Ti-6Cr-5Mo-5V-4Al合金热加工性能研究

目的 基于应变速率敏感系数、温度敏感系数,研究Ti-6Cr-5Mo-5V-4Al(Ti-6554)合金的热加工性能。方法 通过Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机,在温度为953~1 043 K、应变速率为0.001~10 s^?1时,对Ti-6Cr-5Mo-5V-4Al合金进行高温压缩实验。建立不同应变下的应变速率敏感系数图、温度敏感系数图,分析不同变形条件下的微观组织。结果 随着应变速率的增加,应变速率敏感系数逐渐下降,而低温度敏感系数区域主要集中在低应变速率区域。基于微观组织表征,发现变形过程中存在明显的动态相变和动态再结晶过程。结论 确定Ti-6554合金的合理加工条件为953~964 K、0.001 s^?1和1 037~1 043 K、0.001 s^?1。     

2195铝锂合金热变形流变行为与热加工图研究

目的 研究2195铝锂合金在实验温度360~510 ℃、应变速率0.01~10 s⁻¹条件下的热压缩变形行为,建立其本构模型及热加工图,获取该合金的安全加工工艺参数。方法 采用Gleeble−3500热模拟试验机进行热变形实验,分析合金的流变行为及热加工图,结合微观组织阐述其热变形机理,并对所得最优参数进行热挤压实验验证。结果 2195铝锂合金的流变应力随变形温度增加而减小,随应变速率增加而增加;其热激活能Q为203.643 9 kJ/mol、结构因子A为1.943 9×10¹⁴、应力因子α为0.013、应变硬化指数n为5.883 9。确定合金的主要失稳区工艺参数区间为379~420 ℃、0.75~10 s^–1和480~510 ℃、1～10 s⁻¹,安全加工区间为440~510 ℃、0.01~0.25 s⁻¹。铸态2195铝锂合金的屈服和抗拉强度分别仅为(179±6)MPa和(239±11)MPa,经热挤压实验后分别达到(605±6)、(633±3)MPa,分别提高了3.5和2.6倍;铸态合金的显微硬度仅为(115±1)HV,热加工后型材达到(178±4)HV,相较于铸态合金增加了54%。结论 2195铝锂合金的流变行为符合正应变速率敏感特征,其安全加工区域集中在高温低应变速率区,主要发生了动态再结晶,实验型材在此区域表现出卓越的力学性能。     

冷拔态GH4738合金热变形本构方程及热加工图

目的 研究紧固件用冷拔态GH4738合金棒材在不同工艺参数下的热变形行为,为紧固件热加工工艺参数优化提供理论指导。方法 采用Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机对冷拔态GH4738合金棒材在变形温度1 000~1 080 ℃、应变速率1~10 s⁻¹条件下进行了热压缩实验,变形量为50%。计算了该合金的材料常数和变形激活能Q,建立了基于峰值应力的冷拔态GH4738合金的本构方程,根据动态材料模型理论绘制了冷拔态GH4738合金的能量耗散图和失稳图,获得了合金在不同应变下的热加工图,并讨论了显微组织演变情况。结果 冷拔态GH4738合金的流变应力随着变形温度的增加或应变速率的减小而降低。线性回归的相关系数证实了描述该材料热变形行为的本构方程的准确性。基于冷拔态GH4738合金的热加工图及显微组织验证结果可得,冷拔态GH4738合金的主要失稳区工艺参数区间为1 000~1 035℃/0.12~3 s⁻¹,1 030~1 072℃/ 0.25~10 s⁻¹和1 075~1 080 ℃/2.72~10 s⁻¹。热加工较佳工艺条件为1 000~1 028 ℃/0.02~0.14 s⁻¹和1 040~1 080 ℃/ 0.06~0.74 s⁻¹。结论 通过对冷拔态GH4738合金热变形本构方程和热加工图进行研究,获得了冷拔态GH4738合金优化的热变形工艺参数,可用于指导冷拔态GH4738合金的紧固件热加工成形。     

