been studied for CO₂ removal in membrane gas-liquid contactors. Unlike conventional gas treating solvents like aqueous alkanolamines solutions, the new absorption liquid does not wet polyolefin microporous membranes. The wetting characteristics of aqueous alkanolamines and amino acid salt solutions for a hydrophobic membrane was studied by measuring the surface tension of the liquid and the breakthrough pressure of the liquid into the pores of the membrane. The dependence of the breakthrough pressure on surface tension follows the Laplace-Young equation. The performance of the new absorption liquid in the removal of CO₂ was studied in a single fiber membrane contactor over a wide range of partial pressures of CO₂ in the gas phase and amino acid salt concentrations in the liquid. A numerical model to describe the mass transfer accompanied by multiple chemical reactions occurring during the absorption of CO₂ in the liquid flowing through the hollow fiber was developed. The numerical model gives a good prediction of the CO₂ absorption flux across the membrane for the absorption of CO₂ in the aqueous amino acid salt solutions flowing through the hollow fiber.     

两段氨法冶炼烟气脱硫热平衡分析

介绍了昆明西科工贸有限公司两段氨法冶炼烟气脱硫的原理、工艺流程和设备情况,分析了非等温吸收对氨法脱硫操作的影响及生产过程中氨法脱硫存在的问题。西科公司通过对烟气脱硫系统的两段氨吸收过程进行热平衡计算与分析,阐明了循环吸收液温度升高的主要原因,即进入吸收塔的烟气中含有较多的水蒸气以及烟气中的SO₂浓度较高,并提出增大吸收过程液气比、增设冷却装置、采用连续操作模式等措施对工艺进行优化,实现提升系统的烟气脱硫能力,提高母液的品质,降低生产成本。     

多级膜吸收天然气脱硫的实验研究

利用聚丙烯中空纤维膜组件为吸收器,甲基二乙醇胺作为液态吸收剂,采用多级级联的工艺,以含硫天然气为研究体系,研究了吸收液流量和压力与原料气的流量和压力对传质系数和H2S脱除率的影响。与传统的脱硫方法相比,投资费用减少40%,运行费用减少30%。研究结果表明:多级膜吸收技术脱硫效率可以达到95%以上,且随着吸收液流量的增大而增大;可将硫含量控制在2.5 mg/m3以下,达到输送或使用标准。     

燃煤烟气中CO2膜吸收分离技术的膜浸润特性述评

膜吸收法是分离燃煤烟气CO₂的主要工艺之一,膜润湿造成的膜阻力增加以及膜表面形态改变是膜吸收法研究中遇到的主要问题,阻碍了膜吸收法的广泛应用。本文在膜吸收法的基本原理基础上,阐述了影响膜润湿的因素（吸收剂种类、吸收液浓度、温度、液相压力和流速）以及膜特性因素（膜材料和膜结构）的最新进展,详细分析了膜与吸收剂之间的兼容关系,确定孔润湿是制约膜组件长期稳定运行的关键因素。最后提出了未来缓解膜润湿方面的主要研究方向：优化操作条件、开发新型性价比高的吸收剂和膜材料以及通过进行膜的表面改性等手段来改善膜和吸收剂的兼容性,提高膜接触器长时间运行的稳定性以及进一步细致探究如何恢复膜组件的性能,从而提高重复利用率。     

A cell model for the prediction of mixing and mass transfer in packed columns in the presence of a recirculating gas fraction

A cell model for the prediction of mixing and mass transfer in packed columns has been developed. The spatial variation in pore velocities is described in terms of two distinct gas flow channels (only one of which is affected by the irrigating liquid) which discharge into mixing cells. The experimentally observed induced reverse gas flow is accounted for by a recycle stream from any one cell being distributed over a number of lower stages. A closed form expression for the Peclet number in terms of the model parameters is obtained.Steady state absorption of gases is incorporated within the framework of the model by allowing absorption to take place in only one of the two flow channels. No absorption is permitted in the gas mixing regions.The model flow distribution parameters were determined by regression of the absorption model on experimentally determined absorption profiles. Peclet numbers calculated using these parameters are consistent with previously reported experimental data [41].     

