Effect of pre-harvest flooding of paddy on the milling and cooking quality of rice

The physico-chemical, milling, pasting and cooking characteristics of six cultivars of paddy, viz PR-106, PR-109, PR-103, Java, PR-108 and Basmati-370, as affected by flooding were investigated. A significant reduction in 1000-kernel weight and bulk density of paddy rice in damaged samples was observed. The kernels in flood-affected samples became soft and developed fissures which contributed to low head rice recoveries. The milled rice from them had lower kernel weight and protein content but showed higher amylose and ash content. The diastatic activity of these samples was higher. Amylographic characteristics showed no effect on the gelatinisation time and temperature in most of the samples. Peak viscosity and setback were affected in all samples, and the effect was variable among different varieties. The flood-affected samples showed lower cooking time and higher gruel solids loss, and were rated poorer organoleptically.     

不同收获期对两种粳稻综合品质的影响分析

为了探讨收获期对两种粳稻综合品质的影响规律及各品质指标间的相关性,并为优化水稻田间管理和提高稻谷加工产品质量提供基础数据支持,对抽穗后36~66 d的南粳5055和南粳9108分期收割,测定干基千粒质量、外观品质、加工特性、快速黏度分析(rapid viscosity analyzer,RVA)特征谱和蒸煮特性等指标,对数据进行单因素方差分析、相关性分析和主成分分析。结果发现,南粳5055和南粳9108分别在抽穗后48~54 d的干基千粒质量和总淀粉含量显著高于其他时间段(P0.05)。在抽穗后36~66 d内,南粳5055和南粳9108的大米表面明度L~*值先逐渐增大,后期没有显著变化(P0.05),a~*和b~*值则逐渐减小,出糙率和整精米率分别在抽穗后第54天和第48天增长至峰值,后期略有下降。RVA特征谱的峰值黏度和崩解值都呈现"V"字形的变化趋势,两者极显著正相关(P0.01);消减值和糊化温度先增加后降低,回复值和峰值时间随收获期变化不显著(P0.05)。两种粳稻蒸煮硬度分别在抽穗后48~54 d降低至最小值,前者与崩解值呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与消减值呈极显著负相关(P0.01);胶黏性逐渐降低,收获期对其有极显著的影响(P0.01)。基于对品质指标的主成分分析,这两种粳稻的综合品质可由加工特性和营养成分、稻米蒸煮性能和煮熟米饭口感3类重要指标来描述。收获期对两种粳稻整体品质指标影响显著,适时收割会提高稻米的外观色泽和整精米率,改善淀粉糊化特性和米饭蒸煮品质;本次实验条件下南粳5055在抽穗后48~54 d、南粳9108抽穗后54~60 d收割可获得较佳的综合品质。     

烟草温光特性研究与利用：Ⅱ.气象因素对山东主栽烤烟品种生长发育及产质量的影响

为明确山东烟叶生产限制气象因子,优化气候资源配置,以主栽品种NC55、NC102和ZY100为材料,连续多年设置不同移栽期试验,研究气象因素与烟草生长发育和产量品质的关系。结果表明,移栽期对山东烟草农艺、经济性状有一定影响,对烟叶质量有显著影响;随移栽期推迟,部分试验叶宽增大,产量和产值表现先增后减趋势,大部分试验总植物碱含量显著下降,还原糖、总糖含量和糖碱比呈上升趋势,感官评吸质量呈现先升后降趋势。各气象因素与烟叶质量关联度顺序依次为日平均气温、日照时数、降水量。构建的基于温度的山东烟叶质量评价回归方程表明,NC55、NC102和ZY100在伸根期适宜平均气温分别为21.25~22.86 ℃、21.53~22.68 ℃、20.81~23.22 ℃,成熟后期适宜平均气温为23.67~24.54 ℃、24.32~24.83 ℃、22.03~24.42 ℃,结合山东省气温实际情况,NC55、NC102和ZY100适宜移栽期分别为5月5—19日、5月7—16日、5月1—25日。     

Environmental conditions affect semolina quality in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum L.) cultivars with different gluten strength and gluten protein composition

