基于CFD程序的物理热工耦合计算不确定性分析

基于计算流体力学（CFD）程序FLUENT的用户自定义函数（UDF）,耦合中子动力学计算模型、燃料棒热传导计算模型、不确定性分析程序SIMLAB,开发了物理热工耦合计算不确定性分析平台CFD/PFS,并开展了小型自然循环铅基快堆SNCLFR-10的无保护超功率（UTOP）事故的不确定性量化,最后对计算结果进行不确定性分析和敏感性分析。研究表明,CFD/PFS平台的物理热工耦合计算具有良好的可靠性、精确性;总反应性峰值、功率峰值等瞬态安全参数的名义值均处于95/95双侧容忍限值内,且名义值与限值相对偏差小于3.95%;燃料多普勒系数是主要不确定性来源,对反应堆安全影响最大。     

SCWR堆芯三维稳态性能分析程序系统开发及验证

基于节块法中子扩散计算程序,二次开发了具备调棒临界-燃耗计算及燃料管理能力的超临界水堆(SCWR)堆芯稳态中子学计算程序NGFMN_S。通过模块化方式耦合NGFMN_S和超临界水堆子通道热工-水力计算程序ATHAS,开发了超临界水堆堆芯三维物理-热工水力耦合稳态性能分析程序SNTA。针对超临界水堆堆芯CSR1000,通过与耦合程序CASIR及SRAC/SPROD对比检验,结果表明:SNTA程序针对CSR1000问题的计算结果与参考程序符合良好;相比于堆芯计算采用细网有限差分方法的CASIR或SRAC/SPROD程序,SNTA程序的计算效率显著提高;适用于具备强烈核热耦合特性的超临界水堆堆芯的稳态性能分析。     

基于燃料棒层面核热耦合的超临界水堆堆芯研究

针对超临界水堆堆芯内流体物性分布非均匀性显著、核热反馈强烈的特点,建立了适用于超临界水堆运行环境的、基于燃料棒层面的精细化堆芯中子学/热工水力耦合方法,开发了子通道程序NCEDSCWR、节块扩散计算程序MRAPS、多功能程序COUPLE,结合西屋公司组件能谱计算程序PARAGON,构建了堆芯中子学/热工耦合分析程序系统SCAP。以具有121盒燃料组件的超临界水堆堆芯进行模拟分析,研究了堆芯三维功率分布和流体物性分布的特点以及反应性参数与重要同位素密度等随燃耗的变化规律。结果表明,本文提出的精细化核热耦合方法和开发的程序系统可以应用于超临界水堆堆芯的研究与分析,相关研究结果对超临界水堆堆芯设计具有一定的指导意义。     

COMMEN程序燃料元件精细模型的开发和验证

COMMEN程序是中国原子能科学研究院开发的钠冷快堆堆芯严重事故分析程序,包含了热工水力学模块、结构模块以及中子学模块。本文介绍COMMEN程序的燃料元件精细模型,该模型对燃料芯块内部节点进行划分,从而详细描述了燃料元件棒的径向温度分布。使用含有燃料元件精细模型的COMMEN程序从反应性反馈方面对中国实验快堆的UTOP（无保护超功率）事故进行计算分析,并将SAS4A程序和COMMEN程序的计算结果进行对比验证。结果显示,燃料元件精细模型计算的燃料温度与SAS4A程序的计算结果符合很好,开发的COMMEN程序适用于UTOP事故分析。     

混合能谱超临界水堆堆芯热工-物理性能分析

针对一种新型的超临界水堆设计方案——混合能谱超临界水堆（SCWR-M）进行分析。混合能谱超临界水堆包括热谱区和快谱区两部分,分别布置在堆芯的外部与内部。它在继承了热谱与快谱超临界堆芯设计优点的同时,有效地克服了两者的不足。对于热谱区,冷却剂与慢化剂同向流动,大幅降低了燃料包壳的表面温度和组件的机械加工难度;对于快谱区,采用多层燃料组件和较大的栅距棒径比p/d,可得到较高的燃料转换比和较小的冷却剂负反应性系数。本工作采用自主开发的基于子通道分析和三维物理计算的耦合程序,对混合能谱超临界水堆的热工性能和中子物理性能（包括燃耗性能）进行研究。初步的耦合分析结果表明了混合能谱超临界水堆设计方案的可行性。     

溶液堆燃料管理计算方法初步研究与程序研制

溶液型医用同位素生产堆的核燃料呈流动的水溶液形式.堆芯呈非结构、强各向异性散射,运行过程中会产生大量气体.针对堆芯燃料管理计算需要在线提取核素等特点,基于以三角形节块S_N方法为模型的中子输运计算程序DNTR,开发了溶液堆堆芯燃料管理计算程序FMSR,并利用该程序对溶液堆进行了模拟分析.结果表明,FMSR程序可在溶液堆堆芯燃料管理计算中试用.     