不同开车工况对天然气脱碳装置响应特性影响

由于气田及输送环境影响，现场运行长期处于波动状态，而装置能否稳定运行与其在不同工况下的响应动作是否及时有效息息相关。为分析装置在不同开车工况下的响应特性，本文基于实验室建有的天然气脱碳循环实验装置实际运行情况进行优化研究，分析其中关键影响因素。研究结果表明，在单因素实验研究中，开车工况下不同进气流量、塔内压力以及贫液进塔温度对于吸收塔内温度场及闪蒸罐液位响应特性的影响差别不大。而对于开车工况处于较大的进气流量、较高的塔内压力、较低或较高的贫液进塔温度，其控制器响应会出现一定延迟或塔釜液位波动幅度较剧烈的情况。因此以吸收塔塔釜液位响应时间为评价指标，利用BBD设计法对各因素交互作用进行响应面分析，得到吸收压力对塔釜液位响应时间的影响极显著，并且在三种因素交互作用中，吸收压力与贫液进塔温度的交互作用对目标值的影响更为显著。     

Surfactant effects on gas absorption in a coke-oven gas treatment process

The effect of organic impurities in industrial stripped coal water (SCW) on the absorption of CO₂ was measured experimentally. Removal of these impurities via activated carbon showed a marked improvement in interphase mass transfer of a vertical wetted-wall column absorber. However, this benefit was not found in a stirred-cell absorber, in which a different flow pattern from that in wetted-wall column absorber is expected. An ad hoc systematic study on the effects of three deliberately added surfactants on gas absorption by pure water in three different absorbers with different flow patterns was thereafter conducted. The experimental results reveal that absorption deterioration also prevails only in a vertical, wetted-wall column absorber and the reduction in liquid phase mass transfer by the addition of surfactant can be satisfactorily correlated with surface pressure of solutions. This indicates that the effect of the industrial impurities in SCW on gas absorption may successfully be simulated under the same flow pattern by a surfactant solution with the same surface pressure. A possible modification of the existing coke-oven gas (COG) treatment process for the benefit of absorption enhancement was finally proposed.     

膜接触器及其相关过程在废水处理中的应用

膜接触器是一种通过膜作为两相之间的分离界面而实现相间传质的新型杂化膜过程,具体应用形式包括膜蒸馏、膜萃取、膜吸收、膜结构填料等.膜接触器使用微孔中空纤维膜将两流体分隔开,膜孔为两流体之间提供传质的场所.与传统接触分离器相比,新兴的膜接触器拥有分离效率高、工作范围宽、两相流速可单独控制以及结构紧凑等诸多独特的优点.文章着重于膜接触器及其相关过程在废水处理领域的最新研究成果和进展,具体分析比较了上述几种膜接触器的结构、工作原理和操作特点,充分展示了膜接触器在废水处理以及化工、医药、食品等领域特种分离中的广阔应用前景.     

Separation of greenhouse gases from gas mixtures using nanoporous polymeric membranes

Removal of greenhouse gases from gas streams using porous membranes was carried out in this work. Theoretical studies were performed in terms of mathematical modeling and numerical simulation of CO₂ capture in a flat‐sheet membrane contactor. Numerical simulation was performed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) of mass and momentum transfer in the membrane module for laminar flow conditions. Physical absorption was considered in the simulations for absorption of CO₂ in pure water. CO₂ concentration distribution in the membrane module was determined through numerical solution of continuity equation coupled with the Navier‐Stokes equations. The modeling predictions indicated that the CO₂ concentration difference is not appreciable in the membrane direction. Moreover, velocity distribution was determined in the liquid side of membrane contactor. CFD also represents a design and optimization tool for membrane gas separation processes. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:975–980, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

膜曝气-吸收耦合式海水烟气脱硫过程

利用聚丙烯中空纤维双层曝气式膜接触器,对膜曝气-膜吸收耦合式海水烟气脱硫过程开展实验研究,考察了烟气流量、海水流量、海水pH以及曝气量等因素对烟气脱硫参数的影响。结果表明,曝气式膜吸收过程具有更高的脱硫效率和传质性能,相较于非曝气过程,SO₂吸收率可提高12.4%。提高烟气流量,使SO₂吸收率降低,总传质系数先增大再减小;提高吸收剂流量、pH和曝气量,SO₂吸收率和总传质系数均会提高,海水pH较高条件下加入曝气更能有效加强吸收效果;烟气中SO₂的吸收通量均随海水pH和曝气量的增加而增加。扫描电镜及接触角测量显示在使用一个月后的膜丝仍具有较高的疏水性能和使用性能。