某些外掺物对高铁水泥熟料液相出现温度和强度性能的影响

探讨了ＧａＦ_２、ＢａＳＯ_４、晶种熟料、铜矿渣和Ｃ_４ＡＦ对高铁水泥熟料液相出现温度和熟料强度性能的影响。研究结果表明，晶种熟料可使高铁水泥熟料强度特别是后期强度显著提高；适当提高熟料中铁相含量可促进熟料矿物形成和提高熟料强度，但铁相含量过高又会对熟料煅烧和强度性能产生不利影响；外掺物使高铁水泥熟料液相提前出现的作用顺序为：ＣａＦ_２＞ＢａＳＯ_４＞铜矿渣＞晶种熟料。     

非熟料晶种配料煅烧水泥熟料的节能分析

“添加晶种水泥立窑煅烧技术”已在全国各地广泛实施。在晶种技术的实际应用中，许多厂家所持观点有很大差异。有的厂家认为，在配料中掺加熟料晶种后，窑上操作难度相对加大，对提高熟料产质量效果不明显。具体地说，有时出现立窑操作中边部吡火现象严重，不能全风操作，中心底火拉得太深，窑中心还原氛严重，造成熟料粉化，导致水泥熟料强度下降。其次需挑选优质熟料返回生料配料，这样熟料重复返回，花工多，重复劳动，造成浪费，成本高，而市场竞争激烈，必须降低成本。另外，由于晶种的掺量较小，对生料粉的均化要求较高，晶种遇水后又会水化凝结，因此晶种配料的生料不能存放太久。     

采用晶种技术 提高熟料质量

晶种技术在很多立窑厂家已得到很好的应用。实践证明，在配料中，掺加适量晶种后，在熟料喂烧时，由于其“诱导结晶”作用，降低了熟料喂烧所需的能量，使生料易烧性大大提高，从而提高了熟料的产质量，降低煤耗。但是，在晶种技术的实际应用中，很多厂家所持观点有很大差异，如在济南和淄博地区，有的厂家认为，在配料中掺加熟料晶种后，窑上操作难度相对加大，对提高熟料产质量效果不明显，而有的厂家使用效果却相当好。笔者认为，之所以出现两种观点，其主要原因是在工艺技术中存在某些缺陷，没有达到适合本厂工艺条件的晶种锻烧技术的要…     

晶种煅烧水泥熟料机理初探

晶种煅烧水泥熟料机理初探王善拔广州市建筑材料工业研究所（５１００３０）王宁章广西大学工程技术学院（５３７０００）１引言掺晶种煅烧水泥熟料已在不少水泥厂特别是立窑水泥厂的熟料煅烧中取得较好的经济效果。据报导，掺入３％～５％的晶种后，熟料产量提高１０％左...     

添加晶种对水泥熟料显微结构的影响

本研究采用平行对比实验方法，用同质熟料作为晶种加入到水泥生料中，利用ＸＲＤ，ＴＡ，ＳＥＭ／ＥＤＡ等测试方法，对不同煅烧温度下的熟普进行了综合分析，着重探讨了晶种对熟料形成过程的固相反应期、固液相反应期的诱导作用，并通过观察熟料显微在诱导作用面引起的变化，证实晶种可促进产矿物的形成并提高熟料质量。     

晶种技术在煅烧白水泥熟料中的应用

０　引言晶种技术煅烧硅酸盐水泥熟料特别是在立窑水泥厂的应用已趋成熟,但在白水泥熟料煅烧中的应用情况未见报道。易县白水泥厂自１９９５年６月份采用晶种技术煅烧白水泥熟料以来,取得了很好的效果。通过近３年的生产实践并结合理论分析,我们认为晶种技术应用于白水泥熟料煅烧过程中,有其特殊的适应性。本文就晶种技术在易县白水泥厂φ１．６／１．９ｍｘ３９ｍ回转窑上的应用情况作一介绍,以资参考。１试烧晶种选用结粒较好、早期强度较高的熟料,掺量占生料的３％。试烧是在原生料配料方案的基础上加入晶种熟料,通过对回转窑熟料…     

