基于P-GMAW摆动电弧传感的窄间隙坡口宽度自适应焊接

针对窄间隙自动化焊接过程中,组对误差、焊接热变形等因素导致的坡口宽度不一致问题,本文提出采用电弧传感方式对坡口宽度进行检测,并根据检测结果调节工艺参数,保证焊接质量的方法。通过研究坡口宽度偏差的提取算法,分析窄坡口条件下脉冲熔化极焊接的峰值电流、基值电流和平均电流信号的传感特征,提出以脉冲周期内的电流均值作为特征信号,利用侧壁平均法进行偏差提取的传感方式;确定了坡口宽度变化时,焊枪摆幅、焊接速度的调控方法,实现了适应坡口宽度变化的自动化焊接。窄间隙焊接试验表明,上述方法能够有效识别坡口宽度变化,及时对摆幅、焊速进行调整,可在坡口宽度变化时,保证侧壁熔合质量和焊层厚度均匀。研究结果对单道多层窄间隙焊接实现焊接自动化,保证焊接质量具有一定的参考价值。     

窄间隙焊接侧壁熔合控制技术的研究现状

窄间隙焊接因采用窄且深的U型或者I型坡口,在焊接厚板时具有焊接效率高、焊接填充量少及焊接变形少等诸多优势,在大型厚壁高强钢结构制造领域具有很好的应用前景。由于窄间隙焊接中电弧与坡口侧壁几乎平行,造成电弧无法对侧壁直接加热,易出现侧壁未熔合缺陷,严重影响了大型高强钢结构的服役安全。通过对窄间隙焊接技术研究现状的分析整理,综述并比较常用的侧壁熔合控制技术与方案,分析了其优缺点。分析结果表明,目前已经开发了旋转电弧、双电弧、带状电极、复合热源及摆动电弧等多种侧壁熔合控制技术,在一定程度上解决了侧壁未熔合问题,并且在压力容器、厚壁管道等领域获得了应用。最后对该方向的研究进展进行了总结,并对其发展方向进行了展望。     

厚板钛合金磁控窄间隙TIG焊接技术发展现状

磁控窄间隙TIG焊接技术能有效解决厚板钛合金侧壁熔合不良的问题,其工艺稳定性好、设备成本较低,能为大型钛合金海工结构和装备制造提供有力支撑。围绕厚板钛合金磁控窄间隙TIG焊接技术及其研究现状展开论述。重点阐述了外加横向磁场对电弧摆动的作用机理,并讨论了主要焊接工艺参数(窄间隙坡口设计、焊接电流强度、外加磁场强度和频率及电极位置)对焊缝成形的影响。结合自研结果探讨了不同规格钛合金磁控窄间隙TIG焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能,并进一步概述了焊后残余应力分布特征。研究结果表明,利用外加磁场实现电弧周期摆动能有效调控热输入分布,进而改善侧壁熔合不良的问题;相比其他窄间隙焊接技术,磁控窄间隙TIG焊接能获得更加均匀的焊缝组织和优异的接头力学性能;磁控窄间隙TIG焊接后,接头表面存在较大拉应力,结合合适的热处理工艺能有效降低接头残余应力。最后,对磁控窄间隙TIG焊技术发展和前景进行了展望。     

新型窄间隙MAG旋转电弧传感焊缝偏差提取算法

针对旋转电弧窄间隙MAG焊多层单道焊时坡口变化平缓,传统电弧传感方法灵敏度下降的缺点,提出了1种新的电弧传感偏差提取算法.对通过实验获取的U形底对接坡口不同焊缝偏差下的电弧信号进行分析,得出偏差的大小和方向与1个旋转周期内电流极值的数目和分布有很好的对应性,并通过Matlab仿真进一步验证上述关系的合理性和可靠性.由此...     

基于熔池图像特征的焊缝质量指标设计与分析

目的 熔池是焊缝形貌的动态成形特征,建立熔池图像质量与焊缝形貌之间的映射关系能促进焊接质量实时智能检测。方法 采用暗通道处理法进行滤波降噪,差分融合算法融合暗通道图和直方均衡化图。结果 利用所述算法对5种焊缝缺陷对应的熔池图像进行处理能有效滤除点状噪声,并且图像的清晰度和对比度较原图增大了两倍及以上。结论 设计融合图像及焊缝形貌评分指标,建立熔池–焊缝评分方程,验证了熔池图像预测焊缝缺陷等级的可行性。     

