碳酸盐的颗粒分类及其研究意义

在碳酸盐岩的研究中,碳酸盐颗粒占据了十分重要的地位。碳酸盐颗粒可分为内碎屑、藻粒、粪球粒、鲕粒和生物颗粒。不同类型的碳酸盐颗粒具有不同的成因,因而其代表着不同的沉积环境。对碳酸盐颗粒的研究是研究碳酸盐岩沉积环境以及油气储层的重要手段。     

大连湾表层沉积物中汞的赋存形态与生物可利用性研究

为了解大连湾沉积物中汞的赋存形态和生物可利用性,对大连湾表层沉积物中总汞(THg)和甲基汞(Me Hg)的含量进行了分析,并采用选择连续提取法对表层沉积物中汞的赋存形态进行了研究,探讨了沉积物中汞的赋存形态与甲基汞的关系。结果表明:大连湾表层沉积物中总汞和甲基汞的平均含量分别为95.1、0.71 ng/g,甲基汞占总汞的比例(甲基化率)为0.76%,与自然背景值相比,沉积物中总汞含量明显受到了人类活动的影响;大连湾表层沉积物中各赋存形态汞比例的平均值由小至大依次为水溶态汞(Hg-w)(3%)<胃酸溶解态汞(Hg-h)(10%)<硫化物结合态汞(Hg-s)(24%)<有机结合态汞(Hg-o)(31%)<强络合态汞(Hg-e)(32%),Hg-e、Hg-o和Hg-s为主要存在形态;沉积物中Hg-w、Hg-h和Hg-o与甲基化率呈正相关,显示Hg-w、Hg-h和Hg-o具有较高的生物可利用性。研究表明,采用选择连续提取法进行沉积物中汞赋存形态的研究,对了解沉积物中汞的生物可利用性具有较好的指示意义。     

渤海湾南部海域生物体内的重金属含量与富集因素

分析了2013年5月渤海湾南部水域水体、沉积物、生物体中重金属的含量,评价了重金属在生物体内的富集情况。结果表明:调查海域水体中重金属含量低于Ⅱ类水质质量标准,沉积物中重金属含量低于Ⅰ类沉积物质量标准;生物体内重金属含量依次为Zn>Cu≈As>Cd>Pb>Hg;甲壳动物重金属含量普遍较高,软体动物次之,鱼类最低;脉红螺Rapana venosa的Cd含量超标,四角蛤蜊Mactra veneriformis和斑鰶Konosirus punctatus的As含量达标,其余生物的As含量全部超标,Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg含量达标;重金属的富集系数依次为As>Zn>Cu>Cd>Hg>Pb;甲壳类生物对重金属的富集能力最强,软体动物次之,鱼类最弱。研究表明,主动吸收、栖息环境和生物的食性是影响重金属在生物体内富集的主要因素。     

大连湾表层沉积物中汞的赋存形态与生物可利用性研究

为了解大连湾沉积物中汞的赋存形态和生物可利用性,对大连湾表层沉积物中总汞(THg)和甲基汞(Me Hg)的含量进行了分析,并采用选择连续提取法对表层沉积物中汞的赋存形态进行了研究,探讨了沉积物中汞的赋存形态与甲基汞的关系。结果表明:大连湾表层沉积物中总汞和甲基汞的平均含量分别为95.1、0.71 ng/g,甲基汞占总汞的比例(甲基化率)为0.76%,与自然背景值相比,沉积物中总汞含量明显受到了人类活动的影响;大连湾表层沉积物中各赋存形态汞比例的平均值由小至大依次为水溶态汞(Hg-w)(3%)<胃酸溶解态汞(Hg-h)(10%)<硫化物结合态汞(Hg-s)(24%)<有机结合态汞(Hg-o)(31%)<强络合态汞(Hg-e)(32%),Hg-e、Hg-o和Hg-s为主要存在形态;沉积物中Hg-w、Hg-h和Hg-o与甲基化率呈正相关,显示Hg-w、Hg-h和Hg-o具有较高的生物可利用性。研究表明,采用选择连续提取法进行沉积物中汞赋存形态的研究,对了解沉积物中汞的生物可利用性具有较好的指示意义。     