利用晶种技术提高水泥磨产量初探

1.引言 晶种技术是一项节能增产的新技术,在立窑熟料的煅烧过程中加入晶种,能促进熟料的矿物形成,改善熟料质量。本文结合我厂的生产实践,就立窑采用晶种技术,提高熟料的易磨性,从而达到提高水泥磨产量作一个粗浅的分析。     

用粒化高炉矿渣代替晶种熟料的尝试

用粒化高炉矿渣代替晶种熟料的尝试黄朝聪广西罗城矿务局水泥厂（５４６４０２）我厂为年产设计能力２４万ｔ的立窑水泥厂，有３条Φ３ｍ×１０ｍ立窑生产线。自从１９９５年７月份开始使用粒化高炉矿渣代替熟料晶种配料以来，产、质量有所提高，月产熟料达２万ｔ。水泥强...     

添加晶种对硅酸盐水泥熟料形成过程的影响

采用平行对比试验方法，借助高温显微镜（ＨＴＭ），差热分析（ＤＴＡ），Ｘ射线衍射（ＸＲＤ）和化学分析等测试手段和分析方法，对比 加与未加晶种硅酸盐水泥熟料的形成过程，结果表明，添加晶种对硅酸盐水泥熟料的形成具有显著的促进作用，加与不晶种相比，碳酸盐大量分解，一期固相反应，二期固相反应，Ｃ３Ｓ形成等温分别提前约１０，２０，３０，４０℃，达到同一煅烧程度时加晶咱化比不加晶试样在高温下停留时间可缩短５～１     

水泥生料掺加晶种煅烧的研究

研究了水泥生产中生料掺加晶种煅烧对熟料游离氧化钙、强度及煤耗的影响。对试验数据进行了化学分析、物理检验和岩相分析。结果表明，晶种最佳掺量为物料总量的４％时，可使熟料强度提高约７．０ＭＰａ，煤耗降低５％～８％。     

Scrap of magnesia parts,the reasons for it,and means of reducing it

Conclusions The most common and characteristic forms of scrap of magnesia parts differing in form, dimensions, and composition are shown. These include deviations of the dimensions from the nominal, breaking off of the corners and edges, nonuniformity, welding together, spots, voids, fire cracks, spalls, and cracks of different origin.The reasons for formation of scrap were determined. The primary of them are the reduced quality of the raw material (chromite, magnesite) with a larger quantity of impurities containing limited silicon and calcium oxides, sometimes insufficient density, grain size, and completeness of hydration of the magnesite powders, nonconformity of the bunker, proportioning, mixing, and pressing equipment to the requirements of modern production of progressive high-quality refractories, the insufficiently high binding capacity of lignosulfonates, deviations in the quality of assembly and finishing of press equipment and automatic ejectors, of the car floor lining, and in firing conditions, a high variation in density of the green parts, and nonuniform heating and cooling in the volume of the parts and of the whole charge during firing. More than 50% of the total scrap of all forms is due to firing scrap of parts.The primary means of reducing or eliminating scrap of parts and simultaneously increasing their quality based on the reasons for formation of different forms of it were noted. These above all else, are increasing the volumes and improving and introduction of new methods of concentration of magnesite and chromite, a successive increase in the share of chrome concentrates, chromium-containing broken parts, and powders by firing of magnesite and caustic dust in the production of magnesia refractory parts as the result of a decrease in the share of commercial natural chromite and magnesite, the use in the production of parts of high-quality type PMSP-93 powder produced in shaft kilns and used as the charge for production of fused materials, the use of the prospect of processes for production of dense periclase powders uniform in chemical analysis from recovered caustic dust, replacement of obsolete mixing and press equipment by more modern, increasing the strength of green parts by above all else improving the binding properties of LST and increasing pressing pressure, forming of the taper of parts by the side plates of the die, improving the quality of assembly and increasing the reliability of functioning of press equipment and automatic ejectors, improving car floor linings, introduction of new methods and increasing the volumes of production of progressive unfired refractories in place of certain forms of fired parts, observation of all production parameters, and a relationship of the wages of labor to the quantity of scrap and the quality of refractories.Introduction of the new management system and the active work of the quality groups created will open up and lead to the action of unutilized reserves for reduction of scrap.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 2, pp. 31–38, February, 1989.     