V型坡口多层多道焊焊道几何参数预测

中厚板V型坡口多层多道焊焊接过程中,每一条焊道的几何参数都会影响最终焊缝成形质量。为了评估V型坡口多层多道焊缝成形质量,提出了基于麻雀搜索算法(SSA)优化的BP神经网络模型预测焊道几何参数。文中通过实验分析各焊接工艺参数对焊道成形几何尺寸的影响,确定了以焊接电流、焊接速度、熔池宽度作为模型的输入,将能表征焊道质量的焊道高度和焊道计算高度作为模型的输出。对优化前后BP神经网络预测模型的性能进行对比,结果表明,优化后模型预测结果的相对误差分别保持在±4%、±8%以内,模型的稳定性、准确率都有较大提升,证明了该方法可有效预测V型坡口焊接时的焊道几何参数。     

基于遗传神经网络的焊缝缺陷等级磁记忆定量化研究

针对金属磁记忆技术的焊缝缺陷等级定量化评定这一难题,通过对预制不同缺陷的Q345焊接试件进行疲劳试验,获得焊缝损伤演化临界状态的磁记忆信号特征规律.首次对照X射线定量检测标准和磁记忆检测结果,将焊缝损伤演化状态分为4个等级,即正常状态、应力集中、隐性损伤和宏观损伤.首次引入遗传算法优化的BP神经网络模型对焊缝等级进行磁记忆定量化评价.研究表明,遗传优化的BP网络模型与未优化的BP网络相比,预测结果更加稳定、误差更小,为工程实际中焊缝缺陷等级评定提供新的方法和依据.     

基于机器学习的薄板等离子弧搭接焊的熔深预测

在等离子弧搭接焊中,搭接焊接头的焊缝熔深是评价焊接质量的关键指标之一,而焊接过程中的热输入信息和熔池图像信息都与焊缝熔深有密切关系。本文通过建立304L不锈钢薄板等离子弧搭接焊数据采集系统,利用LabVIEW实时检测电信息,采用视觉传感技术实时获取薄板等离子弧搭接焊过程中的熔池图像,并通过图像处理方法获得熔池的几何参数信息,结合焊接工艺参数,选择峰值电流、峰值电压、焊接速度、离子气流量、保护气流量、熔池宽度和熔池后端长度作为输入量,焊缝熔深作为输出量,建立了基于支持向量机回归和BP神经网络的熔深预测模型。实验验证表明,采用径向基函数的支持向量机回归模型可以有效地对焊缝熔深进行预测,并具有很好的泛化能力,可为进一步实现在线优化焊接工艺参数提供依据。     

窄间隙焊接

<正> 一、前言采用坡口边缘制备得基本上平行的窄间隙概念对厚截面材料进行电弧对接焊大约有二十年了,尽管研究文献的数量日益增多,但在欧州窄间隙焊实际应用的例子只有几个。虽然此焊接技术由于在节省焊接时间和降低焊接材料/能量的成本方面潜力大,而且有吸引力,但是它也有诸如倒壁熔合不良等这样一些长期存放的麻烦以及与去除缺陷和焊补有关的问题。加之经过验证可用的工业性焊接设备数量有限,这些无疑会使许多有可能采用此焊接技术的用户持保留态度。本文是根据由气体保护焊和埋弧焊技术小组为公开交换关于窄间隙焊之现状和发展前景     

薄板TIG焊熔池谐振法熔透自适应控制

在直流电流上附加正弦波焊接电流,诱发熔池金属振荡,通过电弧电压检测熔池谐振信号,此谐振信号与熔池尺寸有良好对应关系。实验研究了影响熔池谐振信号产生的电弧因素,通过建立以直流变动电流电源、步进电弧、微计算机数据采集和反馈控制为主体的焊接熔透控制系统,实现了薄板对接焊缝熔宽的实时控制,获得良好焊缝成形。在有意识地改变外部影响因素条件下,取得了满意的自适应控制效果。     

等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔形成过程数值分析

目的 研究等离子弧焊接穿孔过程中熔池内部的金属流动情况和小孔动态变化过程。方法 通过“传热-熔池流动-小孔”之间的相互耦合关系,建立了等离子弧焊接穿孔过程的数值分析模型,通过VOF方法追踪了小孔界面,采用FLOW-3D软件模拟了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔的形成过程,定量计算了等离子弧焊接温度场、熔池流场及小孔形状;分析了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔行为;并通过等离子弧焊接实验数据验证了模拟结果。结果 当焊接时间为0~1.0 s时,小孔深度曲线与熔深曲线几乎相同,小孔底部紧贴熔池底部;在2.8 s以后,小孔深度曲线与熔深曲线有一定距离,小孔深度曲线在一定范围内波动,等离子弧焊接电弧挖掘作用到达极限,电弧压力与其他力达到平衡状态。模拟的焊缝熔深为8.04 mm、熔宽为13.20 mm,实验测得的焊缝熔深为8.00 mm、熔宽为13.42 mm。结论 构建的随小孔动态变化的曲面热源模型和电弧压力模型可以描述等离子弧焊接过程中的电弧热-力分布;模拟出了等离子弧焊接熔池和小孔动态演变过程;模拟得到的等离子弧焊接焊缝形貌与实验测得的焊缝形貌基本吻合。     

