生物质多孔碳基复合相变材料制备及性能

目前,通过多孔高导热载体与相变材料复合的方式提升有机复合相变材料综合性能的方法得到广泛应用。多孔碳作为负载能力强,导热性能良好的载体材料成为研究的热点,但如何绿色、廉价、简易地制备出该类载体仍是研究的难点。本文以天然生物质材料松木和竹木为碳源,在梯度温度和氮气气氛下热处理,使生物质材料碳化并进一步发生石墨化转变,制备出生物质天然孔道结构的多孔高导热碳基载体材料。采用真空熔融浸渍法将有机相变材料石蜡和多孔碳基载体材料进行高效复合,制备得到生物质多孔碳/石蜡复合相变材料。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、红外光谱仪（FTIR）、同步热分析仪（TGA）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、拉曼光谱仪（Raman）、压汞分析仪（MIP）、差示扫描量热仪（DSC）、激光导热仪对载体材料及复合相变材料进行结构表征和性能测试。测试结果表明:生物质多孔碳载体材料孔道结构保存完好,石墨化转变明显,保证了有机相变芯材的高效稳定负载。传热效率上,相比于纯石蜡芯材,以松木和竹木为碳源制得的多孔碳/石蜡复合相变材料热导率分别提高了100%和216%,达到了0.48 W·m?1·K?1和0.76 W·m?1·K?1。在此基础上,通过对比松木和竹木为原料制得的复合相变材料的芯材负载量,相变焓值,热导率的变化,进一步探讨了生物质结构对复合相变材料性能的影响机制。      

复合定形相变材料的封装及应用研究新进展

有机相变材料具有热存储密度高、自身温度和体积变化小、腐蚀性小和化学性质稳定等优点,能有效提升不可再生能源的利用率,是一种绿色节能环保材料,在新能源开发和热能储存领域起着至关重要的作用。然而,有机相变储能材料普遍存在相变过程中熔融泄漏和热导率低的问题,严重制约了相变材料的实际应用。因此,相变材料的封装定形和导热强化成为近年来的研究热点。本文针对有机相变材料普遍存在的泄漏和热导率低问题,综述了有机相变材料的封装技术和导热强化技术的基本方法及最新研究成果,并总结了复合相变储能材料的能量转换机理,浅谈了复合定形相变储能材料在建筑节能、太阳能和电子设备等领域的应用情况。最后,对未来复合定形相变储能材料发展的研究重点和方向进行了展望。      

多孔基定形复合相变材料传热性能提升研究进展

先进的相变储能材料是推动储能技术发展的核心和关键,在促进新能源开发和提高能源利用率中起着至关重要的作用。因在相变过程中具有高储能密度和小体积变化等优势,相变材料中应用最多的是固?液相变材料。然而在其相变过程中会发生固态向液态的转变,为了避免其在液相状态下的泄露,需要加以定形才能使用。多孔基复合相变材料在有效防止固液相变发生泄露的同时,还需兼顾定形复合相变材料传热性能的提升。本文针对这个问题进行了大量的调研,对近年来国内外在提高多孔基定形复合相变材料传热性能方面的研究进行了综合分析,介绍了三种强化传热的方法,分别是使用高导热多孔材料做载体材料、掺杂高导热纳米材料做添加剂以及构筑高导热多级结构多孔材料,并对提升复合相变材料传热性能研究方法的前景作了展望。      

一种高性能复合相变材料及其制备方法

<正>专利申请号:2016112364370公布号:CN 108251063A申请日:2016.12.28公开日:2018.07.06申请人:北京有色金属研究总院本发明公开了一种高性能复合相变材料,属于复合材料技术领域。该材料包括高相变潜热液态合金和改性碳纳米管海绵骨架;高相变潜热液态合金填充在改性碳纳米管海绵骨架中。高性能复合相变材料包括熔点在20?130°C可调的高相变潜热液态合金和具有高热导率的碳纳米管海绵骨架材料;     

碳膜材料的热学性能及研究进展

基于碳材料独特的结构,概述了其优异的热学性能以及作为散热材料在电子器件散热领域中的应用。着重介绍了石墨烯膜、碳纳米管膜和石墨膜材料的研究进展,同时阐述了影响碳膜材料热导率的关键结构及其控制方法,最后提出了发展高导热碳基复合材料的研究策略以及面临的挑战。     

