新型高活性催化剂乙烯气相聚合的研究(Ⅱ)—加压搅拌床乙烯气聚合及其应用

我们曾经报导了研制成功的乙烯气相聚合新型高活性催化剂,并深入研究了常压下进行气相聚合反应及其聚合反应动力学。建立搅拌床加压聚合反应装置,深入研究新型催化剂在加压下聚合反应规律,聚合反应动力学,以及聚合产物的颗粒形态分布,对于阐明催化剂本质及开发应用具有重要意义。本文对两种新型高效催化     

丙烯聚合用Ziegler-Natta催化剂预聚合的研究进展北大核心

综述了丙烯聚合用Ziegler-Natta催化剂预聚合的研究进展,包括预聚合对催化剂的影响、预聚合方法及其应用。预聚合可以提高催化剂活性、改善聚合物的颗粒形态、影响聚合动力学行为。现有研究已经开发了不同的预聚合方法,进一步改善了催化剂和聚合物的颗粒形态,提高了聚合物的性能。经过预聚合制备的预聚合催化剂,适用于无预聚合操作单元的气相丙烯聚合工艺,不仅能有效解决聚合物中细粉含量高、聚合物结块等问题,还能获得具有高性能、高附加值的聚丙烯产品。     

含Mg—Si复合载体高效催化剂乙烯聚合的研究

实验采用碱式碳酸镁的热分解产物、MgCl_2、SiO_2分别作载体,和它们组成的复合载体制得的新型乙烯聚合高效催化剂,不但具有高效、长效、良好的分散性等特性,还可显著地降低催化剂和制得产品中的氯含量,这对气相法聚乙烯生产技术开发和提高产品质量有重要意义。研究了催化剂组分、制备方法对乙烯聚合反应的影响,并研究了聚合反应动力学,复合载体的作用,添加剂对催化剂形态、聚合产物形态的作用。     

DQC-700型催化剂催化丙烯聚合

采用仪器分析和化学分析法表征了DQC-700型催化剂的组成、结构及其颗粒形态。以环己基甲基二甲氧基硅烷为外给电子体,用DQC-700型催化剂催化丙烯本体聚合,评价了预聚合温度对预聚合倍数、预聚物等规指数和预聚物粉料粒径分布的影响,研究了催化剂的聚合性能和聚丙烯粉料中的细粉含量。结果表明:DQC-700型催化剂具有较窄的粒径分布(粒径分布跨度1.0)、较大的比表面积(300 m2/g)、较高的聚合活性[45 kg/(g·h)]和立构定向性(聚丙烯等规指数98%)。     

BCK催化剂丙烯聚合行为的研究

为了提高Innovene等气相工艺用聚丙烯催化剂的性能,开发了性能优良的新型BCK催化剂。为了指导工业应用方向,研究了BCK催化剂在60～85℃时的丙烯聚合的动力学行为,测试了聚合活性和聚丙烯的等规指数、熔点、分子量分布等性能,并与Innovene气相工艺常规应用的催化剂进行了对比分析。结果表明,BCK催化剂的聚合反应速率、聚合活性、立体定向性和聚丙烯的熔点明显高于另外两种催化剂。随着温度的升高,BCK催化剂的聚合反应速率和活性呈现降低趋势,而且聚合速率的衰减越来越快;BCK催化剂的立体定向性随着温度升高而下降;聚丙烯分子量分布随温度升高而变宽。     

萜烯对苯二酚树脂的合成

研究了以无水三氯化铝为催化剂 ,松节油与对苯二酚聚合反应制备萜烯 对苯二酚树脂的情况。用IR、UV对产物进行表征 ,结果表明松节油与对苯二酚聚合得到了萜烯 对苯二酚树脂。探讨了聚合单体投料比、聚合时间、聚合反应温度和催化剂用量等因素对聚合反应的影响 ,得出了聚合反应的适宜条件。     

茚基钠/甲苯体系引发丙烯腈聚合的研究

本文采用茚基钠作为引发剂,对丙烯腈在甲苯中的聚合进行了研究,考察了引发剂用量、单体浓度、反应时间及反应温度对丙烯腈聚合的影响。发现茚基钠/甲苯体系对丙烯腈聚合反应具有一定的引发活性,且随着引发剂用量增加聚合反应转化率增大,聚合产物的分子量下降;延长聚合反应时间,转化率和分子量都增大;温度对聚合反应转化率影响不大,但对聚合产物分子量有明显影响。用粘度法对聚合产物的粘均分子量进行了表征。     