Experimental Investigation of Wire Arrangements for Narrow-Gap Triple-Wire Gas Indirect Arc Welding

A new narrow-gap welding process is proposed by applying triple-wire gas indirect arc (TW-GIA). There are double power supplies and triple wires in this system. Power supplies are only connected between electrode wires and base materials are not linked to power supplies. Since there are different wire arrangements with TW-GIA, this article studies these wire arrangements and their effects on sidewall fusion for narrow-gap welding. Results show that different wire arrangements lead to variant arc behaviors and metal transfer, and consequently they lead to different situation of sidewall fusion. The heat to melt sidewalls is mainly from the indirect arc column and metal transfer with narrow-gap TW-GIA. When side wires deviate from the main wire to opposite directions, heat from arc columns and metal transfer can concentrate toward groove sidewalls. When the whole weld torch is lowered, heat from the indirect arc column and metal transfer increases at the weld bead root.     

Hybrid laser/arc welding of advanced high strength steel in different butt joint configurations

An experimental procedure was developed to join thick advanced high strength steel plates by using the hybrid laser/arc welding (HLAW) process, for different butt joint configurations. The geometry of the weld groove was optimized according to the requirements of ballistic test, where the length of the softened heat affected zone should be less than 15.9 mm from the weld centerline. The cross-section of the welds was examined by microhardness test. The microstructure of welds was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and an optical microscope for further analysis of the microstructure of fusion zone and heat affected zone. It was demonstrated that by changing the geometry of groove, and increasing the stand-off distance between the laser beam and the tip of wire in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) it is possible to reduce the width of the heat affected zone and softened area while the microhardness stays within the acceptable range. It was shown that double Y-groove shape can provide the optimum condition for the stability of arc and laser. The dimensional changes of the groove geometry provided substantial impact on the amount of heat input, causing the fluctuations in the hardness of the weld as a result of phase transformation and grain size. The on-line monitoring of HLAW of the advanced high strength steel indicated the arc and laser were stable during the welding process. It was shown that less plasma plume was formed in the case where the laser was leading the arc in the HLAW, causing higher stability of the molten pool in comparison to the case where the arc was leading.     

基于BP神经网络薄板P-PAW搭接的间隙自适应工艺参数优化

对大型LNG燃料薄膜舱中1.2 mm厚SUS304L不锈钢板薄板的搭接焊,存在的搭接间隙会带来焊缝成形不良等严重影响船舱安全性的问题。本文通过激光传感器检测搭接间隙变化,设计了不同的峰值电流和焊接速度在不同间隙下的工艺实验,研究了间隙对焊缝成形质量的影响机制;基于BP神经网络建立不同间隙下的脉冲等离子弧焊(P-PAW)的工艺参数和间隙及焊缝成形尺寸之间的拓扑关系模型,通过工艺实验获取模型的训练样本,实现了基于BP神经网络的间隙自适应工艺参数优化系统。结果表明,该系统实现了不同搭接间隙下进行实时工艺参数优化的功能,并对搭接间隙在0～0.6 mm变化时所带来的空洞等缺陷起到了有效的抑制作用,实现了良好的焊接成形一致性控制,提高了在LNG薄膜舱中不锈钢板焊接的自适应能力。     

Neural Network Modeling and System Simulating for the Dynamic Process of Varied Gap Pulsed GTAW with Wire Filler

As the base of the research work on the weld shape control during pulsed gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) with wire filler, this paper addressed the modeling of the dynamic welding process. Topside length Lt, maximum width Wt and half-length ratio Rh1 were selected to depict topside weld pool shape, and were measured on-line by vision sensing. A dynamic neural network model was constructed to predict the usually unmeasured backside width and topside height of the weld through topside shape parameters and welding parameters. The inputs of the model were the welding parameters (peak current, pulse duty ratio, welding speed, filler rate), the joint gap, the topside pool shape parameters (Lt, Wt, and Rh1), and their history values at two former pulse, a total of 24 numbers. The validating experiment results proved that the artificial neural network (ANN) model had high precision and could be used in process control. At last, with the developed dynamic model, steady and dynamic behavior was analyzed by simulation experiments, which discovered the variation rules of weld pool shape parameters under different welding parameters, and further knew well the characteristic of the welding process.