Modeling and Measurement of Radiated Field Emission From a Power/Ground Plane Cavity Edge Excited by a Through-Hole Signal Via Based on a Balanced TLM and Via Coupling Model

A balanced transmission line model (TLM) and via coupling model is proposed for efficient simulation of radiated field emission from a power/ground plane cavity edge, where the radiated field emission is excited by a through-hole signal via in a multilayer package and printed circuit board (PCB). The radiated field emission is simulated and measured with a series of test boards. The simulation agrees fairly well with the measurement confirming the preciseness and usefulness of the proposed model. It is shown that the through-hole signal via is a considerable source of the radiated field emission as well as the signal loss. When the signal trace is switching vertically stacked reference planes, the signal return current path is disconnected at the via and the impedance becomes extremely high. A significant amount of insertion loss and radiated field emission is generated at resonance frequencies of the plane cavity. The effect of a decoupling capacitor fence (De-Cap Fence) at the edge of the board to mitigate the radiated field emission is examined. The proposed model confirms that the De-Cap Fence changes the resonance mode and frequency of the plane cavity, and reduces the radiated field emission     

船舶辐射噪声信号相似度评估方法研究

船舶辐射噪声的信号相似度评估结果,可为噪声信号来源判定、仿真信号置信度评价等应用提供一种判断依据。提出一种船舶辐射噪声的信号相似度评估方法,综合了船舶辐射噪声信号的听觉、连续谱、线谱和调制谱特征,针对每一特征选择了具体指标参数和特征相似度的计算方法,然后在各特征相似度基础上实现船舶辐射噪声信号之间总体相似度的计算。利用实测船舶辐射噪声信号进行了数据试验,并给出了详细的评估和数据分析过程。试验结果表明,采用该方法得出的相似度评估数据,与船舶辐射噪声信号的实际相似情况一致,且数值区间的可分性好,因而具有较高的可信度。      

Inverse black body radiation

The total power spectrum radiated by a black body with a given area-temperature distribution is given by Planck's law. The inverse black body radiation problem is thus the problem of determining the area-temperature distribution of a black body, given its (measured) total radiated power spectrum. The concept of a normalized absolute "coldness" as the (proportional to the) reciprocal of the absolute temperature is introduced, yielding an integral equation for the inverse black body radiation problem. This integral equation is solved analytically with the aid of the (inverse) Laplace transform and a very simple iterative process (the method of successive approximations) that converges in two iterations. Numerico-experimental results for the reconstruction of a Gaussian area-coldness distribution are presented.     

船舶航行辐射噪声信号仿真方法研究

船舶航行辐射噪声是被动声纳探测、声纳目标识别、听音判型等工作的重要信息源,其信号仿真是解决上述研究工作中噪声样本类型少或数量不足的有效方法,前提是所仿真信号必须满足逼真度要求。提出了一种基于实测信号重构的船舶航行辐射噪声信号仿真方法。通过谱估计提取信号的连续谱、线谱、调制谱特征,根据谱估计数据合成满足信号谱特征要求的船舶航行辐射噪声,并通过听觉感受调整调制谱参数。仿真结果显示所合成船舶航行辐射噪声信号能够从谱估计和听觉感受两方面逼近实测辐射噪声信号。      

Field-Line-Circuit Coupling Based Method for Predicting Radiated Electromagnetic Emission of IGBT-PMSM Drive System

Electric drive system with Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power device is widely used in Electric vehicle (EV), which consists of inverter, cables and Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). Due to the fast switching in di/dt and dv/dt of IGBT device, the system produces serious radiated Electromagnetic interference (EMI) through the interconnection cables. Thus, modeling of EMI source, propagation path and load PMSM is the key to accurately evaluate the system's radiation level. In addition, the system's radiated EMI involves the integrated calculation of circuit, cable and electromagnetic field, which cannot be solved by using a single circuit or electromagnetic calculation method. Therefore, this paper develops an effective field-linecircuit coupling based method to investigate the radiated EMI problems for IGBT-PMSM drive system, which is validated by experimental measurement. Besides, the impact of power cable parameters on radiated EMI is discussed. The proposed approach has guiding significance for electromagnetic compatibility design of EV.     

