基于Ad hoc网络的新EDCA参数调整方案

IEEE802.11e标准中业务优先级不同的AC（access category）是通过设置不同的竞争窗口最大、最小值CWmax,CWmin和仲裁帧间隔值来体现的,如高优先级AC设置小的CWmin,CWmax和AIFS值.研究表明,EDCA对每个AC指定的默认参数值只适用于中等负载、节点数目少的网络场景,并不适用于负载较重、节点数目较多且链路动态变化的Ad hoc网络环境.提出了一种根据网络状况动态调整IEEE 802.11e EDCA的QoS参数的新方案I-ED-CA,该方案根据网络状态调整竞争窗口CW,并通过修改退避计数器值调整AIFS参数,使I-EDCA适合动态变化的Ad hoc网络环境,采用NS2仿真软件对EDCA改进协议I-EDCA进行仿真.仿真结果表明,随着网络中负载的增加,I-EDCA的吞吐量表现平稳,而EDCA吞吐量是下降的.另外,在业务公平性方面,对优先级不同的业务I-EDCA比EDCA的表现更公平.     

Performance Analysis on Coexistence of EDCA and Legacy DCF Stations in IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs

The distributed coordination function (DCF) scheme of IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol does not support any concepts of quality of service (QoS) but the enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) scheme in IEEE 802.11e standard provides QoS according to access categories using different access parameters. However, the legacy DCF stations may be used together with EDCA stations. In this letter, we investigate and analyze the performance discrimination when EDCA and DCF stations operate simultaneously     

Incomplete cooperation‐based service differentiation in WLANs

In the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN (WLAN), the fundamental medium access control (MAC) mechanism—distributed coordination function (DCF), only supports best‐effort service, and is unaware of the quality‐of‐service (QoS). IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) supports service differentiation by differentiating contention parameters. This may introduce the problem of non‐cooperative service differentiation. Hence, an incompletely cooperative EDCA (IC‐EDCA) is proposed in this paper to solve the problem. In IC‐EDCA, each node that is cooperative a priori adjusts its contention parameters (e.g., the contention window (CW)) adaptively to the estimated system state (e.g., the number of competing nodes of each service priority). To implement IC‐EDCA in current WLAN nodes, a frame‐analytic estimation algorithm is presented. Moreover, an analytical model is proposed to analyze the performance of IC‐EDCA under saturation cases. Extensive simulations are also carried out to compare the performances of DCF, EDCA, incompletely cooperative game, and IC‐EDCA, and to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed performance model. The simulation results show that IC‐EDCA performs better than DCF, EDCA, and incompletely cooperative game in terms of system throughput or QoS, and that the proposed analytical model is valid. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Saturation Throughput Analysis of the IEEE 802.11e EDCA Network with Contention Free Burst Under Fading Channel

The 802.11 WLAN legacy standard cannot provide Quality of Service (QoS) support for multimedia applications because the 802.11 was initially developed for Best Effort services. Hence, the 802.11e amendment was published in order to provide the QoS support to WLANs. One of the most important functions in 802.11e is the contention based channel access mechanism called Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA), which provides a priority scheme by differentiating the Arbitration Inter Frame Space (AIFS), initial window size and Transmission OPportunity limit (TXOPlimit). In this paper, we propose a novel analytical model for the performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11e EDCA network with Contention Free Burst under fading channel and saturated traffic conditions. This new model captures all of the major QoS specific features, namely AIFS, minimum contention window size, maximum contention window size, virtual collision and TXOPlimit. So, we have analyzed the saturation system throughput of the basic access method of the IEEE 802.11e EDCA network.     

Multiservice unicast/multicast communications over IEEE 802.11e networks

Wireless communications are nowadays one of the most active research and development areas in telecommunications. The widespread use of wireless networks and the development of high-rate infrastructure are in turn enabling the introduction and deployment of many new end-user applications. During the past few years, the IEEE 802.11e (EDCA) standard has been working on defining the required QoS mechanisms to be incorporated into the IEEE 802.11 protocol architecture. However, recent studies have shown that EDCA performs poorly when the medium is highly loaded due to the high collision rate. Numerous proposals have been reported in the literature aiming to overcome this main drawback. However, EDCA and the proposed mechanisms continue to have a serious problem with a specific type of application: the multicast traffic. In EDCA (as in DCF) the multicast service is defined as an unreliable service, i.e., it does not include the use of ACK frames. Furthermore, different to the unicast service, the multicast service makes use of a single rate out of the various rates included in the Basic Service Set (BSS) defined by the IEEE 802.11 standard. This situation has led many researchers to design techniques aiming to improve the multicast transmission. In this paper, we analyze the inter-operability of two prominent multicast mechanisms recently reported by the authors and the channel access method defined by the IEEE 802.11e EDCA standard. We further consider the use of B-EDCA: an enhanced version of EDCA recently introduced by the authors. We carried a comparative performance evaluation of the aforementioned mechanisms when supporting unicast and multicast traffic. Our simulation results show the effectiveness of the enhanced protocol architectures when jointly supporting unicast and multicast traffic.     

