Phenolic compound content of fresh and dried figs (Ficus carica L.)

Eighteen fig cultivars commonly grown in the south-eastern Spain were collected in two crops (spring and summer) and their polyphenolic profile was determined. Fruit from the first crop generally showed higher phenolic values than those from the second. Higher concentrations of total phenolics were found in skin than in flesh. LC–UV-DAD/ESI-MSⁿ analysis of the figs pointed to a high anthocyanin content, mainly cyanidin-3-rutinoside, flavonols such as quercetin-rutinoside, phenolic acids such as chlorogenic acid and flavones like luteolin 6C-hexose-8C-pentose and apigenin-rutinoside. The c-glycosides have not been previously described in figs. Moreover, to compare intact proanthocyanidins and proanthocyanin cleavage products, an acid-catalysis was made in the presence of phloroglucinol (phloroglucinolysis) and the mean degree of polymerisation was calculated. Finally, three cultivars of dried figs were also studied.     

Changes in pigment profile and surface colour of fig (Ficus carica L.) during drying

In this study, anthocyanins in three fresh fig varieties (Ficus carica L.) cultivated in Turkey were characterised and quantified by HPLC/DAD and HPLC/MS. In addition, the carotenoid composition of Sar?lop and Sar?zeybek, yellow fig varieties, was determined, and then the ripening‐ and drying‐related changes in carotenoids and surface colour of figs were monitored during conventional sun‐drying. Four different anthocyanins, cyanidin‐3‐glucoside, cyanidin‐3,5‐diglucoside, cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside (major anthocyanin) and pelargonidin‐3‐glucoside, were identified in samples. Lutein, zeaxanthin, β‐cryptoxanthin and β‐carotene were carotenoids in yellow fig varieties. Approximately 80% of carotenoid compounds in yellow fig varieties degraded at the end of drying (i.e. seventh day). L (lightness), a (redness and greenness) and b (yellowness and blueness) colour parameters were measured by Hunter Lab system. Great changes in carotenoid composition and surface colour were observed at ripening stage on tree. A significant reduction in L and b values that refers to browning in figs was made in the first 3 days of drying process.     

Hot air dehydration of figs (Ficus carica L.): drying kinetics and quality loss

The dehydration of fruit from fig trees is normally achieved by sun drying. There is concern about the safety of the end product, mainly because there is a risk of the development of aflatoxins. These concerns can be overcome by artificial drying (oven dehydration). Fig fruits of a local cultivar, which were either pre‐treated by blanching or blanching plus sulphuring or not treated at all, underwent hot air dehydration under mild processing conditions in a pilot airflow cabinet dryer. Sampling was carried out at regular intervals to calculate the rate of dehydration and assess quality changes. Microbiological counts and nonenzymatic browning were also monitored. Pretreatments resulted in a shorter processing time, compared with control fruits. In general, a falling dehydration rate period was observed. A dramatic loss of ascorbic acid was recorded, while an informal sensorial assay of the dried fruits gave a positive assessment.     

Genotyping of fig (Ficus carica L) via RAPD markers

The genetic diversity among 15 fig accessions (Ficus carica L), belonging to 9 renowned cultivars of the Calabrian fig collection, and 24 unidentified genotypes of figs also located in the Calabrian region of Southern Italy, was investigated by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The genetic similarity values were calculated for the 39 samples, and a dendrogram was elaborated by cluster analysis according to the UPGMA algorithm. The generated DNA fragments grouped the samples into two main clusters of RAPD profiles. Most of the 24 unknown samples, coming from the Luzzi area, formed a unique cluster with high degree of genetic similarity. This indicates that it is possible to distinguish, at DNA level, the fig trees with an already well‐known potential to produce figs suitable for the drying process and possibly to specify cultivars with suitable features for industrial transformation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