Special Features Of Stabilization Of The Growth Process In Plasma-arc Growth Of Single Crystals Of Refractory Compounds From SHS Products

Problems of the stability of the growth process in growing single crystals of refractory compounds (carbides and bondes of transition metals) by the method of plasma-arc remelting are considered. The main reasons behind the loss of stability of the spatial configuration of the melt (a shift of the anode lock-on of the arc from the center of the molten pool, disturbance of the symmetry of the plasma jet, superheating of the melt) are considered. The effect of cyclic perturbations in the crystallization system that appear upon replenishment on the fluctuation of the energy characteristics of the arc, the temperature of the melt, and the displacements of the crystallization surface is described. It is established that the crystallization rate and the process of coarsening of the crystallites in the formation of a columnar structure in the ingot depend on the frequency of feeding new portions and on their mass.     

Investigation of conditions of spherulite formation in mixtures of crystalline and amorphous polymers

The supermolecular structure of mixtures of crystalline polymers (low pressure and high pressure polyethylene, isotactic polypropylene) with an amorphous polymer (atactic polypropylene) from the point of view of the influence of the amorphous component on the morphology of the crystalline component has been investigated. The criterion of changes in the morphological state of larger supermolecular formations was the microscopic image of the samples obtained with an optical microscope, both between crossed nicols and in phase contrast. It has been established that the formation of typical spherulites depends on the amount of admixture of the amorphous polymer and also on the treatment of the samples. Upon crystallization in presence of a small amount of solvent (p-xylene), formation of typical spherulites of the crystalline component of the mixture can be observed while the same mixture in case of evaporation of the solvent presents a granulated refractive structure without typical spherulites, regardless of the rate of cooling. The probable role of the solvent is to facilitate mutual segregation of the microphases of both polymers in consequence of decrease in viscosity of the mixture. It has been further shown that even after briefly heating the mixture to a temperature of 220°C., before crystallization, spherulites do not form; on the contrary, spherulites originally present disappear and a structure consisting of smaller refractive formations of crystalline polymer is obtained. The formation of this structure, emerging after destruction of spherulites, might be attributed to an increase of interpenetration of both polymers and to an increase of the contact surfaces between components of the mixture.     

Some special features of open-hearth furnace bottoms

Conclusions The peculiar feature of the formation of hearths fettled with fine-grained chromemagnesite powder compared with those fettled with metallurgical magnesite powder is the formation of a more clearly expressed crystalline concretion of periclase as a result of the fine grain size composition of the powder and the presence in it of grains of chromite which help the process of hearth formation.Wear of the hearths made of chromemagnesite and magnesite powders is due mainly to one and the same factor — destruction of the crystalline concretion of periclase under the action of iron-silicate melt in the slag. The process of destruction of the hearths made from chromemagnesite powder occurs more slowly owing to the more complete formation of the concretion of crystals of periclase in these hearths, which is probably the basic cause of the higher resistance.Investigation of samples of hearth taken from the site of an accidental escape of metal through the bottom, showed that they contained crystals of iron spinel which is probably due to the local supersaturation of the hearth with iron oxides.     

聚羧酸减水剂影响抗裂性能的机理研究

通过实验,以混凝土28d的拉压比大小为评价混凝土抗裂性能的优劣，分析了合成聚羧酸减水剂的羧基、氨基、磺酸基、羟基、酯基等各官能团比例，聚醚支链的长短，减水剂分子量大小等因素对混凝土抗裂性能的影响。初步探讨了聚羧酸减水剂提高混凝土抗劈裂性能机理。     

Maternal Melatonin Deficiency Leads to Endocrine Pathologies in Children in Early Ontogenesis