BACKGROUND: Sowing time may impact semolina and pasta cooking quality by changing the environmental conditions during grain filling. The effect of an optimum and a delayed sowing time on semolina quality was studied by comparing six cultivars under irrigation, in order to isolate temperature from drought effects. RESULTS: Protein content was higher in the old cultivars and in the late sowings, according to the number of days with temperature between 30 and 40 °C during ripening. Gluten index increased as temperature rose to a threshold of about 30 °C, then decreased under higher temperatures. Mixograph parameters were less sensitive to high temperatures. Gliadin:glutenin correlated with gluten strength. Spaghetti firmness and protein content were positively correlated independently of sowing date. Cultivars Trinakria and Cappelli had the highest spaghetti firmness (900 and 828 g). CONCLUSIONS: Late sowings may represent a way of increasing pasta cooking quality whenever they place grain filling under thermal conditions able to increase protein percentage, although the accompanying decrease in yield may represent a drawback in environments prone to drought stress during ripening. The lower protein percentages of modern durum wheat cultivars under conventional sowing times results in a lower pasta cooking quality despite higher gluten strength. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of sowing and harvesting dates on yield and some quality characteristics of crops in sugar beet/cereal rotation system

BACKGROUND: Cereals are the main crops in rotation following sugar beet harvest. However, a delay in planting winter cereals as a result of late sugar beet harvest is a disadvantage in sugar beet/cereal rotations. In this study, field trials were carried out to investigate the effects of sowing and harvesting dates on the yield and quality of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and cereals (wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and six‐rowed barley, Hordeum vulgare L.) during two consecutive years. Beet was sown on three dates and harvested on four dates, followed by cereals which were sown on four dates. Root yield and digestion ratio (sugar beet) and grain yield, 1000‐kernel weight, test weight and protein content (wheat and barley) were determined. RESULTS: The highest root yield (52.53 t ha^?1) was obtained from early sown (5 April) and late harvested (1 November) beet, while the highest digestion ratio (17.4%) was obtained from late sown (3 May) and late harvested (1 November) beet. Lower cereal grain yields were obtained from later sowings. The highest grain yields (5.87 and 6.02 t ha^?1) were obtained from earlier sown wheat. Protein content was also affected by sowing date, which appeared to be very important under unstable climatic conditions. CONCLUSION: It is essential to consider the timing of sowing of cereal crops when unstable climatic conditions are present. Hence sowing date recommendations in regular climatic conditions may be misleading for countries dependent on winter rainfall for cereal production. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Some physical properties of paddy and rice and their interrelations

Grain dimensions, density, bulk density, porosity and angle of repose of paddy and rice were studied with respect to (a) varietal difference, (b) effect of moisture content, and (c) effect of degree of milling.

• (a) Grain breadth and thickness were mutually correlated; all dimensions of milled rice were closely related to those of the corresponding paddy. Density was nearly constant at 1.452 g/ml in all rice varieties; in paddy, the value was around 1.182 g/ml for round varieties and around 1.224 g/ml for others. Bulk density varied appreciably in both rice (0.777–0.847) and paddy (0.563–0.642 g/ml), and so did porosity (41–46% in rice, 46–54% in paddy). These were related to the grain shape (l/b ratio); the more round the grain, the greater was the bulk density and the lower the porosity and vice versa. Angle of repose was relatively constant in different varieties of rice (average 37.5°) and paddy (average 36.5°).
• (b) With increasing moisture content, in rice, density decreased linearly; but the bulk density decreased twice as fast and the porosity increased owing to a concurrent progressive increase in the frictional property which decreased the degree of grain packing. In paddy, with increasing moisture content, density and bulk density increased, showing the presence of void space between the husk and the kernel; the angle of repose also increased moderately, but the porosity remained nearly constant.
• (c) Density of rice increased slightly with milling; but bulk density, porosity and angle of repose were markedly affected by the degree of milling. In general, with progressive milling, bulk density decreased at first and then increased, while porosity and angle of repose changed in reverse fashion—the changes being more pronounced in parboiled rice than in raw rice. Thus brown rice packed well and flowed freely; rice of intermediate polish, particularly parboiled rice, had poor packing and flow properties; and fully milled rice again packed and flowed well. The primary change in these was in frictional property, which affected the porosity and hence the bulk density. The frictional property in turn was related primarily to the surface fat content of the rice. The surface fat increased sharply on initial milling, more in parboiled rice, and then gradually disappeared on full milling.