介孔二氧化硅基复合相变材料研究进展

相变储能技术的发展对于促进新能源开发和提高能源利用效率具有非常重要的意义。相变材料由于具有高储能密度和小体积变化等优势引起了人们的广泛关注。然而，相变材料在固–液相转变过程中易发生液体泄漏而限制了其应用。因此，人们选择用多孔支撑材料来解决相变材料的泄露问题。介孔二氧化硅材料由于具有良好的物理化学稳定性、生物相容性、阻燃性能、低毒性、耐腐蚀性、尺寸可控、表面形貌可调和高比表面积等优点，其作为载体材料能综合提高相变复合物的各方面性能并拓宽相变储能材料的应用空间。对近年来国内外关于介孔二氧化硅载体的孔尺寸、孔结构和孔表面性质对相变材料结晶行为的影响等方面进行了综合分析，并对今后提高介孔二氧化硅相变材料储能效率的研究方法的前景做了展望。      

碳纳米管对泡沫铜/石蜡复合相变材料热性能的影响

以泡沫铜(copper foam, CF)、碳纳米管(carbon nanotubes, CNT)和石蜡为原料,分别制备CF/混合CNT/石蜡和CF/催化CNT/石蜡两种复合相变材料(phase change material, PCM),CNT与石蜡的质量比均为1:99。采用SEM和Raman光谱表征材料的形貌和品质,用激光导热测试仪和差示扫描量热仪表征复合PCM的传热性能和相变行为。结果表明,所有PCM复合情况良好,且引入2种不同形式的CNT均能提高石蜡的热导率。虽然混合CNT的品质比催化CNT更好,但与CF/混合CNT/石蜡复合材料的热导率(3.28 W/(m·K))相比,CF/催化CNT/石蜡复合材料的热导率仍达到3.94 W/(m·K)。此外,两种形式的CNT均能有效改善石蜡的相变潜热和过冷度。     

茄子衍生多孔碳负载聚乙二醇相变复合材料

以茄子为原材料,通过水热处理–后续热解法及直接热解法分别制备出两种不同的茄子衍生多孔碳材料（HBPC和BPC）。以茄子衍生多孔碳材料为载体,采用真空浸渍法负载相变芯材聚乙二醇（PEG2000）,制备出聚乙二醇/茄子衍生多孔碳材料复合相变材料。通过扫描电镜、拉曼光谱、压汞法、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析、X射线衍射仪、热重分析仪和差示扫描量热仪对其进行结构表征及性能测试。结果表明,通过直接热解法制得的茄子衍生多孔碳材料为载体的聚乙二醇/茄子衍生多孔碳材料复合相变材料具有更好的相变储热效果,负载聚乙二醇的质量分数高达90.60%,熔融潜热为133.98 J·g?1,达到了较好的定形相变效果及良好的循环稳定性。      

SiC对粉碎烧结法制备P型Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3合金热电性能的影响

向粉碎法制备的Bi_0.5Sb_1.5Te₃+5%Te（质量分数）合金粉体中混入不同体积分数的SiC颗粒，利用放电等离子体烧结法制备SiC复合块体材料，探究块体材料组织和热电性能的变化规律。研究发现:随着SiC体积分数的增加，块体材料的取向性弱化，组织细化，载流子浓度增加，迁移率降低；由于取向性弱化及组织细化，加强了声子散射，降低了晶格热导率。由于SiC复合块体材料的电学性能恶化，块体材料的无量纲热电优值（ZT）并未获得显著的提升；当SiC体积分数为0.40%时，SiC复合块体材料在322 K时具有最优的无量纲热电优值（ZT=～0.81）。     

