合金元素对钢在海水飞溅区腐蚀的影响

讨论了合金元素对钢在海水飞溅区腐蚀的影响。合金元素在青岛、厦门和榆林海域对钢在海水飞溅区的腐蚀有基本相同的影响效果。Mn、P、Si、Cr、Mo和Ni能减轻钢在飞溅区的腐蚀,其影响大小的顺序为：P＞Si＞Cr和Mo＞Ni和Mn;S、Al、V对钢的飞溅区腐蚀有害。Cu-P、Mn-Mo、Ni-Cr-Mo复合对减轻钢在飞溅区的腐蚀有好的效果。     

马氏体热作模具钢热稳定性的内耗研究

采用内耗法研究了两种马氏体热作模具钢在高温服役过程中的弹性模量及内耗特征,结合JMA方程探讨了时效前期的动力学过程。结果表明:620℃热稳保温过程中4Cr2Mo2W2MnV钢的软化主要以马氏体基体回复为主,而3Cr2W8V钢基体中大量的W、C脱溶及合金碳化物的沉淀,导致材料力学性能明显下降。4Cr2Mo2W2MnV钢在620℃工作温度下的热稳定性比传统热作模具钢3Cr2W8V好,主要是由于基体中的较多的Mn和相对稳定细小的Mo、V系MC型碳化物对马氏体热作模具钢的热稳定性有贡献作用。     

20CrMnMo及17Cr2Ni2Mo钢的晶粒长大及组织遗传

本文对２０ＣｒＭｎＭｏ钢和１７Ｃｒ２Ｎｉ２Ｍｏ钢晶粒长大倾向及不同组织状态的组织遗传倾向和校正工艺进行了探讨。试验结果表明：２０ＣｒＭｎＭｏ钢以粒状贝氏体＋粒状组织为主的混合组织（粒状贝氏＋粒状组织＋铁素体）具有组织遗传倾向，且粒状贝氏体＋粒状组织中的奥氏体岛稳定性差，利用一次高温回火便可有效地消除组织遗传；１７Ｃｒ２Ｎｉ２Ｍｏ钢粒状贝氏体＋粒状组织的遗传倾向大于马氏体组织，正火对粒状贝氏体＋粒状     

Cr对钢耐海水腐蚀性的影响

获得了５种含铬低合金钢在海水中暴露１、２、４、８（７）年的腐蚀数据,讨论Ｃｒ对钢耐海水腐蚀的影响,铬钢的耐海水腐蚀性不仅与Ｃｒ的含量有关,还与其他复合合金元素有关。短期浸泡时,钢的耐海水腐蚀性随铬含量（无其他合金元素复合）增加而提高。长期浸泡,Ｃｒ对钢的耐海水腐蚀性有害,约１％Ｃｒ与Ｍｏ（－Ａｌ）复合对钢的耐海水腐蚀性的影响与Ｃｒ的影响没有左别大于２％Ｃｒ与Ｍｏ（－Ａｌ）复合大幅度提高钢在海水中短期浸泡的耐蚀性,并使耐蚀性逆转时间明显推迟.小于1%Cr与Mn-Cu、Cu-Si-V、Ni-Cu-Si、Ni-Mn等复合对钢的耐海水腐蚀性有害。     

几种工业用钢的马氏体相变及组织

研究了工业用钢65Mn、60Si2Mn、9CrSi、CrWMn、5CrMnMo、42CrMo淬火马氏体的形成过程。结果表明，上述钢种马氏体均优先在晶界形成且为片状。Mo钢中晶界马氏体少，且马氏体片很小，而Cr、Mn钢中晶界马氏体较多且为大的片状。对晶界处优先形成片状马氏体的原因进行了初步的讨论分析。     

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 借助于X射线衍射，研究了C、Mn、Cr和Ni 含量对304奥氏体不锈钢拉伸力学性能和应变诱发 马氏体相变倾向的影响。结果表明：C、Mn、Cr和Ni在允许的成分范围内变化，应变诱发α′马氏体相变倾向差异很大，这导致屈服强度和抗拉强度复杂的变化，尽管应变诱发α′马氏体相变使加工硬化速率提高，相变可以诱发塑性，但相变速率较快，相变倾向较大的钢塑性反而下降，此外，由于室温变形还增大热诱发马氏体相变倾向，从而限制了C、Mn、Cr和Ni下限钢在高精度和低温环境下构件的应用。     