丙烯预聚合用催化剂的研究进展

综述了丙烯预聚合用催化剂的制备方法、提高活性的机理以及预聚合催化剂的应用。在不同条件下制备的预聚合催化剂对聚合活性、聚合动力学、聚合物性能都会产生影响。预聚合催化剂中关于预聚合倍数的控制尤为重要,研究预聚合催化剂不仅能了解催化剂的特性、开发出更优的聚合工艺,而且还能利用预聚合催化剂制备出更好地适应工业生产的高性能催化剂。随着催化剂活性越来越高,预聚合催化剂具有十分广阔的研究价值。     

α，α’-邻苯二甲基桥联环戊二烯基二价钐配合物催化丙烯腈聚合

文章以α,α＇-邻苯二甲基桥联环戊二烯基二价钐配合物为催化剂,对丙烯腈聚合反应进行了研究。考察了催化剂用量、反应时间及反应温度对丙烯腈聚合的影响,并且用粘度法对聚合产物的粘均分子量进行了表征。发现．α,α＇-邻苯二甲基桥联环戊二烯基二价钐配合物对丙烯腈聚合反应具有较高的催化活性。随着催化剂用量增加聚合反应转化率增大,聚合产物的粘均分子量下降;延长反应时间,转化率和分子量都增大。通过^13C-NMR对所得聚合物的立构规整性进行了表征,所得聚丙烯腈为无规立构聚合物。     

铬/钒双金属催化剂催化乙烯气相聚合

在实验室小试气相聚合釜中对铬/钒双金属催化剂进行乙烯聚合评价,考察了不同聚合温度和压力时催化剂的性能,研究了不同条件下催化剂的动力学行为,并将其聚合动力学曲线与用工业铬系催化剂的进行了比较。结果表明:随着聚合温度升高,用铬/钒双金属催化剂制备的聚乙烯的相对分子质量减小,熔体流动速率增大,在所研究聚合温度范围内铬/钒双金属催化剂对温度更敏感;随着聚合压力增大,催化剂活性显著提高,聚乙烯相对分子质量增加;聚合动力学曲线与铬系催化剂不同,聚合反应速率先增大再降低最后逐渐达到平稳。     

Millimeter‐size polyethylene hollow spheres synthesized with MgCl2‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalyst

Polyethylene hollow spheres with diameters of 0.4–2 mm were synthesized by a two‐step slurry polymerization in a single reactor with a spherical MgCl₂‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalyst activated by triethylaluminum, in which the first step was prepolymerization with 0.1 MPa propylene and the second step was ethylene polymerization under 0.6 MPa. The prepolymerization step was found necessary for the formation of hollow spherical particles with regular shape (perfectly spherical shape). The effects of adding small amount of propylene (propylene/ethylene < 0.1 mol/mol) in the reactor after the prepolymerization step were investigated. Average size of the polymer particles was increased, and the polymerization rate was markedly enhanced by the added propylene. Development of the particle morphology with polymerization time was also studied. The polymer particles formed by less than 20 min of ethylene polymerization showed hollow spherical morphology with thin shell layer. Most of the particles had ratio of shell thickness/particle radius smaller than 0.5. By prolonging the ethylene polymerization, the shell thickness/particle radius ratio gradually approached 1, and the central void tended to disappear. Central void in polymer particles formed from smaller catalyst particles disappeared after shorter time of polymerization than those formed from bigger catalyst particles. The shell layer of the hollow particles contained large number of macro‐, meso‐ and micro‐pores. The mesopore size distributions of four typical samples were analyzed by nitrogen adsorption–desorption experiments. A simplified multigrain model was proposed to explain the morphogenesis of the hollow spherical particles. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43207.     

Investigations of the initial state polymerization of propylene with Ziegler–Natta catalysts in slurry

The initial state polymerization of propylene with Ziegler–Natta catalysts has been investigated and discussed at very low polymerization yields under adiabatic industrial prepolymerization conditions in diluted slurry regarding the effects of significant process parameters like monomer pressure, aluminum alkyl, and donor kind and concentration including the morphology of the catalyst/polymer particles formed. A sharp temperature increase in the first minutes of the initial state polymerization is followed by a temperature maximum and a slow decrease. With cocatalyst triethyl aluminum (TEAL), high prepolymerization yields were already achieved at a molar ratio TEAL/Ti of 3.0, remaining about constant until ratios of at least 300. The external donor dicyclopentyl dimethoxy silane leads to higher polymerization yields than the donor cyclohexyl dimethoxymethyl silane in the initial state polymerization too; however, both show a remarkable decreasing effect on polymerization yield above a specific molar ratio donor/Ti obviously correlated with the bulkiness of the alkyl groups. The particle size of the catalyst and the catalyst/prepolymer particles is increasing with polymerization yield until about 22 g PP/g Cat with particles almost perfectly spherical. The particle size distribution is rather broad at lower prepolymerization stages but unifying with lower polymerization rates at higher polymerization times. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Nature of activating effect of two‐step polymerization of propylene

