显微组织对X65～X70管线钢抗H2S性能的影响

通过扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）等方法，研究了X65～X70级别管线钢在饱和H2S溶液中的氢致开裂行为，及不同显微组织、位错与析出对氢致开裂（HIC）的作用.结果表明：组织均匀的珠光体/铁素体型X65管线钢和铁素体/针状铁素体型X70管线钢均具有良好的抗H2S腐蚀性能；带状组织是裂纹萌生和扩展的主要途径；合金元素的弥散析出作用可以提高管线钢的抗硫化氢腐蚀性能.     

两相区热处理对Q345R压力容器钢带状组织的影响

Q345R压力容器钢调质处理后的带状组织缺陷是导致Q345R钢氢致开裂(HIC)的主要原因之一。试验发现,在常规的调质热处理的基础上,增加两相区正火热处理可以改善Q345R压力容器钢中带状组织。当两相区正火温度从740℃增加至780℃时,带状组织逐渐消除,Q345R钢组织转变为块状铁素体和针状铁素体。当正火温度从780℃增加至800℃后,增加了带状组织数量,消减效果降低,组织由针状铁素体+块状铁素体转变为针状铁素体+块状铁素体+少量马氏体。在40 mm厚Q345R钢板淬火、高温回火两段热处理中间增加两相区正火热处理,钢带状组织明显由3.5B级降为0.5B级,且力学性能能够满足标准要求。因此,采用两相区正火工艺可以在获得高强度高韧力学性能的同时,有效改善Q345R钢调质热处理带状组织。     

两相区热处理对Q345R压力容器钢带状组织的影响

Q345R压力容器钢调质处理后的带状组织缺陷是导致Q345R钢氢致开裂(HIC)的主要原因之一。试验发现,在常规的调质热处理的基础上,增加两相区正火热处理可以改善Q345R压力容器钢中带状组织。当两相区正火温度从740℃增加至780℃时,带状组织逐渐消除,Q345R钢组织转变为块状铁素体和针状铁素体。当正火温度从780℃增加至800℃后,增加了带状组织数量,消减效果降低,组织由针状铁素体+块状铁素体转变为针状铁素体+块状铁素体+少量马氏体。在40 mm厚Q345R钢板淬火、高温回火两段热处理中间增加两相区正火热处理,钢带状组织明显由3.5B级降为0.5B级,且力学性能能够满足标准要求。因此,采用两相区正火工艺可以在获得高强度高韧力学性能的同时,有效改善Q345R钢调质热处理带状组织。     

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采用IMO(国际海事组织)《货油舱用耐蚀钢试验程序》规定的模拟货油舱内底板腐蚀试验方法,研究了组织为马氏体、贝氏体十铁素珠、珠光体十铁素体的低合金高强度船板钢在酸性氯离子环境下耐蚀性.试验结果显示显微组织对钢的耐蚀性有显著影响.马氏体试验钢具有组织单一、碳化物析出少、产物膜对基体的保护效果最好的特点,其平均腐蚀速率最低.复相的珠光体组织,其渗碳体有较高的电位,与铁素体组织存在相间电位差,从而促进了铁素体的腐蚀,其锈层完整性和保护效果较差,腐蚀速率最高.贝氏体+铁素体试验钢相对马氏体试验钢在组织单一性上较差,但相对于珠光体十铁素体试验钢,其富碳相较少且分布均匀,这些对其在货油舱内底板环境中的腐蚀微电池数量和程度产生影响,因而其耐蚀性介于马氏体钢和铁素体十珠光体钢之间.     

热处理对电熔化焊管用C-Mn钢抗HIC性能的影响

采用连续式氮气保护热处理炉和实验室箱式热处理炉,研究了正火以及正火后加速冷却+回火工艺对电熔化焊管用C-Mn钢显微组织和抗氢致开裂(HIC)性能的影响。结果表明:试验钢采用正火虽然可以细化晶粒,但无法消除因连铸坯枝晶偏析造成的钢板带状组织,带状组织对试验钢的抗HIC性能有显著的劣化作用;采用正火后加速冷却工艺,带状组织完全消除,形成了铁素体和贝氏体的混合组织,板条状的贝氏体在原奥氏体晶内形核,有效地分割了原奥氏体晶粒,再通过后续合适的回火热处理,形成了热力学稳定的细晶组织,使得钢的抗HIC性能明显改善。     

热处理工艺对15CrMoR钢带状组织和冲击性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和冲击试验机等仪器研究了15CrMoR钢中带状组织在热处理过程中的演变及其对冲击性能的影响。结果表明:奥氏体化后缓冷会出现铁素体-珠光体带状组织, 快冷则可以抑制带状组织的出现,但快冷会导致粒状贝氏体等非平衡组织形成。粒状贝氏体组织中的贝氏体铁素体基体和马氏体-奥氏体岛在回火过程中逐渐沿Cr、Mo等碳化物形成元素偏聚的区域分解出碳化物,形成富碳化物带,降低钢的横向冲击性能。15CrMoR钢加热到1100 ℃并保温7 h后可消除带状组织,改善钢的横向冲击性能。     

节能、高效、优质的热处理工艺(三)

3消除带状组织的热处理工艺 带状组织是铁素体-珠光体、铁素体-贝氏体、铁素体-马氏体在锻轧材中呈带状分布的一种组织,多出现在亚共析合金钢中.这种组织是在两相共存的情况下锻造变形时产生的.带状组织使钢的力学性能具有方向性,使钢的横向范性和韧性降低,也使钢的切削性能变坏,表面加工的光洁度降低.在锻造过程中或零件工作时常易沿铁素体带或两相的交界处开裂.     