池式钠冷快堆系统分析程序开发

针对池式钠冷快堆的特点,在对快堆系统的水力模型、热工模型和中子动力学模型进行详细分类和建模的基础上,利用FORTRAN95语言开发了可用于池式钠冷快堆事故分析的系统分析程序（FASYS程序）。以中国实验快堆为计算对象对FASYS程序模型进行了初步验证,所获得的结果和试验值与其他系统程序计算值符合良好,证明了所开发的系统分析程序的正确性。     

快堆中子时空动力学程序并行计算研究

快堆中子时空动力学程序是基于快堆中子学设计软件系统（NAS）开发的可用于快堆三维瞬态中子学分析的计算程序。本文结合该计算程序及现代计算机发展特点,在编程过程中引入并行计算,使计算速度大幅提升。     

SCWR-FQT回路的热工物理耦合分析

中欧核能合作研究项目超临界水堆燃料验证实验(SCWR-FQT)的主要研究内容为在超临界水环境下对一个小型燃料组件进行堆内性能分析和验证。本文应用修过后的系统程序ATHLET-SC对该实验回路进行建模,同时结合堆芯中子物理的计算结果,对由于压力管进口管破裂形成的失水事故进行热工水力和中子物理的耦合分析,并讨论了物理耦合中停堆棒的负反应性、冷却剂温度系数等参数对结果的影响。计算结果表明,进行了中子物理耦合的结果得到的最高包壳温度比未进行中子耦合的结果要低15℃,同时停堆棒引入的负反应性是该事故过程中影响燃料棒最高包壳温度的一个主要因素。     

钠冷行波堆和驻波堆堆芯特性对比分析

采用自开发的MCNP-ORIGEN耦合程序MCORE对所设计的钠冷行波堆和驻波堆开展中子学和燃耗分析;基于MCORE获得的功率分布,采用自开发的钠冷快堆堆芯稳态热工水力分析程序SAST对钠冷行波堆和驻波堆堆芯开展热工水力分析。对比钠冷行波堆和驻波堆的堆芯物理特性和热工水力特性,结果表明：驻波堆在燃耗、最高包壳和燃料芯块温度方面具有优势,而行波堆在反应性波动和堆芯冷却剂出口温度均匀性方面具有优势。     

基于CFD的池式快堆多物理耦合分析方法研究

Based on the critical/subcritical point kinetics model, the fuel pin heat transfer model, and the auxiliary thermal hydraulic models such as the heat exchanger model and the porous media model, a multi-physical coupling code CFD/PF was developed by means of the explicit iteration method, dynamic link library technique (DLL) and user-defined functions (UDF) of FLUENT. The CFD/PF was used to carry out the simulation of SNCLFR-100 unprotected transient of over power (UTOP) of a small natural circulation LBE cooled fast reactor, and the code-to-code comparison analysis was conducted with the renowned multi-physical coupling code SIMMER-III. The results indicated that the CFD/PF simulation results are in a good agreement with SIMMER-III calculation results, and the multi-physical analysis method and code development have been achieved initial success, which can be used to analyze the complex three-dimensional flow and heat transfer phenomena in pool-type fast reactors.     

多物理耦合方法在严重事故仿真软件SimSA开发中的应用

为满足核电厂全范围模拟机对严重事故过程仿真的需求,自主开发了严重事故仿真软件SimSA,能模拟从设计基准事故到严重事故的主要事故过程,并能准确给出相关进程的计算结果。SimSA包含3大主要模块：热工水力模块（Therm）、堆芯行为模块（Core）以及安全壳行为模块（Cont）。其中,Therm与Core两个模块的耦合过程中采用了SCDAP/RELAP5相似的基于过程机理的耦合方法。本文结合SimSA软件的具体情况介绍了这种耦合方法的实现过程,并采用耦合后的程序对大破口叠加安注失效及全厂断电叠加辅助给水丧失两个典型初因事故导致的严重事故序列进行了计算,将计算结果与相同初始条件下MAAP4的计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明,SimSA中采用的这种耦合方式是成功的。     

Numerical simulations of gas–liquid–particle three-phase flows using a hybrid method

For the analysis of debris behavior in core disruptive accidents of liquid metal fast reactors, a hybrid computational tool was developed using the discrete element method (DEM) for calculation of solid particle dynamics and a multi-fluid model of a reactor safety analysis code, SIMMER-III, to reasonably simulate transient behavior of three-phase flows of gas–liquid–particle mixtures. A coupling numerical algorithm was developed to combine the DEM and fluid-dynamic calculations, which are based on an explicit and a semi-implicit method, respectively. The developed method was validated based on experiments of water–particle dam break and fluidized bed in systems of gas–liquid–particle flows. Reasonable agreements between the simulation results and experimental data demonstrate the validity of the present method for complicated three-phase flows with large amounts of solid particles.     

Dynamic behavior of a solid particle bed in a liquid pool: SIMMER-III code verification

Dynamic behavior of solid particle beds in a liquid pool against pressure transients was investigated to model the mobility of core materials in a postulated disrupted core of a liquid metal fast reactor. A series of experiments was performed with a particle bed of different bed heights, comprising different monotype solid particles, where variable initial pressures of the originally pressurized nitrogen gas were adopted as the pressure sources. Computational simulations of the experiments were performed using SIMMER-III, a fast reactor safety analysis code. Comparisons between simulated and experimental results show that the physical model for multiphase flows used in the SIMMER-III code can reasonably represent the transient behaviors of pool multiphase flows with rich solid phases, as observed in the current experiments. This demonstrates the basic validity of the SIMMER-III code on simulating the dynamic behaviors induced by pressure transients in a low-energy disrupted core of a liquid metal fast reactor with rich solid phases.     