铸态30CrMnSiNi2A钢的热变形行为与热加工图

目的 研究铸态30CrMnSiNi2A钢的热变形行为,并建立热加工图评估出合适的热变形参数。方法 在变形温度900~1 200 ℃和应变速率0.01~10 s⁻¹条件下开展热压缩实验,分别构建应变0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8下的热加工图,结合扫描电镜对变形后的微观组织进行分析。结果 30CrMnSiNi2A钢在压缩过程中真应力的变化是加工硬化和动态软化协同作用的结果;在低应变速率时(0.01、0.1 s⁻¹),流动曲线在应力值达到峰值应力(σp)后都表现出流动软化现象,而在高应变速率下流动曲线则表现出连续的加工硬化现象。结论 根据变形试样的微观组织和塑性流动是否稳定,可将热加工图分为3个区:流动失稳区、不完全动态再结晶区、完全动态再结晶区,在完全动态再结晶区内的晶粒细小均匀,所以将变形温度1 100~1 180 ℃、应变速率0.01~0.5 s⁻¹确定为适合于30CrMnSiNi2A钢的加工窗口。     

ZL205A铝合金动态力学性能及其本构模型

目的 研究ZL205A铝合金在不同温度和不同应变速率下的流动应力行为,为材料数值模拟提供参数依据。方法 利用高低温电子万能材料实验机和霍普金森压杆设备,在不同变形温度(20~400 ℃)和应变速率(10⁻⁴~2 200 s⁻¹)下进行准静态拉伸实验、高温拉伸实验以及高应变率动态压缩实验。对实验所得真应力-应变曲线进行力学性能分析,考虑到霍普金森实验下的材料绝热温升,构建了ZL205A铝合金的Johnson-Cook本构模型,并将该模型与实验数据进行比对验证。结果 在室温低应变率(20 ℃、10⁻⁴~10⁻¹ s⁻¹)条件下,随应变率的增大,材料的流动应力变化不明显;当材料屈服后,随着应变的增大,材料流动应力增大的趋势变大,应变硬化作用占主导。在室温高应变率(20 ℃、500~2 200 s⁻¹)条件下,材料的屈服强度和流动应力与室温低应变率时的数据变化不大,考虑到高应变率下的实验时间短、变形大,材料变形产生的热量来不及散出,受温度升高的影响,材料在高应变率范围内的应变率强化效应不明显。在高温低应变率(100~400 ℃/0.001 s⁻¹)条件下,材料的屈服强度和流动应力随温度的升高而迅速降低,表现出较高的温度敏感性,当温度高于200 ℃时,材料产生拉应力回调现象。结论 根据材料真应力-应变曲线,获得了材料的Johnson-Cook本构参数,该模型能较准确地预测材料在不同状态下的流动应力行为。     

Ti−6Mo−5V−3Al−2Fe−2Zr合金热变形行为及热加工图

目的 建立近β钛合金Ti−6Mo−5V−3Al−2Fe−2Zr(质量分数)的热变形本构方程,绘制热加工图,确定该合金的流变失稳区和适宜加工区,为其在工业生产中热加工工艺参数的制定提供指导。方法 在变形温度700~ 850 ℃、应变速率0.000 5~0.5 s⁻¹、真应变0.7的条件下,对近β钛合金Ti−6Mo−5V−3Al−2Fe−2Zr进行热压缩实验;基于Arrhenius方程建立该合金的热变形本构方程,并对方程进行验证;根据Prasad失稳准则,构建该合金的热加工图。结果 该合金的流变应力随着变形温度的升高而减小,随着应变速率的增大而增大;其热变形激活能为226.29 kJ/mol,本构方程为;通过热变形本构方程得到的峰值应力计算值与实验值平均误差为4.21%。结论 建立的热变形本构方程预测了流变应力,描述了该合金的热变形行为;通过叠加合金的能量耗散图和流变失稳图,获得了该合金的热加工图。基于热加工图确定该合金的流变失稳区为变形温度700~755 ℃与784~850 ℃、应变速率0.5~0.05 s⁻¹,最佳加工区为变形温度836~850 ℃、应变速率0.000 5~0.005 s⁻¹。     