     

栽培措施对高蛋白大豆产量及品质的影响

在密度、施肥水平、品种、播期四因素四水平正交试验中,高蛋白大豆的叶面积指数和光合势随着密度和施肥水平的升高呈上升趋势,随着播期的延迟而升高;叶绿素含量则随着密度的升高而降低,随着施肥水平的升高和播期的延迟而升高;影响产量的主要因素是播期和肥料,适当晚播能提高大豆产量;影响高蛋白大豆品质的主要因素是品种自身的遗传因素,其次是肥料。试验结果表明,农大35307的叶面积指数、叶绿素和光合势最高,四个品种的产量差异不显著,农大3191和农大35307的蛋白质含量较高。农大35318在密度为29．85万株／hm^2、肥料为74．63kg／hm^2、5月11日播种的情况下产量最高,达5572．14ks／hm^2;农大3191在密度为29．85万株／hm^2、不施肥,5月6日播种的情况下蛋白质含量最高。说明高蛋白大豆品质主要受遗传因素影响,同时环境因素也很重要,产量受环境影响较大。     

Effect of superheated-steam drying compared to conventional parboiling on chalkiness,head rice yield and quality of chalky rice kernels

Four rice cultivars (Ayutthaya 1, Khao Bahn Nah 432, Plai Ngahm Prachin Buri, and Prachin Buri 2) that usually have a major problem with chalkiness were processed by applying superheated-steam drying and conventional parboiling methods. The main objectives were: (1) to determine the possibility of applying superheated-steam drying to solve the chalkiness and low head rice yield problems and (2) to compare the properties of rice produced using superheated-steam drying and the conventional parboiling process. Both the initial moisture content and superheated-steam drying temperature significantly affected head rice yield. The higher moisture helped to increase starch gelatinization leading to a stronger rice structure and subsequently an increased head rice yield. The rice samples dried in the superheated-steam dryer using an initial moisture content of paddy at 32% w.b. for 6 h under a steam pressure of 1.2 bar and at three drying temperatures (120, 140, 160 °C) had higher milling quality than the conventionally parboiled rice samples. The darker color of the superheated-steam-dried samples was their main drawback. Both parboiling and superheated-steam drying could clearly lessen the percentage of chalky rice kernels compared to the raw paddy. The parboiled rice and superheated-steam-dried rice had more nutrients than normal white rice.     

The effects of heat–moisture treatment of rice grains before parboiling on viscosity profile and physicochemical properties

The effects of heat–moisture treatment (HMT) (120 °C for 10, 30 and 60 min) on paddy rice grains before parboiling, on head rice yield (HRY), pasting and thermal properties, and colour and cooking characteristics of parboiled rice were studied. The results indicated that the HMT performed intensifies the changes in grains after parboiling, impacting pasting and thermal properties, which results in rice kernels with yellowish colouration and greater cooking time. HMT increased the temperatures of gelatinisation, with increasing HMT time from 10 to 60 min and reduced the gelatinisation enthalpy. HMT also affected the pasting properties of rice flours, reducing setback and viscosity and increased their stability to heat and mechanical agitation. The HMT performed in rice grains before the parboiling process with 60 min of the treatment decreased the HRY and increased the level of metabolic defects only in the treatment with 60 min.     

Selected Quality Attributes of Fine Basmati Rice: Effect of Storage History and Varieties

Storage period, temperature and moisture are the key traits, accountable for variation in chemical, cooking and sensory attributes of rice. The study of two promising varieties of fine Basmati rice stored at various temperatures revealed pronounced influence of storage on various quality traits i.e. volume expansion ratio, water absorption ratio, elongation ratio, alkali spreading value, amylose contents and sensory attributes. The cooking quality was affected significantly in the months following harvesting. Freshly harvested Basmati varieties (Basmati Super and Basmati-385) were aged for a period of sixteen weeks (4 months) at different temperatures (5, 25, 35, and 45°C). Aging of rice played imperative role in establishing the aforesaid quality traits. Storage condition resulted in increased moisture, water absorption ratio, volume expansion ratio and elongation ratio while amylose content and alkali spreading value of both rice varieties were decreased. The protein content showed insignificant differences. Storage of both varieties at 35°C gave best results for sensory attributes like taste and over all acceptability. Basmati Super showed better performance in cooking and eating quality than that of Basmati-385 during storage.     

Cooking Quality of Brown Rice as Influenced by Gamma Irradiation, Variety and Storage

Two long grain and one medium grain brown rice varieties were gamma-irradiated at 1.0 and 2.0 kGy to ascertain if cooking time could be decreased and to determine effects of storage on chemical and physical characteristics. A tendency toward decreased cooking time was observed as dose level increased. Cooking time was not significantly (P> 0.05) affected by storage. A trend was noted in water uptake ratios, soluble starch of residual cooking water and volume expansion due to irradiation. Storage of irradiated rice produced similar changes to those of nonirradiated rice. Variety also contributed to differences in irradiated samples, such as cooking times, water uptake, starch retention and grain volume expansion.     