The prepolymerization effect on propylene polymerization in the presence of a TiCl₃‐based catalyst, modified by di‐n‐buthyl ether, was studied. The influence of prepolymerization on the electron spin resonance spectra and morphology of the catalyst, as well as the properties and the morphology of both prepolymer and regular polymerization products, was investigated. The polymer morphology was evaluated through scanning electron microscopy, polymer bulk density, and particle size distribution. Some evidence of the enhancement effect of prepolymerization on the catalyst activity and stereospecificity was obtained. No influence from prepolymerization was observed on molecular weight and its distribution, melting point, and crystallinity of polypropylene. These findings, when discussed in connection with the morphology results of the catalyst and prepolymer, showed that the prepolymerization performed at mild reaction conditions prevents fast and extensive “fragmentation” of the original catalyst agglomerates. The more controlled breakup of the catalyst particles in the course of slowed growth of prepolymer exposes the occluded catalyst fragments with uniform size and prevents their reagglomeration. Resulting from the above, catalyst homogeneity, catalyst activity, and polymer morphology are improved. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 353–359, 1999     

Self‐induced short chain branching in homopolymers and 1‐hexene copolymers of ethylene produced with amido functionalized ansa half‐sandwich complexes as catalysts

Amido ansa 3‐substituted indenyl complex precursors can be activated with methylaluminoxane and used for prepolymerization with ethylene to give a heterogeneous catalyst for olefin polymerization. Homo polymerization of ethylene with 1‐(3‐pent‐4‐enylindenylidene) dimethylsilyl'butylamidotitaniumdichloride (1), 1‐(3‐hex‐5‐enylindenylidene)dimethylsilyl'butylamidotitanium‐dichloride (2), and 1‐(3‐pent‐4‐enylindenylidene) (oct‐7‐enyl)methylsilyl'butylamidotitaniumdichloride (3) produces polyethylenes that contain ethyl branches. The ethyl branching in the polymers made with complexes 1 and 2 is barely above the ¹³C NMR detection limit, but the level observed in the polymer made with complex 3 is 17 times greater. Copolymerization of ethylene and 1‐hexene using prepolymerized 3 yields copolymers containing both ethyl and butyl branches. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 734–739, 2006     

POLYMERIZATION KINETICS AND MODELING OF SLURRY ETHYLENE POLYMERIZATION PROCESS WITH METALLOCENE/MAO CATALYSTS

Polymerization methods of ethylene include the slurry, solution, and gas-phase processes. This study investigates polymerization conditions and kinetics under slurry process. Typical metallocene catalyst/cocatalyst Cp₂ZrCl₂/MAO system was used for ethylene polymerization. Two kinds of polymerization kinetics were compared in this study, multiple active-site model and transfer-effect model. The kinetic studies used metallocene-type polymerization kinetics, including catalyst activation, initiation, chain propagation, chain transfer, and termination steps. In addition, kinetic constants of polymerization reaction model were calculated. Calculation results of catalyst activity and molecular weight were compared with experimental results, indicating their good correlation. Moreover, the conventional polymerization was modified to accurately predict the molecular weight behaviors under various reaction conditions with the proposed transfer-effect model. Exactly, how reaction time, pressure, catalyst concentration, and cocatalyst ratio affect catalyst activity and molecular weight of the polymer were also discussed.     