基于M/G/1/K排队模型的IEEE802.11e EDCA性能研究

该文利用二维Markov链分析方法,提出了一种新的IEEE802.11e EDCA网络分析模型,该模型引入了空闲状态和不同接入等级的仲裁帧间隔(AIFS)的使用;利用Markov链状态转移图的Z域信号传递函数推导了MAC层平均服务时间的概率分布;结合M/G/1/K排队模型分析了增强分布式信道接入(EDCA)在非饱和和饱和负载下的性能。经过访真实验结果与数值分析结果的对比,验证了分析模型的准确性。分析结果表明:EDCA接入机制只为不同优先级业务提供QoS区分;不同优先级业务信道接入的不公平性是EDCA接入机制的特点。     

IEEE802.11e EDCA和CFB下饱和吞吐量分析

IEEE802.11eMAC草案规范对IEEE802.11无线局域网标准在QOS方面加以了补充。IEEE802.11e采用2种协调机制基于控制的综合协调可控信道接入方式HCCA和基于竞争的增强型分布式信道接入方式EDCA。主要评估EDCA和竞争空闲脉冲(contention-freeburst)CFB相结合时,在系统负载过载的情况下,改变性能参数后系统饱和吞吐量的变化,并分析系统性能参数对饱和吞吐量的影响,从而达到系统参数优化的作用。     

Saturation Throughput Analysis of IEEE 802.11e EDCA Through Analytical Model

The IEEE 802.11e EDCA is designed to provide quality of support for real time applications with stringent latency and throughput requirements. Theoretical frameworks for analysis of throughput performance of wireless LAN employing exponential back-off exist extensively. Several models rely on simplification assumptions that preclude their direct applicability to the enhanced distributed coordination access (EDCA) which uses heterogeneous protocol parameters, while other models are exceedingly complex to analyze. In this paper, a tractable analytical model is proposed for saturation throughput of the IEEE 802.11e EDCA. The prioritization through channel access parameters including the AIFS and contention window is catered for within a three dimensional Markov chain. The integration of back-off counter freezing and retry limit enhance the models precision. Its validation is done by simulation on NS-2. Practical applicability of the model is established based on accuracy and computational efficiency. The model is utilized for throughput analysis of the EDCA under saturated traffic loads.     

EDCA机制下实时业务多跳传输仿真分析

在AdHoc无线自组织多跳网络中,IEEE802.11e协议采用了增强型分布信道接入机制,用于为实时多媒体业务提供有效的QoS保证机制。简单介绍和对比了802.11分布式协调功能和802.11e增强型分布信道接入机制两种信道接入机制,并通过使用网络仿真软件OPNET,模拟了实时的视、音频业务在802.11分布信道接入机制和802.11e增强型分布信道接入机制信道接入机制下在不同网络负载下的性能并进行了仿真分析。     

Model-based admission control for IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed channel access

IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) is a distributed medium access scheme based on carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol. In this paper, a model-based admission control (MBAC) scheme that performs real-timely at medium access control (MAC) layer is proposed for the decision of accepting or rejecting requests for adding traffic streams to an IEEE 802.11e EDCA wireless local area network (WLAN). The admission control strategy is implemented in access point (AP), which employs collision probability and access delay measures from active flows to estimate throughput and packet delay of each traffic class by the proposed unsaturation analytical model. Simulation results prove accuracy of the proposed analytical model and effectiveness of MBAC scheme.     

Provisioning QoS controlled media access in vehicular to infrastructure communications

The emerging IEEE 802.11p standard adopts the enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) mechanism as its Media Access Control (MAC) scheme to support quality-of-service (QoS) in the rapidly changing vehicular environment. While the IEEE 802.11 protocol family represents the dominant solutions for wireless local area networks, its QoS performance in terms of throughput and delay, in the highly mobile vehicular networks, is still unclear. To explore an in-depth understanding on this issue, in this paper, we develop a comprehensive analytical model that takes into account both the QoS features of EDCA and the vehicle mobility (velocity and moving directions). Based on the model, we analyze the throughput performance and mean transmission delay of differentiated service traffic, and seek solutions to optimally adjust the parameters of EDCA towards the controllable QoS provision to vehicles. Analytical and simulation results are given to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed model for varying EDCA parameters and vehicle velocity and density.     