超细钼铜复合粉体及细晶钼铜合金的制备

采用“缺碳预还原+氢气深脱氧”方法制备了不同Cu含量（5%、20%、40%,质量分数）的超细Mo–Cu复合粉末。通过高温煅烧钼酸铵和硝酸铜混合物制备了MoO₃和CuO复合氧化物,再利用炭黑预还原脱除煅烧产物（CuMoO₄–MoO₃）中绝大部分氧的方法制备了含有少量MoO₂的超细预还原Mo–Cu复合粉体;少量MoO₂的存在可以极大降低预还原产物中碳的残留;最后,经氢还原脱除残留的氧制备得到超细、高纯度Mo–Cu复合粉体,粉体粒度约为200 nm。以Mo–Cu复合粉体为原料,经过压坯和烧结制备得到细晶Mo–Cu合金。结果表明,经过1200 ℃烧结后,随着Cu质量分数由5%增加到20%,合金相对密度由96.3%增加到98.5%,且Mo、Cu两相分布均匀。Mo–Cu合金硬度随Cu含量的增加而先增加后降低,这是由合金相对密度和铜含量对硬度的影响不同所导致的。随着Cu质量分数由5%增加到40%,Mo–Cu合金的热导率由48.5 W·m?1·K?1增加到187.2 W·m?1·K?1,电导率由18.79% IACS增加到49.48% IACS。     

Effect of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on the Thermal Conductivity and Porosity Characteristics of Blast Furnace Carbon Refractories

Different amounts of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (0–5 mass pct) containing carbon refractory specimens for a blast furnace were prepared and coked for 3 hours at 1473 K (1200 °C) and 1673 K (1400 °C). The thermal conductivity and porosity characteristics of the coked specimens were evaluated using the flash diffusivity technique and mercury porosimetry, respectively. It was found that CNTs acted as carbon source, and most of them were consumed during coking. With the increase of CNT content, the aggregation of CNTs became more severe, the amount of SiC whiskers formed increased and their aspect ratio became larger, and the SiC whiskers tended to be distributed nonhomogeneously. The thermal conductivity of a 4 mass pct CNT containing a carbon specimen was highest because of the contributions of SiC and residual CNTs. The porosity characteristics of a 0.5 mass pct CNT containing a carbon specimen was best because of the uniform filling of SiC whiskers. The excessive addition of CNTs degraded the porosity characteristics because of the severe aggregation of CNTs.     

碳纳米管增强铝基复合材料的力学和物理性能

采用磁力搅拌与放电等离子烧结技术制备了碳纳米管(CNT)增强铝基复合材料.对试样进行了扫描电镜和透射电镜表征,测试了试样的力学性能、摩擦性能、电学性能和热学性能.当碳纳米管在试样中的质量分数为1%时,可在铝基体中均匀分布且CNT/Al界面结合良好,此时试样的抗拉强度和硬度较纯A1分别提高了29.4%和15.8%.在获得最佳力学性能强化和最佳减磨效果的同时.试样电导率较纯Al仅降低8.0%.碳纳米管可提高基体的热导率.但强化效果不明显.      

Bending behavior of carbon nanotube-reinforced composites

The multi-scale modeling method was utilized to study the bending characteristics of a carbon nanotube (CNT) and CNT-reinforced composites.Through combining molecular dynamics and continuum mechanics,the tensional and flexural modulus of a CNT were calculated by a finite element model constructed by reticulate beams with solid cylinder shape and energy equal to C-C bonds.Then,another beam element with hollow cylinder shape and equivalent stiffness was utilized in place of a CNT in a matrix,thus,a multi-scale representative volume element (RVE) model of CNT-reinforced composite was established.Using this RVE model,the bending behavior of CNT-based composites Was analyzed.The influence of diameter D,length L,aspect ratio L/D,volume fraction,chiral of CNTs and shape of RVE as well as the arrangement of CNTs in matrix on the rein-forcement effect of flexural modulus of resultant nanocomposites were further discussed.The obtained data provide useful information for the design of CNT-reinforced composites.     

Improvement of Wear Resistance in Alumina Matrix Composites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes

Alumina matrix composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) fabricated by CNT purification, mixing, compaction, and sintering processes, and the effects of the CNT addition on wear resistance were investigated in relation to the relative density, hardness, and fracture toughness. Wear resistance and fracture toughness were measured by the dry sliding wear test method and the indentation fracture test method, respectively. Zero to ~3 vol pct of CNTs were homogeneously distributed in the composites, although some pores existed. The wear resistance and fracture toughness increased with an increasing CNT fraction, but the composite specimen containing 3.0 vol pct of CNTs hardly showed an increase over the specimen containing 2.25 vol pct of CNTs. Observations of worn surfaces revealed that the wear mechanism involved both the abrasive and delamination wear modes in the specimens containing 0 to ~0.75 vol pct of CNTs, whereas the surface was worn largely in an abrasive wear mode in the specimens containing 1.5 to ~3.0 vol pct of CNTs. This was because CNTs helped to change the delamination wear mode to the abrasive wear mode by preventing crack initiation and propagation at alumina grains. The fracture toughness increase provided beneficial effects in the resistance to crack initiation and propagation, the reduction in delamination wear on the worn surface, and the consequent improvement in wear resistance. Because the effect of the porosity increase due to the CNT addition unfavorably affected the improvement of wear resistance and fracture toughness in the specimen containing 3.0 vol pct of CNTs, the appropriate level of CNT fraction was 1.5 to ~2.25 vol pct.     

金属有机骨架与相变芯材相互作用的分子动力学

金属有机骨架材料（metal-organic frameworks, MOFs）由于具有规整的孔道结构,较高的孔隙率十分适合作为相变材料的载体,从而实现对相变芯材的有效封装。本文采用分子动力学方法,对Cr-MIL-101负载十八烷,十八酸,十八胺和十八醇等不同芯材而构筑的复合相变材料的结构特性进行了研究,主要包括相变芯材和金属有机骨架基材之间的相互作用,芯材在金属有机骨架材料孔道内的扩散特性以及空间分布特性等。研究表明:十八酸和金属有机骨架基体之间的相互作用最强,十八醇和十八胺次之,十八烷最弱,具体体现在相变芯材分子与金属有机骨架材料之间的相互作用能,回转半径,分子动能,自扩散系数以及热容等众多方面,此外,当芯材分子间相互作用和金属有机骨架材料与芯材之间的相互作用达到平衡时,芯材分子在孔道内处于较为自由的状态,有利于扩散的进行,进而有利于芯材的结晶。      

Hot Extrusion of A356 Aluminum Metal Matrix Composite with Carbon Nanotube/Al2O3 Hybrid Reinforcement

Over the years, the attention of material scientists and engineers has shifted from conventional composite materials to nanocomposite materials for the development of light weight and high-performance devices. Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), many researchers have tried to fabricate metal matrix composites (MMCs) with CNT reinforcements. However, CNTs exhibit low dispersibility in metal melts owing to their poor wettability and large surface-to-volume ratio. The use of an array of short fibers or hybrid reinforcements in a preform could overcome this problem and enhance the dispersion of CNTs in the matrix. In this study, multi-walled CNT/Al₂O₃ preform-based aluminum hybrid composites were fabricated using the infiltration method. Then, the composites were extruded to evaluate changes in its mechanical properties. In addition, the dispersion of reinforcements was investigated using a hardness test. The required extrusion pressure of hybrid MMCs increased as the Al₂O₃/CNT fraction increased. The deformation resistance of hybrid material was over two times that of the original A356 aluminum alloy material due to strengthening by the Al₂O₃/CNTs reinforcements. In addition, an unusual trend was detected; primary transition was induced by the hybrid reinforcements, as can be observed in the pressure–displacement curve. Increasing temperature of the material can help increase formability. In particular, temperatures under 623 K (350 °C) and over-incorporating reinforcements (Al₂O₃ 20 pct, CNTs 3 pct) are not recommended owing to a significant increase in the brittleness of the hybrid material.     

Effect of Sintering Temperature on Properties of CNT/Al Composite Prepared by Capsule-Free Hot Isostatic Pressing Technique

Carbon nanotube (CNT)/Al composite powders were prepared by high energy ball milling technique. CNTs were well dispersed in Al matrix but the graphite structure of CNTs was significantly damaged during the mixing process. Dense composite was prepared by capsule free hot isostatic pressing technique. The best sintering temperature was determined to be 620 °C, at which relative density of sintered specimens increased to 92 % and decreased with the increase of CNT content due to the formation of CNT clusters. Microhardness of the composite could be improved by increasing CNT content up to 1 wt% with the highest value of 56.7 HV which was nearly two times higher than that of pure Al. Electrical resistivity was increased in proportion to the CNT content. The increase of resistivity was due to the effect of porosity, electron scattering at particle boundaries and existence of oxidation phase.