温压药剂的热毁伤研究

运用红外热成像仪分别测量了不同质量的温压药剂和TNT爆炸火球的表面温度.根据实测结果分析了温度场的分布情况,并拟合出温压药剂爆炸火球的直径、持续时间与装药量的关系式.依据炸药的爆炸特性,确定了热毁伤准则,结合Baker火球模型,对温压药剂和TNT爆炸产生的不同程度的热毁伤半径进行了计算.结果表明,温压药剂具有较好的热毁伤效应,用作用区面积评价法可获得温压药剂的TNT当量比为3.89.     

双元炸药装药空中爆炸的输出特性

选择3种复合炸药制备了双元炸药装药试样,测量了其空中爆炸冲击波超压-时间历程,并与单一炸药装药进行了比较.研究了双元装药结构空中爆炸的输出特性,采用高速摄影仪测定了爆炸火球的特征参数.结果表明,双元炸药装药结构可使两部分装药之间产生能量耦合,从而提高装药的能量输出.采用外层高爆速炸药包裹内层非理想炸药的内外层双元装药结构,不仅能提高空中爆炸的冲击波效应,而且可以增加爆炸火球的持续时间.     

铝粉含量对梯铝炸药爆压和冲击波参数的影响

测试了以TNT为基不同含量含铝炸药的爆压和空中爆炸冲击波参数,通过分析铝粉对炸药爆压、空中爆炸参数和爆炸冲击波超压的影响,建立了爆压与铝氧比的关系曲线、5种TNT基含铝炸药的冲击波相似律方程和TNT/Al炸药的爆压与空中爆炸冲击波超压的关系式.结果表明,随着铝粉含量的增加,炸药的爆压呈指数衰减,近距离的冲击波超压也快速减小,但爆炸场温度和爆炸火球的直径及持续时间会增大.     

AP对炸药空中爆炸参数的影响

为研究AP对炸药空中爆炸性能的影响,在RDX和HMX基混合炸药和含铝炸药中添加AP,并进行了空中爆炸性能试验.从冲击波超压、爆炸火球的最大半径及火球持续时间、爆炸场温度等方面分析了AP对炸药空中爆炸性能的影响.结果表明,AP对空中爆炸冲击波超压的影响与主炸药的种类有关,加入AP后,混合炸药的冲击波超压降低,含铝炸药的冲击波超压增大;随着AP含量的增加,最大火球半径和火球持续时间及爆炸场温度都减小.     

温压炸药耗氧效应的实验研究

为了评估温压炸药的能量释放效率,通过理论计算和试验测试,得到塑料黏结炸药(PBX)及温压炸药的单位质量耗氧量、绝对耗氧量和爆炸罐中炸药的最佳弥散浓度,依据实验数据评估了炸药的能量释放效率。结果表明,温压炸药的弥散浓度在0.84g/L时爆炸耗氧量最大,其单位质量试验耗氧量是PBX的1.55倍,能量释放效率是PBX的1.13倍。     

含硼温压型燃料的爆炸性能

研究了超细硼粒子在温压型燃料爆炸中的能量效率，通过理论计算、实验室测试和外场实验比较了硼、镁、铝等添加剂在温压燃料中的性能。结果表明，虽然含硼燃料的能量明显高于含镁、铝燃料，但其点火和燃烧条件较为苛刻。爆炸试验时，在相同爆心距处，含硼温压燃料试样的爆炸冲击波压力与含镁、铝温压燃料试样相比没有明显优势。含硼燃料试样的爆炸火球温度较高、高温维持时间更长。为了提高燃料中硼粉的能量效率，需要提供初始高温环境和适当的氧浓度，改善硼粒子的燃烧性能。     

基于气固两相反应流的温压炸药能量释放规律数值模拟及实验验证

为研究气体环境、铝粉含量、空间体积对温压炸药能量释放的影响,基于气固两相反应流模型,建立有限差分-物质点耦合算法,对温压炸药密闭容器内爆炸流场演化进行数值模拟及实验验证。结果表明,温压炸药在空气环境中爆炸释放的能量高于氮气中,壁面冲击波峰值压力和空间准静态压力的增幅分别在20%和80%以上,空间准静态压力随空间体积的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势;铝粉含量越高,冲击波在传播过程中衰减得越慢,空间准静态压力越高;铝粉燃烧反应度随空间体积的增加而下降,当比空间体积超过100m³/kg时,反应度下降到90%以下,且铅粉含量越高,其反应程度越低。     

