元素Bi对厚大断面球墨铸铁低温冲击性能的影响

研究了Bi含量对厚大断面球墨铸铁低温力学性能的影响。结果表明,在-40℃下试样的冲击吸收功随Bi含量的增加而先增大后减小,在Bi含量为0.011%时达到最大值14.8 J。在厚大断面球墨铸铁件中添加适量的元素Bi,可以细化石墨球,增加石墨球数,改善石墨球的形态,抑制碎块状石墨产生。通过对厚大断面剖面的宏观观察,可见在Bi含量为0.011%时黑斑缺陷直径最小。     

Ni、Si、Sb及浇注温度对厚大断面低温铁素体球墨铸铁性能的影响

采用铸态工艺制备厚大断面低温铁素体球墨铸铁试块,对比了浇注温度及微量Sb对厚大断面球墨铸铁心部碎块状石墨的抑制作用,分析了Ni、Si及试块壁厚对其抗拉强度和-40℃低温冲击韧度的影响。结果表明,提高浇注温度与添加0.005%Sb均对碎块状石墨有抑制作用,但后者作用更强;添加0.6%Ni及适当提高Si元素含量可有效提高试块强度,但其-40℃低温冲击韧度稍有下降。随着试块壁厚增加,其抗拉强度、-40℃低温冲击韧度及球化等级降低,石墨球直径增大。     

硅钼耐热球墨铸铁碎块状石墨缺陷分析及对策

针对企业在硅钼耐热球墨铸铁生产中发生碎块状石墨缺陷问题,分析研究了铁液活性、铁液成分、球化孕育处理及铸件厚大部位冷却速度等因素的影响情况.结果表明:提高铁液活性、控制碳当量(CE)及微量元素成分、选取合适的孕育剂和孕育方式、提高局部冷却速度、减少铸件热节等工艺措施能有效解决硅钼耐热球墨铸铁中的碎块状石墨问题.     

提高大吨位厚大断面球墨铸铁球化率的探索

球墨铸铁中石墨绝大多数呈球团状,但随着球墨铸铁壁厚增加,凝固时间的延长,球化孕育的衰退,反球化微量元素的富集,石墨会出现:蠕虫状、开花状、碎块状、水草状等形态,铸件表层到心部石墨形态由球团状,逐渐变为团絮状、蠕虫状、开花状,碎块状等三明治现象。石墨的分布也会出现一些特殊规律,如:列队石墨球,偏聚石墨球,石墨球漂浮等。这些现象已严重影响了球墨铸铁厚大部位的球化率。我们采用合适的碳当量、铁水中加入0.005%的Sb,采用低稀土球化剂,使用高效、长效孕育等工艺方法,成功将500mm×500mm×500mm的试块心部球化率提高至Ⅵ+Ⅴ≥80%。     

大断面球铁碎块状石墨形成原因浅析及若干防止措施

本文从球墨铸铁石墨－－奥氏体共晶团形成及长大过程中的应力出发，分析了大断面球铁热节处非球形石墨－－碎块状石墨的形成原因及若干影响因素，提出了防止措施。     

厚大断面球墨铸铁碎块状石墨的现场试验研究

为解决厚大断面球墨铸铁中心部位石墨衰退和碎块状石墨缺陷问题,采用250 mm×250 mm×260 mm试块,分别使用3种球化剂进行了现场试验,最后指出:(1)防止厚大断面球墨铸铁件石墨衰退和碎块块状石墨的形成,可将化学成分控制在:w(C)3.4％～3.7％,w(Si)2.0％～2.3％,w(Mn)<0.35％,w(S...     