Comments on “Near-zone gain of open-ended rectangularwaveguides” [and reply]

The author comments that formulating the problem of radiation from open-ended rectangular waveguides (OEG) using an electric field integral equation (EFIE), Kawalko and Kanda (see ibid., vol.39, p.408-13, 1997) present results for the near-zone gains as a function of both the frequency and distance from the OEG aperture. These values can be considered to be exact. On the alternative methods, this paper observes that the approximate formulas need the measured values of the aperture reflection coefficient and the total radiated power. Kawalko and Kanda reply that the formula for the on-axis gain presented by Selvan (see Inst. Electron. Telecommun. Eng. J. Res., vol.43, p.61-4, 1997) certainly has an advantage over Yaghjian's formula (1984) in that it does not require knowledge of the total radiated power or the reflection coefficient at the aperture. However, this formula still does not account for all of the diffraction effects that occur at the aperture of the OEG     

Spurious radiation from a practical source on a covered microstripline

The TM₀ parallel-plate mode field that is radiated from the currents induced on a covered microstrip transmission line by a finite-gap voltage source is studied. The behavior of the total radiation field (the field radiated by the total strip current) is investigated, along with the field radiated by the constituent current components that make up the total current, namely the bound-mode (BM) and continuous-spectrum currents. The continuous-spectrum current is further resolved into the sum of a physical leaky-mode current and a residual-wave current, and the fields radiated by each of these separate components are examined. It is determined that leaky-mode fields can contribute to crosstalk and other interference effects near the source and within an angular leakage region, while the radiation field from the BM current is the predominant mechanism for these effects further away from the gap source, outside the leakage region. The field radiated from the residual-wave current can be quite strong in the "spectral-gap region," which is the frequency region where the leaky mode is nonphysical, and therefore the leaky mode does not contribute directly to the spectrum of current on the strip in the decomposition used here     

Uncertainties in 3-m radiated emission measurements due to the use of different types of receive antennas

This work describes the results of an investigation into uncertainties in radiated emission measurement results due to the use of different receive antennas. These antennas are used during electromagnetic-compatibility tests of products which must comply with regulatory radiated emission requirements. In the past few years, the standardization International Special Committee for Radio Protection (CISPR) Subcommittee A (SCA) has tried to improve the radiated emission measurements by quantifying most of the uncertainty sources. We deal with the uncertainty due to the free space antenna factor's inability to fully specify the antenna properties at frequencies up to 1000 MHz. We have simulated and measured the radiated emission of an equipment-under-test (EUT) using various types of receive antennas. The simulated radiated emission measurement results using a biconical antenna give a maximum difference of 1.2 dB in relation to the use of a tuned dipole. The use of bow-tie antennas leads to a radiated emission difference of maximal 2.5 dB in relation to the tuned dipole. Finally, the use of a log-periodical antenna leads to a maximum deviation of 2.8 dB in relation to the tuned dipole. This means that the uncertainty caused by using different types of receive antennas in 3-m radiated emission measurements may be significant, so the presented uncertainty budgets in CISPR 16-4-2 should therefore be reconsidered and expanded.     

The effects of a moving anisotropic grounded layer on radiation from a line source

The radiation from a magnetic or an electric current line source embedded in an uniaxially anisotropic grounded dielectric or plasma layer moving perpendicular to the line source is described. The radiation pattern is obtained, and the effects of the motion of the layer on the radiated power distribution are examined with several numerical examples.     