考虑摩擦效应的工业纯钛TA2热压缩变形本构方程及热加工图

目的 研究工业纯钛TA2在变形温度为800~950 ℃、应变速率为0.001~1 s^?1、压下量为50%条件下的热压缩变形行为,构建材料高温本构方程及热加工图。方法 利用Gleeble–3500热模拟试验机进行热压缩试验,对实测流变曲线进行摩擦修正,通过线性回归拟合等方法建立本构方程,基于动态材料模型构建工业纯钛TA2热加工图,确定材料最佳热变形区域。结果 工业纯钛TA2热变形激活能Q为473.491 kJ/mol,应力指数n为3.876 6;最佳热变形参数为变形温度850~950 ℃、应变速率0.02~0.35 s^?1。结论 工业纯钛TA2摩擦修正后的流变应力值均低于实测值,流动应力随变形温度的升高和应变速率的减小而降低。所建立的Arrhenius本构模型可较为准确地描述工业纯钛高温流变行为。工业纯钛TA2在中高温中等应变速率条件下加工性能良好,该区域材料发生了动态再结晶组织转变。     

Mg-RE-Zn-Zr合金的热变形行为和加工图研究

目的 建立Mg-8.5Gd-4.5Y-0.7Zn-0.4Zr合金的本构方程和加工图,得到材料的可加工变形参数。方法 采用Gleeble实验机开展温度范围为300~500 ℃,应变速率范围为0.001~1 s^–1的高温单轴压缩实验。结果 流变应力随应变速率的升高和变形温度的降低而增加,当在变形温度为300 ℃,变形速率为0.1 s^–1和1 s^–1变形时,试样发生了早期开裂;计算得到了合金的变形激活能为228.414 kJ/mol,较高的活化能与LPSO相的存在有关;合金加工图中存在两个可加工区域,第一个区域在变形温度为350~420 ℃,应变速率为0.001~ 0.01 s^–1的范围内,第二个区域在变形温度为420~480 ℃,应变速率为0.005~0.1 s^–1的范围内。结论 建立的本构方程得到预测流动应力值与实验值吻合良好,加工图中两个可加工区域的变形机制都为动态再结晶。     

7075铝合金冷搓成形本构关系及有限元分析应用研究

目的 研究7075铝合金在高应变速率下的本构关系,并将其应用于有限元仿真分析中,以实现对7075铝合金环槽铆钉冷搓成形过程的精确预测。方法 利用霍普金森压杆(SHPB)实验获得7075铝合金在1 000~4 500 s⁻¹应变速率下的真实应力-应变曲线。结合静态压缩实验在0.001 s⁻¹应变速率下的结果构建了优化的Johnson-Cook(J-C)本构模型,并应用有限元仿真对7075铝合金环槽铆钉冷搓成形过程进行模拟预测。结果 当应变速率由0.001 s⁻¹上升至3 000 s⁻¹时,7075铝合金的屈服强度增长较少,但当应变速率由3 000 s⁻¹上升至4 500 s⁻¹时,屈服强度提高了45 MPa。利用优化的J-C本构模型对真实应力进行预测,其平均相对误差与相关系数分别为0.35%和0.999 2。有限元分析结果显示,在成形过程中,铆钉零件任意部位的最大应变速率基本低于4 500 s⁻¹。外形预测结果与实际测量值的最大绝对误差为0.08 mm,最大相对误差为3.45%。结论 当应变速率由3 000 s⁻¹上升至4 500 s⁻¹时,7075铝合金展现出了明显的应变率强化效应,优化的J-C本构模型能够准确预测7075铝合金在0.001 ~4 500 s⁻¹应变速率范围内的真实应力。将其应用于有限元分析能够准确预测7075铝合金环槽铆钉冷搓成形过程。     