内蒙古克旗地区四座水库的水化学和水生生物调查

报道１９９４年７月和９月对克旗四座水库进行水化学和水生生物调查的结果，１）库水盐度０．１２‰～０．１５‰；ＡＬＫ平均１．４３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；Ｔ·Ｈ平均１．３７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；水化学类型按阿列金分类法，响水水库属Ｃ型，其余三座均属碳酸盐类钙组Ⅰ型水（）．２）共见到４０属浮游植物和３１种浮游动物。底栖动物和鱼类种类很少。浮游植物平均生物量１．７８～１２．４１ｍｇ／Ｌ，优势种为直链藻、小环藻、角星鼓藻、角甲藻、微囊藻、壳虫藻和隐藻。浮游动物平均生物量１．０～２．１６ｍｇ／Ｌ优势种为长刺水蚤、长额象鼻水蚤、螺形龟甲轮虫、长三肢轮虫和晶囊轮虫。底牺动物平均生物量０．３７～１．２０ｇ／ｍ￣２，主要是水蚯蚓和几种双翅目幼虫．３）文中讨论了几座水库的水化学和水生生物特点，并探讨了营养类型和鱼产力问题。     

1999年召开的有关岩土工程的国际会议消息

┏━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓┃ 时间、地点 ┃ 会议名称 ┃ 会议主题或内容 ┃ 联系人及其地址 ┃┣━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┫┃ 1999年2月 ┃ 第二届国际 ┃ 实验室试验,分类法.成因,构造, ┃ Mr F Khalil E卜Shafei.c/o Saadi Aramco ┃┃21.24日.巴 ┃石灰质土工程 ┃现场勘察,石灰质沉积物中的基础工 ┃ Box 10155.Dharan…     

海成地貌生物碎屑层岩土工程特征浅析

生物碎屑是海岸沉积物的物质来源和组成之一，是生物在海岸形成过程中相互作用的延续，具有成分复杂、层序不规律、孔洞发育、孔隙率大、含水量高、强度不均、力学性能差异较大等特征。结合海南省海口市某海成二级阶地场地岩土工程勘察实例，对该地貌下形成的生物碎屑层，采用多种综合手段分析判断生物碎屑层沉积形成的生物碎屑-岩/砂/粉质黏土的岩土工程特征，并通过现场模拟试验总结提出该地质条件下原位测试的选择、基础方案的选型以及地质条件产生的工程风险，为海成地貌下生物碎屑层岩土工程勘察提供借鉴。     

红海海相沉积物上大直径钻孔灌注后压浆桩(文摘)

介绍了在红海海相珊瑚层和碳酸盐沉积物上的大直径钻孔灌注混凝土后压浆桩的施工过程及桩的载荷试验结果。描述并讨论了在选择场地、钻孔、钢筋、混凝土浇注、以及压浆过程中的施工细节和所遇到的困难,以及场地条件和桩型选择的岩土工程依据。     

条子河表层沉积物中重金属污染特征及风险评价

为了解辽河吉林省段典型支流条子河表层沉积物重金属的污染特征,采集10个表层沉积物样品,分析了Pb、Cu、Ni、Mn、Cd和Zn 6种重金属的分布特征,并应用地累积指数、沉积物质量基准和潜在生态危害指数等方法对重金属的污染水平、生态风险及来源进行了评价。结果表明:条子河表层沉积物中Cd存在1级轻度污染,Ni具有较高的生物毒性发生率;Cu、Zn、Mn和Pb主要来自自然,Cd和Ni主要来自工业;空间分布上,位于四平市城区出境断面处的表层沉积物中6种重金属的质量比最高。     

POPs污染沉积物原位处理技术的研究与应用进展

持久性有机污染物(POPs)因其具有高毒性、高生物富集性和难以生物降解等特点而备受关注。介绍了POPs污染沉积物原位处理技术的研究与应用情况,重点说明了目前在新型吸附覆盖材料及其覆盖方式、高效化学反应活性材料的研发、缓释型生物促进剂的制备、红树植物修复湿地沉积物等方面进行的有益探索和尝试以及取得的成果,并对今后原位处理技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

Untersuchungen zur Genauigkeit von magnetisch induktiven Betondeckungsmessungen

Assessment of the accuracy of concrete cover measurements using Eddy Current devices The use of non‐destructive testing in civil‐engineering (NDT‐CE) is well established to assess as‐built drawings for existing structures as well as for quality assurance of new buildings or in case of concrete repair. To gain reliable results the choice of the appropriate testing method in combination with the correct data assessment is essential. Hence this article starts with the basics of the two typical testing methods for concrete cover measurement with high precision. Methods based on Eddy Current and based on Radar are different. The strengths and limitations of both methods are presented. In the second part the achievable accuracy of concrete cover measurements using Eddy Current will be assessed for the most important parameters that have been varied in a wide range. It is shown how results are influenced by an improper input of the diameter or by the effect of neighbored rebars. At the end of the article it is shown how the deviation of the results can be minimized using the internal neighboring rebar correction of some of the devices. This article does not intend to be a product test rather the influence parameters of measurements close to reality will be identified and quantified how the accuracy of concrete cover measurements is affected.     