壳体约束强度对温压炸药空中爆炸性能的影响

为评估壳体约束强度对温压炸药爆炸性能的影响,对不同壳体约束强度下的固体温压炸药进行野外静爆试验,用AUTODYN软件对该过程进行数值模拟,并与试验结果进行对比。结果表明,相同装药条件下,裸装药爆炸冲击波参数值、冲击波衰减速率和后燃峰压力值大于带壳装药;铝壳体装药爆炸冲击波参数值、冲击波衰减速率和后燃峰压力值较钢壳体装药高;数值模拟得到的冲击波曲线形态、峰值及冲量与试验结果吻合较好,且裸装药爆炸冲击波的后燃峰到达时间较带壳装药早,铝壳体装药爆炸冲击波的后燃峰到达时间较钢壳体早;初始冲击波超压值受壳厚影响较大,壳体的存在使冲击波的传播滞后。     

凝聚相炸药爆炸火光现象的初步研究

为弄清凝聚相炸药爆炸火光现象的形成机制及影响爆炸发光现象的相关因素,对凝聚相炸药爆炸过程中存在发光现象的各阶段发光机制进行了理论分析,用文献试验结果分析了影响爆炸发光强度的因素。采用高速摄像的试验手段研究了16种凝聚相炸药的爆炸火光现象。结果表明,凝聚相炸药的爆炸发光过程由爆炸和后燃两阶段组成。凝聚相炸药的爆炸发光强度与炸药的爆压、爆温、爆速和氧平衡均有关系。而炸药的氧平衡和质量则影响爆炸火光现象持续的时间。     

铝粉粒径对HMX基温压炸药在密闭空间爆炸参数的影响

为研究铝粉粒径对HMX基温压炸药在密闭空间爆炸参数的影响,对铝粉中位径(D_(50))分别为2.7μm(配方1)、5.4μm(配方2)、23.8μm(配方3)和96.9μm(配方4)的HMX基温压炸药在球形爆炸罐进行了内爆试验,利用压力测试系统测得了爆炸后的反射波压力曲线,根据反射波超压峰值、冲量、准静态压力、准静态压力上升时间和压力衰减系数5个特征参数分析爆炸能量输出特性。结果表明,随着铝粉粒径的增加,反射波超压和冲量呈先增加后减少的趋势;配方2的反射波超压和冲量最大,分别比配方1高13%和7.4%,比配方3高35.6%和16.8%,比配方4高47.8%和32.7%;配方2的准静态压力P_(QS)最高,分别比配方1高3.9%,比配方3高1.8%,比配方4高1.6%;准静态压力上升时间长短依次为:配方1配方2配方3配方4;压力衰减系数大小依次为:配方1配方2配方3配方4。表明铝粉粒径对反射波压力和准静态压力影响较大。     

Effect of AP distribution on energy release characteristics and functional force of HMX/AP/Al explosives

In order to understand the reaction kinetics of HMX/AP/Al ternary system, the different distribution of AP in HMX/AP/Al explosives was realized by two different preparation techniques. Detonation test results show that the detonation velocity, explosion heat and detonation pressure of HAP samples are higher than those of HAl samples, but the extent of improvement is not high, not more than 5 %. The results of scanning electron microscopy showed that AP in HAP samples was distributed on the surface of HMX crystal. AP were dispersed around HMX crystals in HAl samples. The experimental results of explosive fireball performance show that the fireball expansion speed of HAP samples is better than that of HAl samples, demonstrating a good fireball effect. Underwater test results show that the shock wave peak pressure and bubble pulsation period of HAP samples increase by 3.06 % and 7.95 % respectively, and shock wave energy and bubble energy increase by 9.8 % and 25.42 % compared with bubble energy. The experimental results show that HAP samples are superior to HAl samples in accelerating ability of Al flies. The dispersion of AP on the HMX crystal surface promotes the energy release of HMX/AP/Al explosives more.     