On the use of 3-D TEM cells for total radiated power measurements

Three-dimensional (3-D) TEM cells offer new issues in EMC immunity and emission testing, where the question of orienting the object under test is no longer raised. This paper starts by presenting the general concept of 3-D TEM cells and hybrid chambers followed by one of the first applications in measuring the total radiated power of devices under test. After a short background on emission measurements in TEM and GTEM cells, the second part of this paper considers a practical industrial case where the total radiated power of an electronic equipment is measured in a 3-D TEM prototype cell, and the results compared to those of TEM and GTEM cells. Finally, the repeatability and reproducibility between TEM, GTEM and 3-D TEM cells is studied and discussed     

Excitation of Plasma Waves in an Unbounded Homogeneous Plasma by a Line Source

The radiation characteristics of a line source of magnetic current embedded in a homogeneous electron plasma of infinite extent are investigated for the case in which a uniform magnetic field is impressed externally throughout the medium in the direction of the source. The single-fluid theory of magnetohydrodynamics is employed. A very simple model is assumed for the plasma. Under this assumption, it is found that there are two modes of propagation of waves of small amplitude. By examining the behavior of these modes in the limiting cases of vanishing external magnetic field or infinite source frequency, they are identifiable as the modified forms of the usual plasma and optical modes which exist in an isotropic electron plasma. The dispersion relations for these two modes are discussed. The power radiated in each of the two modes is also evaluated. It is found that the power radiated in the optical mode is always lower than that due to the line source in free space, whereas the power radiated in the plasma mode is higher than that value for certain ranges of the source frequency.     

A power and efficiency measurement technique for active patchantennas

In this paper, the power input to the radiating element of an active microstrip patch antenna is measured using a small sensing patch, which is weakly coupled to a radiating edge. Combined with an estimate of patch radiation efficiency, this also yields a measurement of total radiated power. The method has advantages of convenience, insensitivity to room reflections, and a weakly frequency-dependent calibration factor     

Harmonic generation in TR tubes

Spurious harmonic power generated in TR tubes was investigated to determine if intersystem interference problems exist and to provide design criteria for controlling spurious signal generation. Harmonic power radiated from typical TR tubes was measured as a function of incident power, pressure, and geometry for discharges in chlorine, water vapor, hydrogen, nitrogen, and argon. Harmonic power decreased by about 20 dB for each decade increase in total pressure in the 0.2 to 20 torr range. Conversion loss varied from 28 to 70 dB. Harmonic power was radiated in a series of resonant peaks which varied with incident power and pressure. TR tubes meet the desired requirements for spurious radiation of -40 dBm/kHz for incident pulse widths less than 1.0 µs when filled to total pressures in the usual 10 to 15 torr range. At pulse widths greater than about 10 µs it becomes necessary to suppress spurious radiation by either filtering or harmonic trapping to reduce intersystem interference.     

A closed-form expression for estimating radiated emissions from the power planes in a populated printed circuit board

An expression for the maximum intensity of radiated emissions from a rectangular power bus structure has been derived based on an analytical cavity-resonator model. The effect of components mounted on the board is modeled by modifying the propagation constant of the waves within the power bus structure. The radiated field intensity is calculated using the equivalent magnetic current around the edges of the power bus structure together with the modified propagation constant. Measurements of a populated test board show that the derived closed-form expression estimates the level of the maximum radiation intensity with reasonable accuracy.     

解析24 GHz频段短距雷达设备电磁兼容欧洲标准

解读ETSI EN 302288-1中对测试电源的极端电压和环境的温、湿度要求。介绍短距离设备的频率范围、功率密度、杂散发射与带外发射等测量参数,以及电波暗室中辐射测量的通用测量方法和场地要求。     

Design and acceptance test of compact planar monopole antenna for LTE smartphone considering SAR,TRP, and HAC values