Supporting multimedia streaming and best‐effort data transmission over IEEE 802.11e EDCA

As demand for broadband multimedia wireless services increases, improving quality of service (QoS) of the widely deployed IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN (WLAN) has become crucial. To support the QoS required by a wide range of applications, the IEEE 802.11 working group has defined a new standard: IEEE 802.11e. In this paper, we propose a measurement‐based dynamic media time allocation (MBDMTA) scheme combined with a concatenating window scheme to support real‐time variable bit rate (rt‐VBR) video and best‐effort (BE) data transmission using IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA). To provide the QoS guarantee for rt‐VBR video, the proposed MBDMTA scheme dynamically assigns channel time to the rt‐VBR video based on the estimate of the required network resources. On the other hand, the concatenating window scheme controls the contention window (CW) ranges of different priority flows such that real‐time services always have higher channel access probability, thus achieving the capability of preemptive priorities. In addition, the concatenating window scheme preserves fairness among flows of the same class and attains high channel utilization under different network conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the throughput and delay performance improve significantly for the transmission of rt‐VBR video and BE traffic as compared to those for the 802.11e EDCA specification. It is also revealed that combining the two proposed schemes provides seamless integration and reliable transmission of digital video and data service within the 802.11e EDCA framework. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Study on bandwidth control for multiple transmission rates in IEEE 802.11e EDCAF

IEEE 802.11e supports the guaranteed quality of service (QoS) by providing different transmission priorities. IEEE 802.11e improves the media access control layer of IEEE 802.11 to satisfy the different QoS requirements by introducing two channel access functions: the enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) and the hybrid coordination function (HCF) controlled channel access (HCCA). Signal quality may affect the available bandwidth and transmission rate, because the characteristic of communication channel in wireless environment is in random time‐variation manner. Generally a station using a lower transmission rate will occupy communication channel for a longer time and degrade system performance, which causes unfairness and cannot provide the guaranteed QoS for the stations with higher transmission rates. We propose a bandwidth control scheme (BCS) by combining the IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed channel access function (EDCAF) protocol to overcome the guaranteed bandwidth issue in multirate environments. A multirate discrete Markov chain model is analyzed for the multirate transmission system in this paper. According to the obtained results, BCS improves performance especially in throughput and makes the different QoS requirements be processed efficiently and flexibly. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Admission control in IEEE 802.11e wireless LANs

Although IEEE 802.11 based wireless local area networks have become more and more popular due to low cost and easy deployment, they can only provide best effort services and do not have quality of service supports for multimedia applications. Recently, a new standard, IEEE 802.11e, has been proposed, which introduces a so-called hybrid coordination function containing two medium access mechanisms: contention-based channel access and controlled channel access. In this article we first give a brief tutorial on the various MAC-layer QoS mechanisms provided by 802.11e. We show that the 802.11e standard provides a very powerful platform for QoS supports in WLANs. Then we provide an extensive survey of recent advances in admission control algorithms/protocols in IEEE 802.11e WLANs. Our survey covers the research work in admission control for both EDCA and HCCA. We show that the new MAC-layer QoS schemes and parameters provided in EDCA and HCCA can be well utilized to fulfill the requirements of admission control so that QoS for multimedia applications can be provided in WLANs. Last, we give a summary of the design of admission control in EDCA and HCCA, and point out the remaining challenges.     

一种新的用于IEEE 802.11e EDCA中提供QoS的方法

该文提出了一种新的应用于IEEE 802.11e EDCA (Enhanced Distributed Channel Access)中提供QoS(Quality of Service)的方法。这种方法是将几个时隙组合起来构成一个超时隙,每个超时隙的开始分配给不同的业务来进行发包。时隙的分配是根据各种业务的不同优先级来实现的。这种方法可以保证高优先级业务具有较大的吞吐量,较少的MAC延时和较低的丢包率。与802.11e EDCA草案中提出的不同冲突窗口大小的方法相比,这种方法具有可以提高吞吐量,降低丢包率,并能减小站点数目变化对高优先级业务吞吐量的影响等优点。这种新的提供QoS的方法优于不同冲突窗口大小的方法,在IEEE 802.11e EDCA中应用超时隙方法可以大大提高EDCA的性能。     

On the capabilities of IEEE 802.11e for multimedia communications over heterogeneous 802.11/802.11e WLANs

Multimedia communications over WLAN is widely acknowledged as one of the key, emerging applications for wireless LANs. As with any multi-service network, there is the need to provision the WLANs with the QoS mechanisms capable of guaranteeing the requirements of various services. The upcoming IEEE 802.11e (EDCA) standard is a proposal defining the mechanisms for wireless LANs aiming to provide QoS support to time-sensitive applications such as voice and video communications. Due to the fact that the IEEE 802.11e interface cards will take over the WLAN market, replacing the use of legacy IEEE 802.11 interface cards in most WLAN applications, an important number of networking scenarios will consist of a hybrid configuration comprising legacy IEEE 802.11-based stations and IEEE 802.11e-based stations. For this reason, in this paper we carry out a performance analysis on the effectiveness of the IEEE 802.11e (EDCA) upcoming standard when supporting different services, such as, voice, video, best-effort, background and in the presence of traffic generated by legacy 802.11 (DCF) based stations.     