干燥方式对无花果酚类物质及其抗氧化活性的影响

研究自然晒干、真空冷冻干燥、烘箱干燥、远红外干燥和真空干燥对无花果总酚含量、酚类物质组成及其 体外抗氧化活性的影响。采用福林-酚比色法及高效液相色谱法分别测定干燥后无花果的总酚含量和酚类物质的组 成,并比较多酚提取液对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力、2,2’-联 氨-双-（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ehtybenzothiaazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, ABTS）自由基清除能力和总还原力的影响,采用统计学方法分析酚类物质含量与其抗氧化活性的相关性。结果表 明：经不同方式干燥后无花果的总酚含量、各酚类物质含量均有显著性差异（P＜0.05）,其中真空干燥后样品的 总酚含量与酚类物质含量总和均为最高;不同干燥方式对无花果的抗氧化活性影响显著（P＜0.05）,真空干燥样 品的DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS＋·清除能力和总还原力均为最高,且相关性分析结果显示,无花果抗氧化活性 与儿茶素、槲皮苷、阿魏酸、4-羟基苯甲酸等酚类物质的含量之间呈显著相关（P＜0.05）。综上,真空干燥处理 后无花果总酚含量及多酚各组分含量总和最多、抗氧化活性最强,适宜于无花果的干燥。     

Sensory Profiles for Dried Fig (Ficus carica L.) Cultivars Commercially Grown and Processed in California

A trained sensory panel evaluated the 6 fig cultivars currently sold in the California dried fig market. The main flavor and aroma attributes determined by the sensory panel were “caramel,” “honey,” “raisin,” and “fig,” with additional aroma attributes: “common date,” “dried plum,” and “molasses.” Sensory differences were observed between dried fig cultivars. All figs were processed by 2 commercial handlers. Processing included potassium sorbate as a preservative and SO₂ application as an antibrowning agent for white cultivars. As a consequence of SO₂ use during processing, high sulfite residues affected the sensory profiles of the white dried fig cultivars. Significant differences between dried fig cultivars and sources demonstrate perceived differences between processing and storage methods. The panel‐determined sensory lexicon can help with California fig marketing.     

澄清无花果果汁饮料的研制

以无花果果干为原料研制澄清无花果果汁饮料。在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验确定无花果果汁饮料的最佳配方,同时对无花果果汁进行吸光度测试,以此来确定澄清效果。结果表明,澄清无花果果汁饮料的最佳生产方案为：30g无花果果干榨成汁100g,4℃冷澄清6h,加入0.3g50%的糖浆、0.5g0.5%的柠檬酸。所制得的无花果果汁饮料色香味俱佳,澄清透明,易于被大众接受。     

无花果中维生素C含量的测定

目的 采用分光光度法测定无花果和无花果干中维生素C的含量。方法 选取一定浓度维生素C标准液进行波长扫描, 确定维生素C的最大吸收波长, 将待测样品匀浆处理后在此波长下进行分光光度测定。结果 维生素C的最大吸收波长为520 nm, 校准曲线方程Y=0.0208X+0.001(r2=0.9998), 无花果和无花干果中维生素C含量分别为69.08 mg/100 g和64.06 mg/100 g, 加标回收实验中回收率均在90%以上。结论 无花果中含有较高的维生素C, 且无花果维生素C含量高于无花果干中维生素C含量。     

Optimization of phenolic compound recovery and antioxidant activity of light and dark dried fig (Ficus carica L.) varieties

The optimum conditions for extraction of total phenolic contents (TPC) and for enhancing the antioxidant activity from light and dark dried figs were determined. The effects of the solvent nature (acetone, ethanol, methanol, or water), solvent concentration (20–80%), acetic acid concentration (0–2%), extraction temperature (25–70°C), extraction time (0.5–4 h), sample to solvent ratio (1/25–1/100), and number of extractions (1, 2, and 3) were determined. The TPC was used to identify antioxidant compounds. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to evaluate antioxidant activity. All extraction parameters had significant effects (p<0.05) on the TPC and the antioxidant activities. The best conditions were obtained with double extraction using 60% acetone without acidification, at 40°C for 120 min, and with a 1/75 solid to solvent ratio. These conditions resulted in TPC concentrations of 469.46 (light variety) and 399.79 mg of gallic acid (GAE)/100 g (dark variety), and antioxidant activities of 96.47 and 102.28 mg of GAE/100 g, respectively.     

Investigating the in vitro bioaccessibility of polyphenols in fresh and sun‐dried figs (Ficus carica L.)