高级别管线钢中几种常见带状组织浅析

通过光学显微镜和电子显微镜对管线钢中常见的带状组织形貌进行观察,发现低碳管线钢中通常含 有珠光体带、针状铁素体带、板条贝氏体带、先共析铁素体和贝氏体/马氏体带、MA带等。带状组织的形成与成分局部偏析和TMCP工艺关系密切,不同类型的带状组织形成的原因不同,同时对钢板的性能影响也不同,特别是对高级别管线钢的屈强比和落锤性能影响明显。本文结合工业生产的数据分析发现珠光体带和MA带是引起DWTT断口分离的原因之一;由于钢板终轧温度和入ACC温度偏低形成的多边形铁素体、针状铁素体、贝氏体/马氏体带以及因冷却速度过大形成的板条贝氏体带是导致屈强比超标的原因之一。     

非调质NM400复相耐磨钢的相变行为

为进一步优化非调质NM400复相耐磨钢不同组织配比,利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机探究了试验钢在连续冷却条件下的组织转变规律,并结合金相法和硬度法,绘制出试验钢的动态连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线。结果表明,当冷速低于1 ℃/s时,试验钢组织为铁素体+粒状贝氏体+珠光体,部分粗大的原奥氏体晶粒转变为粒状贝氏体和珠光体。在冷却速率为5~40 ℃/s时,试验钢不再发生珠光体转变,显微组织均为铁素体+贝氏体+马氏体。并随着冷速的增加,马氏体含量不断增加,硬度升高;此外,不同分段冷却方案下,较低的中冷温度以及较长的空冷时间均有利于铁素体和贝氏体的转变。同时,残留奥氏体含量则随铁素体含量的增大而增大;由于试验钢的Ms点较高,马氏体板条较宽,并且有自回火现象发生。     

交流干扰下不同组织X100钢在格尔木土壤模拟溶液中的腐蚀行为

目的 使用不同组织X100钢模拟焊接接头,探究在格尔木土壤模拟环境下,交流干扰对X100管线钢焊接接头腐蚀行为的影响规律。方法 采用动电位极化曲线、恒电位极化曲线、浸泡实验及表面分析技术,对X100管线钢焊接接头的腐蚀行为进行系统研究。结果 动电位极化曲线表明,随着交流电流密度的增加,不同组织X100钢腐蚀电流密度呈增加的趋势,阴极由耗氧反应控制转变为由析氢反应主导。在交流干扰下,腐蚀速率V退火>V热轧>V正火,恒电位极化测试中,退火组织受到交流干扰的影响更为明显。不同组织X100钢腐蚀形态以局部腐蚀为主,且有不同程度的点蚀发生。退火组织的腐蚀坑数量多,尺寸大而深,点蚀多分布在珠光体与铁素体的晶界处,少数分布在珠光体内部;正火组织点蚀数量最少,尺寸最小;热轧组织中粒状贝氏体较多且呈弥散分布,有较多的小点蚀分布在粒状贝氏体聚集的区域。结论 不同组织X100管线钢因微观结构不同而导致其耐蚀性有所差异。交流干扰下,由于珠光体与铁素体组织形成的微电偶腐蚀较为严重,从而导致退火组织的耐腐蚀性最差;正火组织中M/A岛呈针状分布,粒状贝氏体相对较少,耐腐蚀性最好;热轧组织的耐蚀性居于退火组织与正火组织两者之间。     

HIC and SSC Behavior of High-Strength Pipeline Steels

In this study,hydrogen-induced cracking(HIC) and sulfide stress corrosion cracking(SSC) behaviors of highstrength pipeline steels in four different strength grades(X70,X80,X90 and X100) with the microstructure of acicular ferrite were estimated.The results showed that both of X70 and X80 steels exhibited better HIC resistance,and their susceptibility to HIC increased with the strength grade.HIC parameters,including cracking length ratio,cracking thickness ratio(CTR) and cracking sensitivity ratio,were all increased,and among these,the CTR increased most,with the increase in the strength grade.HIC was found to initiate and grow along the hard boundaries such as large size martensite/austenite(M/A) islands and bainitic ferrite.In addition,the density of hydrogen-induced blister on the steel surface was increased with the decrease in p H value for the same-grade pipeline steels.SSC susceptibilities of X80,X90 and X90-C were revealed to subsequently decrease,which was related to the large size M/A islands.     