Extrusion cooking properties of white and coloured rice varieties with different amylose content

Five white and coloured rice varieties with different AM contents (long grain rice: 34%, Thai Jasmine rice: 15%, glutinous rice: 7%, red rice: 18% and black rice: 5%) were pregelatinised using a twin‐screw extruder at a barrel temperature of 150°C and two levels of feed moisture (12 and 16%). The correlation of AM content to water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), starting viscosity, hot viscosity and final viscosity of the five rice extrudates were determined. Total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of extrudates were analysed by spectrophotometric methods. AM content was positively correlated to WAI and final viscosity. High AM content of the rice varieties resulted in high WAI and high final viscosity of extrudates. In addition, higher feed moisture content (16%) increased WAI and pasting properties of rice extrudates, but decreased WSI. Extrusion cooking reduced TAC, TPC and antioxidant properties, but the remaining values were high enough to suggest a further use for (functional) food production.     

2017年辽宁省稻谷收获质量情况分析

为了解全省稻谷总体质量和品质情况,统计了辽宁省各地区稻谷种植面积及产量情况;分析了2017年全省稻谷质量调查和品质测报数据;对比了近三年质量情况;并针对此项工作提出了合理化建议。结果表明：主产区沈阳市和盘锦市稻谷产量占全省总产量的43.8%;2017年稻谷总体质量与2016年基本持平,一等比例为49.2%,比前两年分别高出6.5%和15.6%,出糙率、整精米率低于2016年,不完善粒升高0.46%;垩白度、直链淀粉和不完善粒是优质稻谷的限制指标。在气候方面,全省没有受到大的自然灾害影响,稻谷质量总体与去年持平,营口、辽阳、铁岭局部地区受气象影响,质量有所下降。     

对广东省三种籼稻谷的品质分析

本文对广东省内产的3种籼稻谷（中二软占、特籼占25、珍桂矮1号）质量进行品质分析（出糙率、不完善粒、整精米率、垩白粒率、垩白度、粒型、胶稠度、直链淀粉含量、食味品质）。结果表明：3种籼稻谷质量存在明显差异。     

Physicochemical Characteristics of Brown Rice as Influenced by Gamma Irradiation

Brown rice samples prepared from medium grain (Mars) and long grain (Lemont and Tebonnet) varieties were irradiated at 0, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 kGy and analyzed. The amount of solids leached upon cooking increased with increased dose levels indicating the degradation of the rice grain structure. Damaged starch for Mars decreased to the 1.0 kGy level and increased thereafter. Moisture content remained constant between 13% and 14%. Amylose content was not greatly affected by irradiation. Peak viscosity, setback values, final viscosity, viscosity at 50°C, and consistency all decreased with increasing levels of irradiation. As radiation increased, an increase in the yellow color of the rice samples was noted.     

RESEARCH NOTE THE TEXTURE OF COOKED RICE

The stickiness and consistency (an inverse estimate of tenderness) of cooked rice were measured by the sieve test and with the Haake consistometer. The values varied with the rice quality type. Stickiness was not appreciably affected by the water-to-rice ratio used during cooking, but was markedly reduced by storage especially in the cold, i.e. by starch retrogradation. Consistency was affected by both: it decreased with increasing water ratio and increased with storage. Stickiness was inversely proportional to consistency. Consistency of cooked rice varied with the force used in the consistometer test, from which it is postulated that cooked rice is a pseudoplastic system. Different rice samples should be compared only under identical rice-to-water ratio used for cooking and under identical force used for the consistency test.     

基于食味计评价杂交籼稻食味品质

为探讨不同蒸煮条件对西南两个生态点杂交籼稻食味品质的影响,以分别种植于云南永胜和四川大邑的9 个品种中籼杂交稻为材料,利用米饭食味计分析不同蒸煮条件（7 个水米质量比（1.3∶1、1.5∶1、1.6∶1、1.9∶1、2.1∶1、2.4∶1、2.7∶1）、4 个浸泡时间（0、15、30、60 min）、3 个蒸煮时间（20、30、40 min）和3 个焖饭时间（0、15、30 min））对稻米米饭食味品质的影响。结果表明：稻米米饭的食味品质为蒸煮条件、品种、生态点及其互作效应共同作用的结果,米饭外观和食味值均受三者极显著影响（P＜0.01）;蒸煮条件与生态点、品种与生态点及三者的互作效应均极显著影响米饭食味品质（P＜0.01）。米饭食味计分析结果显示,云南永胜等光温充足稻区以水米质量比2.1∶1、浸泡30 min、蒸煮30 min以及焖制15 min蒸煮米饭的食味品质较好;四川大邑等高湿寡照稻区以水米质量比2.1∶1、浸泡15 min、蒸煮30 min以及焖制15 min蒸煮米饭的食味品质较好。9 个品种中‘内5优39’米饭食味品质最好,且在各水米质量比间变异较小,‘宜香优2115’米饭食味品质次之,而‘中优295’和‘F优498’米饭的食味品质较差,‘F优498’和‘天优华占’米饭食味品质在各蒸煮条件间变异系数较大。总体来看,云南生态点的稻米米饭外观更好,而四川生态点稻米米饭在特定蒸煮条件下食味值更高。     