In this study, in order to evaluate the in vitro bioaccessibility of fresh and sun‐dried figs, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total proanthocyanidin content (TPA) and the major phenolic compounds were determined at different phases of simulated gastrointestinal (GI) tract digestion for Sarilop and Bursa siyahi fig varieties. Four major phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, rutin, cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (C3G) and cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside (C3R)) were investigated for GI tract digestion. The results of in vitro GI tract digestion revealed that the dialysed fraction (IN) represented 9–26% and 1–22% of the initial TAC of the whole‐fresh yellow and purple figs, respectively. Moreover, in case of 2,2‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline)‐6‐sulphonic acid (ABTS), TPA and chlorogenic acid contents, drying caused an increase in the IN fraction of yellow figs (38, 140, 50%, respectively). The bioaccessibility of C3G and C3R were quite low for fresh figs (0–5% of the initial values), whereas for dried figs, anthocyanins were not detected at all in the IN fraction.     

喷雾干燥法制备无花果微胶囊的研究

以阿拉伯胶和麦芽糊精为壁材,以无花果的乙醇提取物为芯材,用喷雾干燥法制取无花果微胶囊粉。通过正交试验分析,确定了最佳生产工艺条件:芯材与壁材的比例为1:4,阿拉伯胶与麦芽糊精的比例为1:1,固形物浓度为30%,乳化剂用量为0.3%,30 MPa均质2遍,进风温度为200℃,出风温度为81℃。生产出的微胶囊无花果粉色泽、溶解性好,水、表面油含量低,无甚粘壁现象,适合于工业化生产。     

无花果多糖的部分理化性质研究

对无花果渣中的无花果多糖进行分离纯化,对其理化性质、得率、含量、分子量分布和单糖组成进行了分析。无花果多糖为灰色粉末,易溶于水,难溶于有机溶剂。碘-碘化钾反应阴性,为非淀粉多糖;得率为4.1%,总糖含量91%。紫外扫描表明不含蛋白质和核酸,红外光谱显示主要为吡喃多糖,分子量在5.92×105~1.95×106之间,主要由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖和半乳糖组成,其摩尔比值为1.93∶3.86∶0.46∶0.55∶7.42∶2.87。     

无花果不同部位中的营养成分分析

采用不同方法对无花果的枝、叶及果分别进行成分提取、测定了提取物中苯甲醛（紫外双波长法）、硒元素（比色法）、糖（高效液相色谱法）和蛋白质（凯氏定氮法）的含量。结果表明：苯甲醛和硒在叶中的含量最高；蛋白质在不同部位的含量均以水提取物为最高；糖的含量与其分子量大小及无花果的不同部位有关。这说明无花果的枝、叶及果均具有较高的食用和药用价值。以上研究结果为进一步综合开发利用无花果提供了实验依据。     

Postharvest response of ‘Brown Turkey’ figs (Ficus carica L.) to the inhibition of ethylene perception

The potential use of 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) alone or as a supplement to cold storage to delay the softening of ‘Brown Turkey’ figs (Ficus carica L.) was studied. Figs were treated with 0, 0.25, 0.5 or 5 µl l^?1 1‐MCP at 25 °C for 8 h and stored at 20 °C until evaluated. Figs treated with 0.5 or 5 µl l^?1 1‐MCP had higher ethylene production and respiration rates but slower softening than untreated fruit and those treated with 0.25 µl l^?1 1‐MCP. Early‐harvested firm figs and late‐harvested soft figs were untreated or treated with 0.5 or 5 µl l^?1 1‐MCP at 25 °C and stored at 0 °C for 19 days. Firm figs treated with 1‐MCP showed an early peak in ethylene synthesis, higher respiration rate and were firmer than control fruit. In contrast, soft figs did not respond to 1‐MCP except for a late increase in respiration rates of fruit treated with 5 µl l^?1 1‐MCP. 1‐MCP appeared to have a relatively limited effect on slowing ripening of ‘Brown Turkey’ figs and its effect was influenced by ripening stage. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

无花果主要功能成分及其生物活性研究进展

无花果资源药食两用,营养丰富,含有多种功能活性成分,果肉、枝叶、根皮皆有利用价值。在查阅国内外近年来无花果功能成分提取、分离纯化鉴定、生物活性与药理研究、功能保健食品开发等方面文献的基础上,综述无花果多糖、黄酮、多酚类化合物、香豆素类化合物成分等生物活性的研究进展,重点对无花果的抗氧化、抗癌、抑菌、降血糖活性进行总结和比对分析,旨在为无花果资源的综合利用和功能性食品的开发提供参考。