基于RELAP5和FLUENT的多尺度耦合分析方法研究

基于二次开发得到的铅冷快堆一维系统程序RELAP5_LEAD和三维计算流体力学程序FLUENT,利用动态链接库技术和FLUENT用户自定义函数,开发了多尺度耦合分析程序RELAP5/FLUENT。在单相范围内,分别利用耦合程序RELAP5/FLUENT开展简单铅冷串联管道的瞬态流动和传热模拟、简单铅冷闭式回路的瞬态流动模拟,并与RELAP5_LEAD计算结果开展Code-to-Code对比分析。研究结果表明,RELAP5/FLUENT计算结果与RELAP5_LEAD模拟结果吻合良好,耦合程序的开发取得了初步成功,可用于分析铅冷快堆堆内的复杂三维热工水力现象。     

Development of multicomponent vaporization/condensation model for a reactor safety analysis code SIMMER-III: Theoretical modeling and basic verification

It is believed that the numerical simulation of thermal-hydraulic phenomena of multiphase, multicomponent flows in a reactor core is essential to investigate core disruptive accidents (CDAs) of liquid-metal fast reactors. A new multicomponent vaporization/condensation (V/C) model was developed to provide a generalized model for a fast reactor safety analysis code SIMMER-III, which analyzes relatively short-time-scale phenomena relevant to accident sequences of CDAs. The model characterizes the V/C process associated with phase transition through heat-transfer and mass-diffusion limited models to follow the time evolution of the reactor core under CDA conditions. The heat-transfer limited model describes the nonequilibrium phase-transition processes occurring at interfaces, while the mass-diffusion limited model is employed to represent effects of noncondensable gases and multicomponent mixture on V/C processes. Verification of the model and method employed in the multicomponent V/C model of SIMMER-III was performed successfully by analyzing a series of multicomponent phase-transition experiments.     

Simulation of molten metal freezing behavior on to a structure

In the severe accident analysis of liquid metal reactors (LMRs), understanding the freezing behavior of molten metal onto the core structure during the core disruptive accidents (CDAs) is of importance for the design of next-generation reactor. CDA can occur only under hypothetical conditions where a serious power-to-cooling mismatch is postulated. Material distribution and relocation of molten metal are the key study areas during CDA. In order to model the freezing behavior of molten metal of the postulated disrupted core in a CDA of an LMR and provide data for the verification of the safety analysis code, SIMMER-III, a series of fundamental experiments was performed to simulate the freezing behavior of molten metal during penetrating onto a metal structure. The numerical simulation was performed by SIMMER-III with a mixed freezing model, which represents both bulk freezing and crust formation. The comparison between SIMMER-III simulation and its corresponding experiment indicates that SIMMER-III can reproduce the freezing behavior observed on different structure materials and under various cooling conditions. SIMMER-III also shows encouraging agreement with experimental results of melt penetration on structures and particle formation.     

Addressing the heavy liquid metal – Water interaction issue in LBE system

The interaction between heavy liquid metal (HLM) and water is a safety concern for the preliminary designs of lead fast reactor (i.e. LFR) and of subcritical transmutation system prototypes (i.e. XT-ADS). Current pool-type configurations have steam generators (SG) inside the reactor vessel. This implies that the primary to secondary leak (e.g. steam generator tube rupture) shall be considered as a postulated initiating event. The issue is addressed for CIRCE facility in ICE (Integral Circulation Experiment) configuration. CIRCE facility is a large pool system aimed at studying key operating principles of Lead Bismuth Eutectic (and Lead) systems. The configuration ICE was carried out to perform integral experiments, simulating the coupling between a high-performance heat source (electrically heated fuel bundle) and the heat exchanger, which was representative of the preliminary design of the XT-ADS heat exchanger. A Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is applied in order to get a complete picture of all the failure modes pertaining to this system, to determine their effects and to classify them according to their severity. The outcome of the analysis has identified as major hazard, relative to the CIRCE facility in the ICE configuration, the risk related to the LBE/water reaction, although with a very low probability, with the potential for a suddenly and dangerous pressurization (beyond the failure threshold) within the main vessel. A SIMMER-III code model of the system has been setup to provide deterministic results of the scenario. The results are supported by means of a LBE/water interaction experiment executed in LIFUS5 facility. LIFUS5 is a separate effect test facility dedicated to the investigation of LBE/water interaction. SIMMER-III code pre-test and post-test analyses are performed to define the boundary conditions of the experiment and to demonstrate the reliability of the code in simulating the phenomena of interest. The activity contributes to solving the safety issue raised for the operation of CIRCE facility and it provides a sample approach for addressing the safety studies needed in the development of the lead fast reactor and of the subcritical transmutation system.