304不锈钢应变诱发α''''马氏体相变及对力学性能的影响

借助于C射线衍射，研究了C、Mn、Cr和Ni含量对304奥氏体不锈钢拉伸力学性能和应变诱发马氏体相变倾向的影响。结果表明：C、Mn、Cr和Ni在允许的成分范围内变化，应变诱发α’马氏体相变倾向差异很大，这导致屈服强度和抗拉强度复杂的变化，尽管应变诱发α’马氏体相变使加工硬化速率提高，相变可以诱发塑性，但相变速率较快，相变倾向较大的钢塑性反而下降，此外，由于室温变形还增大热诱发马氏体相变倾向，从而限制了C、Mn、Cr和Ni下限钢在高精度和低温环境下构件的应用。     

17Cr2Ni2MoVNb和20Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢的动态再结晶行为及热加工图

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机得到17Cr2Ni2MoVNb和20Cr2Ni4A齿轮钢在1000~1150 ℃、0.01~10 s^-1的流变应力曲线,构建了两种钢的动态再结晶Avrami动力学模型和热加工图。结果表明,两种钢在高变形温度、低应变速率下易发生动态再结晶。17Cr2Ni2MoVNb钢中较高的Nb和Mo含量对动态再结晶的抑制作用大于20Cr2Ni4A钢中的高Ni含量的影响,导致在相同的热变形条件下17Cr2Ni2MoVNb钢的动态再结晶体积分数小于20Cr2Ni4A钢。17Cr2Ni2MoVNb钢的最佳热加工工艺参数为:温度为1050~1150 ℃、应变速率为0.1~0.6 s^-1;20Cr2Ni4A钢的最佳加工参数为:温度为1100~1150 ℃、应变速率为3.3~5.5 s^-1。     

高速钢深冷处理及其机理研究

研究了深冷处理对Ｗ１８Ｃｒ４Ｖ和Ｗ６Ｍｏ５Ｃｒ４Ｖ２两种高速钢微观组织结构和力学性能的影响。实验结果表明，深冷处理使高速钢刀具使用寿命显著提高，深冷处理过程中马氏体的分解及超微细碳化物的析出是高速钢力学性能得以改善的重要原因之一。     

Formation of Grain and Packet-Lath Structure in Low-Carbon Steels After Quenching from Intercritical Temperature Range

Metal Science and Heat Treatment - Structural and phase transformations under cooling of low-carbon martensitic steels of the Cr – Mn – Ni – Mo – V – Nb system with...     

Rules of formation of the chemical composition of M23C6 multicomponent carbide in high-temperature steels

The method of phase physicochemical analysis is used to study martensite steels in the Fe−Cr−Ni−Co−Mo−W−V−C system. It is shown that the chemical compositions of two multicomponent phases, i.e., hardened martensite and (Cr, M)₂₃C₆ carbide segregated from it in high-temperature tempering are correlated where the concentrations of the elements Mo/W, V/W, and (Cr+V)/(Mo+W) are concerned. The discovered correlation is used for developing a method for calculating the chemical composition of a (Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Mo, W, V)₂₃C₆ carbide with the help of the concentrations of the elements in the α-solid solution and the differences in the atomic radii. It is shown that the alloying elements in the carbide substitute for chromium in correspondence with the principle of dimension. It is inferred that the type of bonding in the chromium sublattice in the carbide is metallic. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 1, pp. 6–10, January, 2000.     