The review summarizes the results of experimental and clinical studies aimed at elucidating the causes and pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of endocrine pathology in children. The modern data on the role of epigenetic influences in the early ontogenesis of unfavorable factors that violate the patterns of the formation of regulatory mechanisms during periods of critical development of fetal organs and systems and contribute to the delayed development of pathological conditions are considered. The mechanisms of the participation of melatonin in the regulation of metabolic processes and the key role of maternal melatonin in the formation of the circadian system of regulation in the fetus and in the protection of the genetic program of its morphofunctional development during pregnancy complications are presented. Melatonin, by controlling DNA methylation and histone modification, prevents changes in gene expression that are directly related to the programming of endocrine pathology in offspring. Deficiency and absence of the circadian rhythm of maternal melatonin underlies violations of the genetic program for the development of hormonal and metabolic regulatory mechanisms of the functional systems of the child, which determines the programming and implementation of endocrine pathology in early ontogenesis, contributing to its development in later life. The significance of this factor in the pathophysiological mechanisms of endocrine disorders determines a new approach to risk assessment and timely prevention of offspring diseases even at the stage of family planning.     

浅谈我国陶瓷产品出口反倾销数据动态预警系统的构建

本文首先从我国陶瓷产品贸易现状出发，阐述了建立我国陶瓷产品出口反倾销数据动态预警系统的意义，然后指出建立我国陶瓷产品出口反倾销数据动态预警系统的总体思路，并在此基础上论述建立我国陶瓷产品出口反倾销数据动态分析预警系统的主要步骤。     

Some problems of separation of mixtures

The paths of the development of research and the change of priorities in the area of separation of mixtures are tracked by the example of analysis of the works of the laboratory founded by N.M. Zhavoronkov in 1945. The studies performed encompass a wide range of basic problems of heat and mass transfer in gas absorption, distillation (including vacuum, molecular, etc.), fractional crystallization, and melting. The subjects of the works under consideration include separation of isotopes of light elements, design of mass-transfer apparatuses with high unit power, investigation of the mechanism and kinetics of separation processes, studies of separation enhancement methods, and development of hybrid energy-and resource-saving processes and equipment.     

Application of Sonic Moduli of Elasticity and Rigidity to Testing of Heavy Refractories

The application of A.S.T.M. C 215-51 T (Tentative Method of Test for Fundamental Transverse Frequency of Concrete Specimens for Calculating Young's Modulus of Elasticity) to the nondestructive testing of 1- by 1- by 7-in. laboratory fire-clay specimens and standard 9-in. fire-clay and high-alumina refractory brick is reviewed. Both room-temperature measurements and hot sonic modulus of elasticity measurements to 1700°F. are analyzed. Sonic moduli of elasticity and rigidity are compared with modulus of rupture by a theory of measurements and statistical analysis. The limits of uncertainty of the average of modulus of rupture are shown to be a function of the degree of verification whereas in the case of both sonic moduli they are not. Limits of uncertainty of the average of sonic moduli data are usually of the same order as errors calculated from the precision of measurements. In the case of modulus of rupture of well-vitrified clays, the uncertainty of the average is much greater than calculated error limits. Sonic moduli differentiate statistically between two samples of 60% alumina brick whereas modulus of rupture does not. If Poisson's ratio is assumed to be zero rather than the conventional one-sixth, ratios of sonic modulus of elasticity to rigidity are shown to approximate the theoretical ratio more closely. Effects of nonuniform density to displace normal nodes are illustrated. Hot sonic modulus of elasticity is shown to reflect changes due to crystallographic inversions, deterioration of chemical bond in unfired brick, and development of sintered bond in unfired brick.     

不脱蛋白质壳聚糖制备工艺

采用D -近似最优设计法系统地研究了NaOH质量分数、碱处理时间及碱处理温度这三个主要因素对制备壳聚糖的影响 :当碱液质量分数增加时 ,壳聚糖的脱乙酰度增加 ,但其速度却在减小 ,当碱液质量分数达到 40 %时 ,脱乙酰度出现峰值 ,约为 90 % ,而后增加碱液质量分数时 ,脱乙酰度反而下降 ;随着反应温度的升高 ,其脱乙酰度几乎线性递增 ,当温度达到 2 0 0℃附近时 ,曲线趋于平直并且脱乙酰度达到最大 ;随着反应时间的增加 ,脱乙酰度开始呈线性增加 ,当反应时间超过 5 0min后 ,脱乙酰度有下降趋势 ;在一定碱液质量分数 (4 0 % )条件下 ,脱乙酰度随着温度的增加而增加 ,因此 ,若需获得较高质量的壳聚糖 ,必须提高反应温度