球墨铸铁碎块状石墨形成及改善措施

介绍了球墨铸铁碎块状石墨的出现严重影响铸件的力学性能,碎块状石墨的形态和形成原因。通过采取快速冷却、降低球化后残余稀土含量、使用含锑或含铋孕育剂、控制高纯炉料的加入量和铁液成分的措施,可有效防止碎块状石墨的产生,保证球墨铸铁件的石墨形态。     

等温淬火球墨铸铁前轴的生产实践

介绍了最大壁厚为110 mm球墨铸铁前轴的铸件结构及生产情况,针对生产中出现的铸件断面石墨球数少以及碎块状石墨,通过增加冷铁强制冷却,球化时添加纯La低RE球化剂,热包时随流加入石墨型增碳剂以及采取包内孕育+型内孕育+随流孕育的3次孕育等措施,使铸件厚大位置的球化率≥85％、石墨球数达到130个/mm2,满足使用要求.     

厚大断面球墨铸铁件生产中若干问题的探讨(1)

介绍了厚大断面球墨铸铁的凝固时间长、共晶结晶平台长、石墨球数少、易畸变、基体组织异常等凝固特性,通过理论与生产实例相结合的方法,阐述了碎块状石墨问题,石墨球数少与石墨畸变的关系,球化剂、w(Mg残)量、RE与石墨畸变的关系,CE及化学成分的选择问题,厚大断面球墨铸铁件若干问题的措施,球化剂中RE问题以及如何增加石墨球数问题。最后指出:要保证厚大断面球墨铸铁正常生产,除上述问题外,还有浇注系统优化和浇注时间控制的问题,生产过程质量控制以及生产组织等问题,这些都需要注意和严格控制。     

原铁液硅含量对厚大断面球墨铸铁件石墨形态与力学性能的影响

为研究原铁液硅含量对厚大断面球墨铸铁件凝固组织石墨形态和力学性能的影响,使用高精度热模拟系统,考察了不同硅含量的原铁液经过相同球化孕育工艺处理后在相同凝固条件下获得的厚大断面球墨铸铁件试样的凝固组织石墨形态和力学性能。结果表明,球化孕育工艺相同时,随着原铁液硅含量提高,厚大断面球墨铸铁件石墨形态恶化,力学性能下降。当钇基重稀土球化剂和含Ba孕育剂加入量分别为1.8%和0.4%时,原铁液硅含量控制在1.2%以内,有利于防止厚大断面球墨铸铁件石墨畸变,提高铸件力学性能。     

二次孕育对大断面球铁组织及性能的影响

介绍了4种不同类型的二次孕育剂对模拟尺寸为φ590 mm×800 mm的大断面球墨铸铁的组织及性能的影响。结果表明,二次孕育工艺对球铁尤其是大断面球铁的石墨及力学性能均有良好的改善作用;利用Si-Ba-Ca孕育剂进行孕育处理后再添加0.15%的该孕育剂作为二次孕育处理,可改善铸件组织及提高铸件力学性能;S-O孕育剂和Si-Ba-Ca孕育剂的效果相对较好,模拟铸件中碎块状石墨区域明显减少、石墨球形态圆整、球化率较高,还可以有效避免孕育衰退,使铸件获得较好的微观组织和最佳的综合力学性能。     

Effect of Bi on graphite morphology and mechanical properties of heavy section ductile cast iron

To improve the mechanical properties of heavy section ductile cast iron, bismuth （Bi） was introduced into the iron. Five castings with different Bi content from 0 to 0.014 wt.% were prepared; and four positions in the casting from the edge to the center, with different solidification cooling rates, were chosen for microstructure observation and mechanical properties test. The effect of the Bi content on the graphite morphology and mechanical properties of heavy section ductile cast iron were investigated. Results show that the tensile strength, elongation and impact toughness at different positions in the five castings decrease with a decrease in cooling rate. With an increase in Bi content, the graphite morphology and the mechanical properties at the same position are improved, and the improvement of mechanical properties is obvious when the Bi content is no higher than 0.011wt.%. But when the Bi content is further increased to 0.014wt.%, the improvement of mechanical properties is not obvious due to the increase of chunky graphite number and the aggregation of chunky graphite. With an increase in Bi content, the tensile fracture mechanism is changed from brittle to mixture ductile-brittle fracture.     