焊后热处理对1Cr18Ni9Ti与2Cr13钢焊接接头组织和性能的影响

通过钨极氩弧焊方法,对1Cr18Ni9Ti与2Cr13钢实施焊接,并对焊接接头整体进行焊后热处理。采用OM、SEM对2Cr13与1Cr18Ni9Ti钢热处理前后的焊接接头组织进行分析,利用显微硬度计、电子万能拉伸机测量了焊接接头的力学性能。结果表明,1Cr18Ni9Ti和2Cr13钢焊接接头热处理前焊缝组织为典型的柱状晶,组织为板条马氏体+残留奥氏体+碳化物;热处理后焊缝组织为回火索氏体,而且碳化物析出量也明显增多。拉伸时,热处理前后焊接接头断裂的部位都发生在奥氏体不锈钢热影响区一侧,热处理前后焊接接头的抗拉强度分别约为635.56、649.44 MPa;焊缝区的显微硬度分别约为276、222 HV0.5,热处理后焊接接头的整体显微硬度比热处理前的明显降低。     

均热温度对不同成分980 MPa级高强钢组织和性能的影响

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机对两种不同成分的1.4 mm厚冷硬带钢进行退火热模拟试验,并利用万能拉伸试验机、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、EDS对所得热模拟退火试样进行力学性能和组织分析。结果表明,其他退火参数相同,低C高Mn成分前提下,添加合金元素Cr、Mo及高Si含量的C-Mn-Si(高)+Cr+Mo钢和不添加合金元素Cr、Mo且低Si含量的C-Mn-Si(低)钢经760、780 ℃均热退火可得到力学性能满足要求的980 MPa级双相钢。不同均热温度下,C-Mn-Si(高)+Cr+Mo钢组织均为铁素体、岛状马氏体和少量贝氏体,区别在于均热温度高的铁素体晶粒细小且数量较多,呈凹凸不平形貌,马氏体含量少一些,贝氏体呈针状或团簇状;C-Mn-Si(低)钢组织则由铁素体、马氏体、少量的贝氏体和残留奥氏体组成,区别在于均热温度高,铁素体晶粒细化,轧制特征不明显,马氏体含量少,贝氏体呈粒状且量较少。残留奥氏体呈亮白色条状,这种亮白色的特征主要是因为Mn的局部富集。两种试验钢组织差异本质上是Cr、Mo和Si 3种合金元素的含量差异影响过冷奥氏体稳定性引起的。     

Co对4Cr5Mo2V钢组织和强韧性的影响

采用OM、SEM、EDS、硬度测试、室温冲击及高温拉伸等方法研究了Co对4Cr5Mo2V钢的组织和强韧性的影响。结果表明:经1010 ℃淬火30 min,4Cr5Mo2V-Co钢未溶碳化物数量更多,马氏体板条更细;510~600 ℃回火时,4Cr5Mo2V-Co钢的回火硬度较4Cr5Mo2V钢高出1~2 HRC,但二者冲击性能相当;相同初始硬度条件下,4Cr5Mo2V-Co钢具有更高的高温强度,这是因为Co元素的添加促进了4Cr5Mo2V-Co钢二次硬化碳化物的形核速率,并能降低碳化物的粗化速率,从而提高了4Cr5Mo2V-Co钢的强度。     

Wirkung von Cr,Ni, Mn,S, Mo und Cu auf Passivierungs- und Lochkorrosionseigenschaften der Stahlsorte X 6 CrNiTi 1810

The effect of Cr, Ni, Mn, S, Mo and Cu on the passivation and pitting corrosion behaviour of the steel type X 6 CrNiTi 1810 The influence of the alloying elements Cr and Ni as well as of the accompanying elements Mn, S, Mo and Cu in the varying range of the steel type X 6 CrNiTi 1810 (DIN 17440) on the characteristics of the passivation and the pitting corrosion in neutral and acidic 0.2 m NaCl solutions was studied. The characteristics were observed form potentiodynamically measured polarization curves (0.02 V min^?1). The selfpassivation is accelerated in the range Cr < Cu < Mo, Mn and S do not have any effect, Ni has a small negative effect. The resistance against pitting corrosion is promoted in the range Ni < Cr < Cu < Mo, Mn has nothing, S a negative effect. It seems to exist a relationship between the acceleration of the self-passivation and the increasing of the resistance against pitting corrosion with exception of S. The positive influence of accompanying elements on corrosion, machining and application properties can be technically utilized.     