Recycling of methylaluminoxane (MAO) cocatalyst in ethylene polymerization with supported metallocene catalyst

The economy of the metallocene catalyst system in olefin polymerization depends more on the cost of methylaluminoxane (MAO) cocatalyst rather than on the catalyst cost since high ratio of cocatalyst to catalyst is required to have sufficient activity. The conditions to minimize the consumption of MAO have been studied for the ethylene polymerization with supported metallocene catalyst. By introducing the prepolymerization step, in which the supported metallocene catalyst is activated at high MAO concentration before polymerization, the MAO could be recovered after the prepolymerization and recycled repeatedly for the subsequent activation with marginal decrease in activity. No extra MAO was needed during the main polymerization. The addition of small amount of MAO or less expensive alkylaluminum at each recycle step kept the catalyst activity to the initial level. It compensates the MAO losses occurring both by the incomplete decantation of MAO solution and by the reaction with metallocene complex or impurities. As a result, the actual consumption ratio of Al/Zr in moles in commercial applications could be reduced to about 30 without sacrificing the activity. This value is significantly low considering that conventionally an Al/Zr ratio of 1,000 is required for sufficient activity. This paper is dedicated to Professor Hyun-Ku Rhee on the occasion of his retirement from Seoul National University.     

用于TS-1催化剂回收的陶瓷膜污染机理

Ceramic ultrafiltration membranes were used to separate titanium silicalite-1(TS-1) catalysts from the slurry of catalytic ammoximation of cyclohexanone to oxime.Silica was shown to have a great effect on membrane fouling in the alkaline environment of this system.In the ammoximation system,there are three main silica sources,which are residual silica on the catalyst particles surface during preparation,silica dissolved from TS-1 catalyst particles by ammonia solvent,and silica sol added into the reaction slurry to inhibit the dissolution erosion of the TS-1 catalyst.The silica dissolved by ammonia has been proved to influence membrane fouling most among the three silica sources.This was because the amount of silica dissolved by ammonia was the largest,and the polymerization of silica monomers at high concentration caused colloid particles formation,which led to a dense cake layer depositing on the membrane surface.Meanwhile,the size reduction of catalyst particles caused by alkaline dissolution also increased specific resistances of cake layers.     

聚丙烯抗冲共聚物的制备技术

在中试产品开发的基础上聚合理论分别从催化剂的选择、预聚合工艺、共聚釜气相乙烯浓度、乙烯加入量、均聚合量、共聚合量、各釜熔体流动速度、粉末输送性能等方面阐述了聚丙烯抗冲共聚物（ＩＣＰ）的制备技术。结果认为柔聚合条件加科次序十分重要,要选用活 生寿命长、空隙率高的催化剂、并严格控制气相乙烯浓度。     

Kinetics of the propylene polymerization with prepolymerization at high temperature using Ziegler‐Natta catalyst

The bulk polymerization of propylene in liquid monomers with Ziegler‐Natta catalyst at 95°C is studied, using alkyl aluminum as the cocatalyst and dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane as the external donor. The highest catalyst activity is shown at the cocatalyst/Ti molar ratio of 300, which keeps relatively constant with the molar ratio increasing from 300 to 800. Besides, the catalyst activity is up to 65 kgPP/(gCat*h) in the range of cocatalyst/donor molar ratio from 12 to 16. The polymerization reaction rate curves with and without catalyst precontacting are similar, while the activity with catalyst precontacting are higher than that without precontacting. Furthermore, the kinetics of polymerization with and without prepolymerization are investigated in the range of the polymerization temperature from 70 to 95°C. It shows that at the high temperature, the polymerization rate increases with prepolymerization. Finally, the influence of prepolymerization at 95°C on the polymerization kinetics and particle properties is also described. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41816.     

Einfluß des stofftransportes bei der polymerisation von äthylen und 1-okten mit Ziegler-Katalysatoren

The polymerization of ethylene and 1-octene with supported Ziegler-catalysts was investigated with regard to the influence of mass transport of monomers on the kinetics, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. In the case of the polymerization of ethylene, it was found that for certain conditions of reaction the mass transport of ethylene can influence the kinetics of polymerization respectively the catalyst efficiency strongly. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polyethylene formed are practically not affected by the conversion as well as particle size of catalyst and polymer. The molecular weight distribution however is affected by the concentration of the catalyst. The polymerization process of ethylene in suspension is distinguished by chemical and physical processes. A continuous chain initiation, for example, is based on the continuous reduction of the catalyst particles to small pieces during the course of polymerization. An apparent chain termination respectively catalyst deactivation can occur when catalyst particles are encapsulated within the growing polymer particles. The polymerization of 1 -octene for similar conditions of reaction gave polymers which were solved completely in the system used. The molecular weight distribution of the polymer formed nevertheless was very broad. This indicates that the mass transport of the monomers through the solid phase of polymer cannot be the main reason for the broad molecular weight distribution of the polymers which are produced by heterogeneous Ziegler-catalysts in suspension.