Effect of microstructure on the hydrogen trapping efficiency and hydrogen induced cracking of linepipe steel

The hydrogen trapping efficiency in different microstructures is compared, and the critical hydrogen flux for hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) is determined for API X65 grade linepipe steel. By controlling the start cooling temperature (SCT) and the finish cooling temperature (FCT) in thermomechanically controlled process (TMCP), three different kinds of microstructure such as ferrite/degenerated pearlite (F/DP), ferrite/acicular ferrite (F/AF), and ferrite/bainite (F/B) are obtained. A modified ISO17081(2004) standard method is used to evaluate the hydrogen trapping by measuring the permeability (J_ssL) and the apparent diffusivity (D_app). Microstructures affecting both hydrogen trapping and hydrogen diffusion are found to be DP, AF, BF and martensite/austenite (M/A) constituents. The hydrogen trapping efficiency is increased in the order of DP, BF and AF, with AF being the most efficient. HIC is initiated at the local M/A concentrated region when the steel has such microstructures as F/AF or F/B. Although the trapping efficiency of bainite is lower than that of AF, bainite is more sensitive microstructure to HIC than to AF.     

Study on the microstructure and hardness of in-service welded joint of X70 pipeline steel

Hydrogen induced cracking （HIC） is one of the main problems of in-service welding onto active pipeline. Microstructure and hardness of welded joint have a vital effect on hydrogen induced cracking. The microstructure and hardness of welded joint of XTO pipeline steel were studied using simulation in-service welding device. The results show that the main microstructures of in-service welded seam are grain boundary ferrite , intracrystalline acicular ferrite , as well as small amount of widmanztatten structure. The main microstructures of coarse grain heat-affected zone （CGHAZ） are coarse granular bainite, lath ferrite and martensite. Metastable phases such as martensite and lath ferrite are found in CGHAZ because of the too quick cooling velocity a＇nd the hardness of the CGHAZ is high.     

Influence of microstructure on mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of 3%Cr steel in CO2 environment

Corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of two 3%Cr pipeline steels were studied which have same chemical compositions but different microstructures, bainite‐ferrite and ferrite‐pearlite microstructures. Analysis of chemical compositions and surface morphology of the corrosion scale were performed using X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The semi‐passive character of corrosion scale was investigated using polarization curves measurements. The influence of microstructure on the chromium enrichment in the corrosion scale for different test periods was investigated. The microstructure was observed to affect the corrosion behavior even when the steel surface has been covered with corrosion scales and continue to have an effect until the corrosion scale possessing semi‐passive character. Possessing both good strength and corrosion resistance, 3%Cr steel with bainite‐ferrite microstructure was very promising for pipeline steel applications.     

X100管线钢焊接接头抗HIC性能研究

利用OM和SEM研究了X100管线钢焊接接头的微观组织,并利用EDS分析接头中的非金属夹杂物种类及成分。结果表明,实验用X100管线钢焊接接头由针状铁素体、粒状贝氏体和M/A岛组成;焊缝金属中含有MnS,Si的氧化物和Al的氧化物及Al-Mg-O和Ca-Al-O-S系夹杂物。焊接接头氢致开裂敏感性较高,焊缝金属中的非金属夹杂物及硬脆M/A组元与基体之间的界面和应力导致氢致裂纹的萌生,并沿粗大的贝氏体晶粒扩展。     

显微组织对25CrMo48V超高强度钢在NaCl溶液中腐蚀行为的影响

采用动电位极化法和电化学阻抗法等研究了不同冷却方式对25CrMo48V超高强度钢在NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,25CrMo48V超高强度钢炉冷后的显微组织为多边形铁素体和珠光体,空冷后为下贝氏体和多边形铁素体,水淬后为板条马氏体。由电化学分析可知,不同显微组织的试样在NaCl溶液中具有相似的电化学腐蚀过程;在质量分数为1%、3%、5%、7%的NaCl溶液中,不同显微组织的试样具有相同的腐蚀速率变化规律,下贝氏体组织的空冷试样腐蚀速率最低,而板条马氏体组织的水淬试样腐蚀速率最高。通过观察不同显微组织的试样在NaCl溶液中浸泡后的宏观腐蚀形貌,可知下贝氏体组织的耐腐蚀性最好,板条马氏体组织的耐腐蚀性最差,与电化学测试结果一致。     

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 采用三点弯曲法研究了不同组织类型的X70级管线钢的硫化物应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC)行为。结果表明：均匀细小的针状铁素体为主的显微组织具有优良的抗SSCC性能;针状铁素体内高密度缠结的位错和碳氮化物在位错网络上的沉淀析出是针状铁素体钢具有优良的抗SSCC性能的主要原因。     

Crack growth in microalloyed pipeline steels for sour gas transport

Different cracking modes in a sour gas environment were observed. These modes were mainly related to the microstructure obtained during the manufacturing process of two API X52 microalloyed steels. A banded ferrite/pearlite microstructure was found to be susceptible to hydrogen effects, whereas an acicular ferrite with a grain boundary bainite/bainite microstructure was found to be more susceptible to dissolution in crack-tip regions.