The dilution of waste in the wake of a ship

This paper considers the problem of predicting the dilution of waste which has been discharged into the wake of a moving ship. A theoretical model is developed which relates the dispersion of the effluent field to the intensity of the turbulence created by the movement of the vessel. Specifically, the model describes the dependence of the dilution on the speed, dimensions and specific resistance coefficient of the ship.The new theory predicts that the rate of dilution decreases with time after discharge and, as with the empirical IMCO formula, indicates that dilution is more sensitive to the speed of the ship than the volume rate of discharge of waste.     

Zustandsuntersuchung und Instandsetzung am Hauptdach des Hauses der Kulturen der Welt in Berlin

The main roof of the ”Haus der Kulturen der Welt“ in Berlin Which is very well‐known on account of its history and striking structural design – was to be inspected by the author to determine its condition and analysed with regard to the durability of the existing liquid synthetic sealant. The roof structure consists of a biaxial, curved area‐covering structural element with circumferential edge beams of pre‐stressed lightweight concrete. This is the result of the reconstruction between 1984 and 1987 following a partial collapse of the then Berlin Congress Hall in 1980. The very thin roof shell is also made of lightweight concrete and, like the edge beams, has a polyurethane‐based spray‐on seal that was specially developed for this purpose as protection against the ingress of moisture. The reason why this, at the time, novel type of seal was chosen was that it should take into account the fact that the roof design urgently needed some kind of protection against moisture that had to compensate the expected changes shape and crack movements of the roof with no damage. The following article reports on the nature, scope and main results of the analysis of the condition of the roof seal, edge beams and abutments. It will also describe the repair recommendations resulting from the investigations, which form the basis of the execution of work at the present point in time. Apart from presenting the technical principles and special features of the building that have to be taken into account during any repairs, the special features of the execution will also be addressed.     

Untersuchungen der Auswirkungen eines Vollbrands auf eine Sporthalle

Research of Fire Effects on a Gymnasium An arson attack committed in August 2015 on the gymnasium of the Oberstufenzentrum Nauen school facility built in 2007 led to a full fire and to the complete destruction of the hall. The effects of this fire were recorded with measuring technologies as well as through sampling on‐site. In the course of this, the wooden roof structure was particularly examined and demonstrated a residual load‐bearing capacity in spite of the intensive fire exposure and the resulting significant damage. The remaining support structure of the hall was completely recorded by means of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and evaluated in September 2015. Inclinations, cross‐sectional shifts and deformations in the building were able to be calculated with the geodetic measurement method. The results from the laser scanning in combination with the sampling served as a comparison of the theoretical structural evidence with the effects of an actual fire event. In the case of the fire at the Nauen gymnasium, the damage to the load‐bearing capacity was particularly significant in the area of the joining means. The goal of the investigations is a comparison of the technical engineering fire prevention certifications and their theoretical protective effects with the effects of actual fires. This is also a subject of current research projects in the Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin, University of Applied Sciences.     

对“建筑”内涵的重新审视与诠释

“建筑”现行内涵的功利与暧昧,是当代建筑粗糙、乏味的主要根源之一.为解决这一问题,首先分析了“architecture”、“营造”与“建筑”三者的内涵.通过将“建筑”与“architecture”及“营造”分别比较,审视了“建筑”的现行内涵;并对其内涵提出了新诠释.     