Investigation of Fireball Temperatures in Confined Thermobaric Explosions

New composite metalized explosives were studied. The explosives consisted of two different types of macroscopic granular multi‐component RDX‐based formulations. In a 0.15 m³ explosion chamber, fireball temperature histories for numerous cylindrical pressed and layered charges made from the composites were determined using optical spectroscopy. For comparison, charges consisting of simple mixtures instead of the composites as well TNT and RDX phlegmatized (RDXph) charges were also studied. The influence of the structure of the macroscopic granular composite, the charge type (pressed charge or layered charge with an RDXph core), oxygen availability (air or argon atmosphere) and aluminum particle size on the fireball temperature and the combustion of the aluminum powder were determined. The measured temperatures were compared with the theoretical ones calculated by assuming different activity of the aluminum fuel.     

炸药爆炸能量的水中测试与分析

介绍了炸药爆炸能量的水中测试方法,对TNT和3种新设计的含铝炸药进行了水中爆炸的实验研究,比较了各炸药的爆炸性能.结果表明,发现冲击波峰值超压、冲量和冲击波能流密度等参数较好地符合爆炸相似律,得到了新配方各参数的爆炸相似律系数.计算了炸药的冲击波能和气泡能,并提出了计算爆炸总能量的方法.把实验测得的炸药的总能量与KHTR程序计算的爆热进行对比,二者符合得较好,说明了KHTR程序可用.     

Experimental study on the effect of titanium hydride content on the detonation performance of emulsion explosives

In order to improve the explosion characteristics of emulsion explosives, titanium hydride was added to emulsion explosives to produce a new type of hydrogen storage emulsion explosives. Charges with different contents of titanium hydride were evaluated through underwater explosion experiments and detonation velocity tests. The tests on underwater explosion and detonation velocity reveal that compared to pure emulsion explosives, the detonation parameters of emulsion explosives containing titanium hydride showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. When the mass ratio of titanium hydride in the emulsion explosive is 1 % to 3 %, all detonation parameters have been improved to a certain extent. When the mass ratio of titanium hydride in the emulsion explosive is 3 % to 10 %, only part of the detonation parameters (specific impulse, specific shock energy, specific total energy and volume energy density) has been improved. The maximum increase of specific impulse, specific shock energy, specific total energy and volume energy density of emulsion explosive containing titanium hydride is 7.06 %, 8.95 %, 3.97 % and 8.22 %, respectively. Based on the analysis, it is evident that though powdered TiH₂ participates in the detonation reaction process of the emulsion explosive, the majority of TiH₂′s energy is released during the secondary reaction occurring after the detonation wave front. Therefore, the detonation performance of emulsion explosives can be effectively improved by adding a certain mass ratio of titanium hydride.     

Effect of Aluminum Fiber Content on the Underwater Explosion Performance of RDX‐based Explosives

In order to analyze the effect of aluminum fiber contents on the underwater explosion performance of RDX‐based explosives, the pressure‐time curves of composite explosives with different aluminum fiber contents are measured by underwater explosion experiments. Peak pressure, impulse, shock energy, and bubble energy were obtained by analyzing the curves. The results show that the peak pressures of composite explosives decrease with increasing aluminum fiber contents. The shock impulse of the 30 % aluminum fiber composite explosive is the highest in all composite explosives. The effects of the 20 % and 40 % composite explosives are nearly equal to that of the 30 % explosive, and the different values of shock impulse among them do not exceed 5 %. The specific shock energy of the 20 % aluminum fiber composite explosive is the highest in all composite explosives. The bubble energy and explosion energy of composite explosives increase with increasing aluminum fiber contents.     

苯储罐火灾爆炸事故后果分析与评价

针对化工企业中苯储罐的火灾爆炸事故,根据蒸气云、池火灾、BLEVE火球、喷射火等事故模型,参照相关的伤害准则,以河南神马尼龙化工厂苯储罐为例,对火灾爆炸事故的伤害半径进行模拟计算后得出：BLEVE火球的危害性最大,应避免发生;池火和喷射火热辐射强度随着距离变远衰减,衰减速度随着距离变远而变慢。