CHANGES IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL, THERMAL, COOKING AND TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF RICE DURING AGING

Studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of aging on the physico-chemical, thermal, cooking and textural properties of milled rice obtained from two rice cultivars (Basmati-370 and Sharbati). The physicochemical properties like amylose content, liquification number decreased while the free fatty acid content increased with aging. Basmati-370 milled rice had higher cooking time and elongation ratio which subsequently increased with aging in both the cultivars. Water uptake and gruel solids loss also decreased significantly with the aging of the milled rice from both the cultivars. Sharbati milled rice showed higher transition temperatures, enthalpy of gelatinization and peak height index than Basmati-370 rice cultivar when determined by Differential Scanning Calorimeter. All these thermal parameters decreased with the aging of milled rice from both the cultivars. Textural properties such as packability, hardness, cohesiveness, extrudability and chewiness of cooked rice were measured using Instron Universal Testing Machine by back extrusion test. Basmati-370 cooked rice had higher packability, hardness, cohesiveness, extrudability and chewiness value as compared to Sharbati cooked rice. The values for all textural parameters in both the cultivars increased during aging, however, the increases were greater in Basmati-370 rice.     

End-use quality characteristics of hermetically stored paddy

Four paddy varieties (Bg 352, Bg 300, Bg 358 and Bg 360) were stored in hermetic IRRI bags and common woven polyethylene bags (polybags) at room temperature either uninfested or infested with rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae (L.)). After 9 months of storage, samples were tested for insect mortality, gas contents, moisture content (m.c.), thousand grain mass (TGM), porosity, hardness, whiteness, total milled rice yield (TMR), head rice yield (HRY), gelatinization temperature, amylose (AC), crude protein (CP), crude fat, free fatty acid (FFA), thiamine and niacin contents and sensory characteristics. These properties after storage were compared with their initial condition. The oxygen content dropped from 21% to 7% and 13.8% for infested and uninfested IRRI bag samples, respectively. The results showed that m.c., of the IRRI bag samples increased significantly (P < 0.05) by 5% when compared to the initial sample but it increased by 15% in polybag stored samples. After 9 months, dry matter loss (DM) was 65% higher in polybag than IRRI bag samples. Highest DM loss was observed in Bg 300 and the lowest DM loss was observed in Bg 358 and Bg 360. Paddy samples stored in IRRI bags showed reduced whiteness compared to polybag stored samples. Storage in IRRI bags significantly increased (P < 0.05) TMR, HRY, AC and sensory values compared to polybag samples. However, paddy samples stored in polybags significantly increased (P < 0.05) their CP and FFA contents while decreasing sensory values, thiamine and niacin contents. The FFA value of polybag samples was 2.5 times higher than IRRI bag samples. Hermetic storage of dry paddy improved overall paddy quality but different end-use quality parameters were observed in the two paddy grain types of short round (Bg 352 and Bg 300) or intermediate bold (Bg 358 and Bg 360).     

2014年湖北省中晚籼稻品质分析

为了解湖北省中晚籼稻品质性状、促进稻谷品质改良提供数据参考。选取湖北省2014年产115个中晚籼稻谷为样本，测定稻谷的碾米品质、化学特性、糊化特性以及蒸煮品质等指标，并利用数理统计分析的方法对其品质指标进行分析。结果表明，在所测定的19项指标中，多数（占77.8%）品质指标的变异系数大于10%，说明本研究收集的稻谷样品处于不同的品质水平，具有较好的代表性。其中分别有99.1%稻谷的出糙率和98.3%整精米率达国家稻谷标准三等的要求，直链淀粉含量、胶稠度、垩白度和垩白粒率分别有70.4%、96.5%、38.3%和21.7%达到国家优质稻谷标准三等的要求。采用主成分分析法对各品质指标进行分析，第一、第二、第三主成分的贡献值分别为37.11%、22.94%和15.37%，第一主成分将稻谷样品大致分为2类，以孝感产区样品为代表的I类稻谷，具有高直链淀粉、高回生值、低衰减值的特点，以荆门市、荆州市等产区样品为代表的II类稻谷，具有低直链淀粉、低回生值、高衰减值的特点。