基于HSS模型隧道近接群桩基础施工影响分析

依托盾构隧道近接侧穿群桩工程建立三维数值分析模型,土体采用小应变硬化(HSS)模型,参数取值借鉴已有研究成果并根据监测位移数据反演,同时考虑土体开挖、衬砌拼装以及盾尾同步注浆等一系列施工工艺措施,并将模拟结果与监测数据进行对比验证,研究了不同工况下地表沉降的形态分布、群桩桩基变形及基桩结构受力,同时考虑地表位移对等代层厚度的敏感性。结果表明:HSS模型能有效预测隧道近接侧穿高架桥桩引起的变形,模拟结果与监测值较吻合; 隧道开挖引起土相对桩产生了滑移,地表沉降及桩身竖向位移在中心线前后各1D(D为管片外径)范围内随推进步数的增加而不断增大,且增加幅度明显减小; 两线推进地表沉降具有叠加效应,最大沉降量增幅达76.8%; 隧道与基桩水平距离越近,引起基桩沉降变化越大,两线推进基桩桩顶沉降增幅达134%; 群桩中各排桩的水平位移变化趋势基本相同,且同排桩的水平位移值相差不大,由于群桩遮挡效应,水平位移值由大到小依次为前排桩、中排桩、后排桩; 桩身水平位移主要在盾构中轴线2.5D范围内,桩身最大水平位移均出现在隧道中轴线附近; 群桩中同排桩桩身附加弯矩及附加轴力沿桩身分布规律相同,桩身最终附加受力与其距离隧道远近有关; 随着注浆充率β的增大,等代层厚度及地表沉降呈线性减小; 穿越段采取的施工工艺方案是有效的,经估算附加弯矩及轴力对桩基承载力的影响在容许范围内。     

采空区隧道二衬受力特性模型试验与耦合分析

由于采空区地层的非连续特征,下穿隧道衬砌往往处在偏心受压的不利状态,后期运营病害相对严重。为了查清不同采空区条件下的衬砌结构受力特性,采用室内物理模型试验和基于连续-非连续耦合数值模拟相结合的方法,开展了相关研究。结果表明:(1)采空区的存在会使二衬结构受到偏压荷载,远离采空区侧总体受力大于近侧,且倾角越大偏压越严重;(2)采煤层厚度、冒落带与初支距离的增大会引起围岩压力的降低,二衬内力减小,安全性提升,当采煤层厚度大于1.8 m时或冒落带与初支间距大于0.8倍隧道洞跨后,采空区对二衬安全性的影响很小;(3)喷层厚度的增加阻碍了围岩变形,引起围岩压力增加,不利于二衬受力和安全性。研究结论对于完善采空区隧道围岩压力计算理论和支护结构设计方法具有理论指导意义。     

Magnetoelastische Spannkraftmessung in Bauwerken

Magnetoelastic Measurement of Prestressing Force in Civil Structures The knowledge of the tensile force of prestressing steel elements and its reliable and non‐destructive determination are of essential importance for the assessment of the structural health condition of prestressed concrete structures and tie‐back systems in terms of structural safety, serviceability and durability. For the evaluation of the prestressing force in steel tension members, the measurement technique presented in this contribution is using the magneto‐elastic effect (ME‐effect) of ferromagnetic materials. This effect describes the reverse‐proportional correlation between the mechanical stress and the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials. The cylindrical coiled sensors pushed over the tendon and the measuring device developed and practically optimized at the iBMB/MPA of the TU Braunschweig enable a fast and reliable measurement of the prestressing steel force after an initial calibration. In this contribution first the state of the art of prestress measurement techniques for steel tension members is presented. Afterwards, the ME‐measuring method with the basics and merits of magneto‐elastic prestressing force identification is shown. Further recent research results as well as several building applications will be discussed.     

论电梯的安全、质量与标准

论述了电梯的特殊性、电梯安全的重要性;分析了政府主管部门、公众和媒体对电梯事故（故障）高度关注的原因;讨论了电梯安全与故障、可靠性的关系,电梯安全标准与安全、质量、运行性能的关系,以及电梯现行标准的性质;界定了安全标准与设计、制造规范的不同及关系;分析了行业及政府主管部门对公众普及电梯知识,客观、冷静地看待电梯故障与安全的重要性;说明了业内专业人员和政府主管部门应引导媒体和公众正确看待作为新型机电运输设备的电梯,认识不同档次电梯产品其质量和可靠性不同的必然性。     

分解建筑:聚集、回忆和整体性的恢复

建筑是其所处社会形态和文化的缩影,因此,对既存建筑适应性改扩建的认识和手法,也会随着社会文化 的发展而不断进化且难免有所反复。本文是关于既有建筑物改造的历史研究,主要关注改造中使用的建筑手法和 新老建筑之间更加紧密的内在联系,而非简单的功能或使用上的变化。通过对集体记忆、身份认同、传统、历史 和文化等主题的阐释,尝试将改造后的建筑与过去建立联系,最终为既存建筑实现一个可持续的未来。