Eight different types of compact multiband planar antennas are proposed in this work for covering several long‐term evaluation (LTE) and Wi‐Fi bands in a smartphone antenna design. Gradual inclusion of several sections of a radiator on an inexpensive FR4 substrate is presented for receiving multi‐LTE bands with a handset device. Along with the presently available LTE bands, this antenna design approach also includes upcoming LTE in unlicensed spectrum and LTE licensed‐assisted access. Various techniques such as partial ground, branch line slit, parasitic structure, and meandered lines are used to achieve desired resonant frequencies, bandwidth, matching, and miniaturization. The final type of eight antennas has been implemented in the real‐world mobile phone handset. The interaction between the mobile handset and the human phantom model has been analyzed at few specific frequencies for evaluating specific absorption rate (SAR) and total radiated power (TRP) in a simulated manner. The same type is also studied as a hearing aid compatibility (HAC)–supported wireless device. The simulated results show the SAR and HAC values are at the acceptance level for this proposed design. A prototype model is developed and few parameters are measured for validation.     

Ray Pattern of Pulsed Wave Field Metaparticles

Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics - The study estimates distance at which the effective transverse size of a field of metaparticle directionally radiated by an aperture source is...     

THz Thermal Radiation Enhancement Using an Electromagnetic Crystal

Thermal radiation in the terahertz (THz) range only occupies a tiny portion of the whole blackbody power spectrum at room temperature. We demonstrate that a thermal radiator, which is constructed from an electromagnetic (EM) crystal, can be designed so that its photon density of states (DOS) is enhanced in the THz frequency range. We also demonstrate, as a consequence, that this source may lead to large enhancements of the radiated power over the values associated with normal blackbody radiation at those frequencies. The THz thermal radiation enhancement effects of various EM crystals, including both silicon and tungsten woodpile structures and a cubic photonic cavity (CPC) array, are explored. The DOS of the woodpile structures and the CPC array are calculated, and their thermal radiation intensities are predicted numerically. These simulations show that the radiated power can be enhanced by a factor of 11.8 around 364 GHz and 2.6 around 406 GHz, respectively, for the silicon and tungsten woodpile structures in comparison to the normal blackbody radiation values at those frequencies. It is also shown that an enhancement factor of more than 100 may be obtained by using the CPC array. A silicon woodpile EM crystal with a band gap around 200 GHz was designed and fabricated. The transmission property of this woodpile structure was verified using the THz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS). Thermal emissions from the fabricated silicon woodpile and a control blackbody sample were measured. Enhancements of the woodpile source radiation over the blackbody were observed at several frequencies which are consistent with the theoretical predictions.      

Evaluation of antenna configurations for reduced power absorptionin the head

This paper describes the use of two-dimensional (2-D) pattern measurements as a tool for evaluating new antenna configurations for reducing power absorbed in the head. The estimation is from comparisons of the total power in measured cuts of the power pattern in a plane containing the head (the principal cut) for various handheld antenna configurations. For the estimate to be reliable, the power in the cuts should be proportional to the total radiated power. In practice this may not always be the case, but useful results for guidance of antenna design can still be obtained. Configurations with parasitic reflecting elements for directing the power away from the head are demonstrated to be effective in reducing the absorbed power in the head. The results are consistent with those from existing forward differences in the time domain (FDTD) analysis for directive antennas. The resulting directive patterns are more efficient and so the in situ terminal can be expected to have an improved performance in a homogeneous multipath environment     

High dielectric constant thin film EBG power/ground network for broad-band suppression of SSN and radiated emissions

We experimentally demonstrated the great advantages of a high dielectric constant thin film electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) power distribution network (PDN) for the suppression of power/ground noises and radiated emissions in high-performance multilayer digital printed circuit boards (PCBs). Five-layer test PCBs were fabricated and their scattering parameters measured. The power plane noise and radiated emissions were measured, investigated and related to the PDN impedance. This successfully demonstrated that the bandgap of the EBG was extended more than three times, covering a range of hundreds of MHz using a 1-cm /spl times/ 1-cm EBG cell, the SSN was reduced from 170 mV to 10 mV and the radiated emission was suppressed by 22 dB because of the high dielectric constant thin film EBG power/ground network.