纳米多晶Mg-Y合金压缩力学行为的分子动力学研究

目的 研究纳米多晶Mg-Y合金在不同温度和应变速率下的力学响应以及不同变形条件下的晶粒变形行为。方法 通过ATOMSK软件构建了晶粒取向随机的纳米多晶Mg-Y二元合金模型,利用LAMMPS软件,在400~520 K温度及1×10¹⁰ s⁻¹、1×10⁹ s⁻¹应变速率下完成了纳米多晶Mg-Y合金的压缩模拟,借助后处理OVITO软件对模拟结果进行了分析。结果 随着温度的升高,纳米多晶Mg-Y合金的力学性能降低,且在温度上升到一定程度后具有一定的梯度规律。在微观层面,温度的上升使总体位错密度下降,但减少了晶粒内部的长程位错和位错扭结,并且<c+a>类位错与<a>类位错的比例上升。纳米多晶Mg-Y合金在高应变速率下的屈服强度更高,在原子排布层面上,六方最密堆积的比例降低。结论 温度升高带来的更多能量使低能态的Y原子更容易参与到位错产生、消失过程中,还加剧了<c+a>类型位错向<a>类位错的转变。高应变速率通过大幅度转化基体Mg的六方最密堆积形式,增加了晶界的破碎和形核,影响了合金的力学性能。     

Refractive index and strain sensor made of S-tapered photonic crystal fiber

An experimental investigation on an S-tapered photonic crystal fiber interferometer is presented in this paper. The sensor exhibits highly surrounding refractive index sensitive, which is 4.7 × 10^?3 RIU (refractive index unit) in 1.33–1.39 and 1.45 × 10^?3 RIU in 1.39–1.44 commensurable with general sensors. Attribute to the S-shape’s distortion, red shifts are measured in axial strain test. In addition, insensitivity (4.3 pm/°C) in low temperature and sensitivity (22.4 pm/°C) in high temperature are confirmed by experiments. These properties combined with a simple fabrication process and a durable structure.     

Vibration based Structural Health Monitoring of a composite T-beam

A vibration based damage identification method is investigated experimentally for a 2.5-dimensional composite structure. The dynamic response of an intact and a locally delaminated 16-layer unidirectional carbon fibre PEKK reinforced T-beam is considered. A force–vibration set-up, including a laser vibrometer system, is employed to measure the dynamic behaviour of the T-beam. The Modal Strain Energy Damage Index algorithm is applied using the bending and torsion modes. Special attention is paid to the effect of the number of measurement points required to detect and localize the delamination accurately.     

Application of nano-silica and styrene-butadiene-styrene to improve asphalt mixture self healing

Nanoparticles, due to their physical and chemical characteristics, present an inherent potential to improve the performance of bituminous materials. Presently, the technology of producing nanosized particles is evolving, and their application in various aspects of pavement engineering is becoming more cost-effective. Nanosilica, due to its spherical shape, high specific area, very tiny size and higher density compared to bitumen, presents an inherent potential to accelerate molecular randomisation movements, promote bitumen binder flow into microcracks and evolve healing index (HI) of hot mix asphalt (HMA). Moreover, it has been proved that Styrene–Butadiene–Styrene polymer (SBS) promotes fatigue life of HMA and decreases its temperature sensitivity. It would be interesting to know if the addition of nanosilica to modified binder with SBS will promote the total HI and lead to an enhanced HMA life cycle. In this study, the effects of four parameters, most importantly, the effect of the combination of nanosilica particles and SBS polymer to improve the self-healing of asphalt mixture was investigated using the Taguchi design of experiment (DOE) method. Experiments performed with the Superpave indirect tensile test included repeated loadings (fracture) and healing phases. These experiments showed that the combination of nanosilica and SBS promoted the self-healing of HMA, significantly. Moreover, the optimum condition to attain maximum HI and effect factor of each parameter, based on Taguchi DOE method, was obtained. Furthermore, scanning electron microscope images of fatigued, under healing and healed HMA samples were captured to investigate HMA self-healing mechanism.     

Multi-measurement scheme for a fiber-optic sensor based on a single long-period grating

In this paper, we present and discuss a scheme to perform simultaneous measurement of multi-perturbations using a single Long-Period Grating (LPG). It was shown that different spectral shifts in the resonant bands of the transmitted spectrum of an LPG sensor can be used for measuring concurrent perturbations. The functioning mechanism of this multi-parameter sensing scheme is discussed and used to perform simultaneous sensing of temperature, mechanical strain and refractive index variations.     