Performance Analysis of Contention Based Medium Access Control Protocols

This paper studies the performance of contention based medium access control (MAC) protocols. In particular, a simple and accurate technique for estimating the throughput of the IEEE 802.11 DCF protocol is developed. The technique is based on a rigorous analysis of the Markov chain that corresponds to the time evolution of the back-off processes at the contending nodes. An extension of the technique is presented to handle the case where service differentiation is provided with the use of heterogeneous protocol parameters, as, for example, in IEEE 802.11e EDCA protocol. Our results provide new insights into the operation of such protocols. The techniques developed in the paper are applicable to a wide variety of contention based MAC protocols.      

A Differentiated Service Model for Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) of IEEE 802.11e WLANs

In this paper, we propose a new differentiated service model, referred to as Differentiated Service-EDCA (DS-EDCA), for the Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) of IEEE 802.11e wireless local area networks (WLANs). With DS-EDCA, both strict priority and weighted fair service can be provided. The strict priority service is provided for high priority traffic through carefully setting the EDCA parameter sets of lower priority traffic; the proportional fairness service is enabled by determining the backoff intervals according to the distributed scheduling discipline (DFS). We also propose a hierarchical link sharing model for IEEE 802.11e WLANs, in which AP and mobile stations are allocated different amounts of link resource. The performance of DS-EDCA and EDCA is compared via ns-2 simulations. The results show that DS-EDCA outperforms the original EDCA in terms of its support for both strict priority and weighted fair service. More importantly, DS-EDCA can be easily implemented, and is compatible to the IEEE 802.11 Standard.

Efficient Back-off Mechanism for Multimedia Support in 802.11e EDCA Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

This paper presents an effective back-off mechanism to improve quality of service (QoS) for multimedia applications over the IEEE 802.11e enhanced distribution channel access (EDCA) standard. It can be done with proposed algorithm called dynamic fast adaptation for contention-based EDCA (DFA-EDCA) mechanism. The main concept of proposed DFA-EDCA mechanism is to use the exponential functions to adaptively tune the back-off parameters in IEEE 802.11e EDCA according to the changes on a network load within a short period. In this proposed mechanism an intra-access category (intra-AC) differentiation mechanism is provided to increase its back-off time randomly and achieve discrimination of same priority traffic on different stations. The performance evaluations have been conducted by using Network Simulator (NS-2). The simulation results show that the proposed DFA-EDCA mechanism has greatly outperformed the previous mechanisms such as non-linear dynamic adaptation scheme of the minimum contention window (CW_min-HA), dynamic adaptation algorithm of the maximum contention window (CW_max-adaptation), adaptive enhanced distributed coordination function and the conventional EDCA in terms of goodput, gain of goodput, packet delay, collision rate and channel utilization ratio (CUR). It has significantly reduced both packet delay and collision rate simultaneously together with an obviously increment in both goodput and CUR, which lead to the improvement in QoS for multimedia applications.     

On the unfairness in IEEE 802.11e networks: Desynchronization of its medium access mechanism

Since the advent of the first IEEE 802.11 standard, several papers have proposed means of providing QoS to IEEE 802.11 networks and evaluate various traffic-prioritization mechanisms. Nevertheless, studies on the assignment of AIFS times defined in IEEE 802.11e reveal that the various priority levels work in a synchronized manner. The studies show that, under large loads of high-priority traffic, EDCA starves low-priority frames, which is undesirable. We argue that QoS traffic needs to be prioritized, but users sending best-effort frames should also obtain the expected service. High-priority traffic can also suffer performance degradation when using EDCA because of heavy loads of low-priority frames. Thus, we have proposed a mechanism based on desynchronizing the IEEE 802.11e working procedure. It prevents stations that belong to different priority classes from attempting simultaneous transmission, prioritizes independent collision groups and achieves better short-term and long-term channel access fairness. We have evaluated the proposal based on extensive analytical and simulation results. It prevents the strangulation of low-priority traffic, and, moreover, reduces the degradation of high-priority traffic with the increased presence of low-priority frames.