Cold cracking studies on low alloy steel weldments: effect of filler metal composition

Abstract

The resistance to hydrogen cracking of Cr - Mo, Ni - Cr - Mo and Si - Mn steels which are employed in armoured vehicle construction was evaluated under implant test conditions. Austenitic stainless steel filler (AWS E312), which is reported to be resistant to hydrogen assisted cracking, was used to study the cracking tendency of all the three steels. Four other fillers, namely a nickel based filler (ENiCrFe-3), a low carbon, low alloy steel, a mild steel (AWS E6013) and a matching filler for Cr - Mo, were employed to evaluate their relative cracking tendency. Cr - Mo and Ni - Cr - Mo steels exhibited high cracking tendency while Si - Mn steel was resistant to cracking with the E312 filler. Cr - Mo steel was resistant to cracking with the nickel based filler, the low carbon, low alloy steel and the matching filler. The observed cracking tendency of the steels is linked to a susceptible interface/fusion boundary microstructure.     

残留/逆转变奥氏体对改善高强度不锈钢-196℃超低温冲击性能的影响

采用力学性能测试、SEM和XRD等手段研究了淬火+低温回火处理的0Cr16Ni6高强度不锈钢和过时效处理的00Cr11Ni11MoTi马氏体时效不锈钢,并分析了残留/逆转变奥氏体对试验钢超低温缺口抗拉强度和冲击性能的影响。结果表明,在两种试验钢室温强韧性相近的情况下,0Cr16Ni6钢在超低温下(-196 ℃)的缺口抗拉强度和冲击性能显著优于00Cr11Ni11MoTi钢。根据冲击试样远离断口和断口附近马氏体/奥氏体衍射峰的相对强度分别定量计算的残留/逆转变奥氏体含量,发现在裂纹形成和扩展过程中0Cr16Ni6钢有接近90%的残留奥氏体通过应变诱发相变生成马氏体,显著改善了超低温韧性;而过时效00Cr11Ni11MoTi钢形成的逆转变奥氏体具有较高的稳定性,难以发生应变诱发马氏体相变,改善超低温韧性作用程度有限。     

Effect of carbon,chromium, and nickel on the α ⇄ γ transformation and properties of Cr - Ni - Mo - V steels

The aim of the present investigation is to determine some regular features of alloying Cr - Ni - Mo - V steels for critical parts with allowance for the structure, hardenability, level of properties, and semibrittleness temperature. For this purpose the concentration of carbon in Cr - Ni - Mo - V steels was varied from 0.03 to 0.47%, chromium from 0 to 4%, and nickel from 0 to 5% at a constant concentration of the other elements (0.5% Mo, 0.6% Mn, 0.25% Si, -0. 1% V, 0.015% S, 0.012% P), and the cooling rate from the austenitization temperature was varied from 25 to 1000°C/h.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 3, pp. 7 – 9, March, 1996.     

Untersuchungen zum Einfluss des Stickstoffs auf das Lochkorrosionsverhalten hochlegierter austenitischer Cr‐Ni‐Mo‐Stähle

Investigation of the influence of nitrogen on the pitting corrosion of high alloyed austenitic Cr‐Ni‐Mo‐steels Austenitic stainless steels (18% Cr, 12% Ni, Mo gradation between 0.5 to 3.6%) had been gas‐nitrided. By stepwise removal, samples could be prepared with various surface content of nitrogen up to 0.45%. The susceptibility against pitting corrosion of these samples had been tested by two methods: – determination of the stable pitting potential in 0.5 M NaCl at 25°C – determination of the critical pitting temperature in artificial sea water (DIN 81249‐4) The influence of nitrogen to both determined parameter can be described well by PRE = Cr + 3,3 · Mo + 25 · N That means for the investigated steel composition and the used corrosion system there is no influence of molybdenum on the effectiveness of nitrogen.     

The compound formation mechanism of butterfly martensite

The butterfly martensites formed in Fe-1.20% C, CrMn, GCr18Mo, and 25Cr2Ni4WA steels have been investigated by optical and transmission electron microscopy. It has been found that the mid-rib of a butterfly martensite is a thin-plate martensite and that the formation of butterfly martensite is a multi-stage process. In the initial stage, crossed or kinked thin-plate martensites are formed. Subsequently, these become mid-ribs, grow more, then create butterfly martensite in various forms. Crossed thin-plate martensite thickens into butterfly martensite with tails, while the kinked form transforms to tailless butterfly martensite by thickening on only one side of the wings. The formation of butterfly martensite may not be a single continuous process, but rather a compound one comprised of separate stages.