基于应变模态差分原理的直接定位损伤指标法

目前应变类损伤指标大多数只能利用损伤前后的模态参数进行损伤定位，但要得到损伤前的模态数据非常困难，难以在土木工程中推广应用。为此提出了无健康标准下基于损伤应变模态差分原理的直接定位损伤指标法ISMSD（Strain Mode Shape Difference），只需利用损伤后应变模态数据即能定位损伤。推导了损伤应变模态等间距和不等间距差分格式。在综合考虑相邻两有效极值点间有效距离比、有效极值之差绝对值、有效极值绝对最大值的基础上，建立了直接定位损伤指标数学模型。根据理论推导和数值仿真统计分析，提出损伤位置判定准则：若某点的每阶指标值均最大，则该点有损伤；若某点的某阶或多阶指标值越大，则该点损伤可能性越大；对于某阶节点损伤，则可通过其余阶的指标值定位损伤。该指标能正确地判定损伤位置，尤其是损伤量较小情况。     

Effect of geometric work-hardening and matrix work-hardening on new constitutive relationship for aluminium–alumina P/M composite during cold upsetting

The densification and strain hardening behaviour during cold deformation of sintered aluminum–3.5% alumina powder metallurgy preforms were investigated by constitutive model and experimental data obtained with no and with subsequent annealing. The mechanisms most likely involved in the constitutive model, namely, densification and strain hardening were studied. The effect of geometric and matrix work hardening on the various constants involved in the constitutive model, namely, instantaneous density coefficient, instantaneous strain hardening index, instantaneous strain rate sensitivity and instantaneous strength coefficient were discussed in detail.     

The Measurement of Stresses in Objects

Relations for calculating the stresses in objects from the results of measurements in them of the strains for complex forms of loading are presented. __________ Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 9, pp. 56–59, September, 2005.     

The Performance of Three-Dimensional Strain Rosettes Evaluated when Embedded into a Sphere

Abstract:  Two spheres were manufactured, each containing planes of embedded strain gauges that were arranged so that individual gauge readings could be combined in a variety of ways to calculate the least squares strain tensor. Each sphere was tested by loading along its axis of symmetry. It was found that the particular pattern of rosette chosen produced satisfactory predictions of the orthogonal strains but minor off-axis gauge misalignments combined with the matrix operations in the least squares strain tensor led to misleading forecasts of the shearing strains. The method of manufacture used to embed the gauges was largely responsible for these errors. The investigation confirmed that three-dimensional strain rosettes should be made from square plugs and the direction cosines measured on the plug prior to embedment in the model.     

超级钢板料冲压性能的拉伸试验研究

将超级钢应用于国产汽车冲压件的生产中不仅可以提高汽车质量,而且可以降低汽车的成本、减小汽车重量、降低能源消耗和减少环境污染.为了在汽车工业中更好地使用超级钢,概述了板材冲压性能的评价指标,介绍了拉伸试验值对板材冲压性能的影响,并对超级钢进行了拉伸试验.研究了超级钢板的硬化指数、塑性应变比、屈服强度、极限强度、均匀延伸率等机械性能,并分析了超级钢板的冲压成形性能,超级刚具有较好的胀形性能、拉深性能、弯曲性能,抗起皱性能等冲压性能,可以广泛地应用于汽车冲压零件生产中.     

A Probabilistic Evaluation of the Least Squares Strain Tensor Derived from a Three-Dimensional Modular Strain Rosette Using the Monte-Carlo Technique

Abstract:  Strain gradients give rise to a number of problems in the field of embedded three-dimensional strain measurement. In order to avoid these problems a modular type three-dimensional strain rosette was embedded into known strain fields and the data from the individual gauges compared with theoretical predictions. Finally, the least squares strain tensor was predicted from experimental data analysed using the Monte-Carlo technique and the theoretical results forecast from finite element data taking into account the mechanical properties of the carrier, plug and prismatic bar. Some of the experimental results were found to correlate well with the theoretical values but some values in the least squares strain tensor, in particular under compression and torsional loading, departed considerably from the theoretical values. It was found that the effect of the measurement errors in the individual gauges combined with the matrix operations in the least squares strain tensor were responsible for biasing the resultant tensor data. However, the modular technique provided a solution to the problem of strain gradients.