硅对铸态厚壁高韧性球铁QT400—18影响的研究

本文通过研究硅对高炉冷却壁用铸态球铁的力学性能和导热性能的影响，确定了硅含量的最佳范围；讨论了硅对硅对孕育效果及碎块块状石墨形成的影响。生产实践表明，采用本研究设计的低硅随流孕育方案，成功地生产出铸态厚高性球铁冷却壁。     

Precipitation and evolution of nodular graphite during solidification process of ductile iron

The quantity and morphology of spheroidal graphite have an important effect on the properties of ductile iron,and the characteristics of spheroidal graphite are determined by the solidification process.The aim of this work is to explore the precipitation and evolution of graphite nodules in hypoeutectic,eutectic,and hypereutectic ductile irons by thermal analysis,liquid quenching and metallographic technique.Results show that hypoeutectic ductile iron has the longest solidification time and the lowest eutectic temperature;eutectic ductile iron has the shortest solidification time;hypereutectic ductile iron has the highest eutectic temperature.After solidification is completed,hypoeutectic ductile iron has the lowest nodule count,nodularity and graphite fraction;eutectic ductile iron has the highest nodule count,nodularity and the smallest nodule diameter;hypereutectic has the highest nodule diameter and graphite fraction.The nucleation and growth of graphite nodules in hypereutectic ductile iron starts before bulk eutectic crystallization stage,however,the precipitation and evolution of graphite nodules of hypoeutectic and eutectic ductile irons mainly occur in the eutectic crystallization stage.The graphite precipitated in eutectic crystallization of hypoeutectic,eutectic,and hypereutectic ductile irons,are 61%,68% and 43% of total graphite volume fraction,respectively.Simultaneously,there are plenty of austenite dendrites in hypoeutectic and hypereutectic ductile irons,which are prone to shrinkage defects.Therefore,the eutectic ductile iron has the smallest shrinkage tendency.     

大断面球墨铸铁件的质量控制措施

大断面球铁件易出现石墨球粗大，石墨球数量减少，石墨漂浮，石墨球畸变，开花状石墨、碎块状石墨等缺陷，所以大断面球铁件的制造技术一直是铸造界公认的一个难题。结合国内外大断面球铁件的生产现状，总结出了一系列在生产过程中通常采取的质量控制措施，例如加快冷却速度、严格控制化学成分，适当添加微量合金元素、合适的球化处理和孕育处理等。应用这些措施，可以得到内外质量优良的大断面球墨铸铁件。     

Some paradoxical observations about spheroidal graphite degeneracy

Differential thermal analysis experiments have been performed on samples machined from Y2-blocks cast with different high-silicon spheroidal graphite irons. Depending on magnesium, silicon, cerium and antimony content, the as-cast microstructure showed various levels of chunky graphite in the central part of the blocks. In contrast, the microstructure of the materials after remelting and resolidification during differential thermal analysis consisted of lamellar or compacted graphite. The formation of chunky graphite in the as-cast microstructure is rationalized using an index or silicon equivalent that has been recently suggested. The differences in the microstructures after differential thermal analysis are discussed in terms of available free magnesium. Emphasis is finally put on the striking differences in characteristic size of the microstructures made of compacted graphite as compared to lamellar graphite and chunky graphite. This leads to tentative conclusions about growth of compacted and chunky graphite which would be worthy of further experimental investigations.     

合成球墨铸铁技术在轧辊生产中的应用

对复合轧辊所用合成球墨铸铁的增碳原理及实际生产工艺进行了论述,并分析了采用增碳工艺后合成球墨铸铁的组织和性能,结果表明,影响增碳吸收率的因素主要有增碳剂的粒度、熔炼过程中铁液的搅拌、铁液的化学成分、铁液饱和浓度、增碳剂加入量.采用增碳工艺后,铸铁组织明显改善,石墨均匀分布,且形态得到明显改善,石墨球化良好,未出现片状组织,铸件硬度提高,硬度更加均匀.     

浅谈近年来铸铁件的发展

介绍了近年来我国铸铁件的产量和新制订、修订的铸铁件国标:(1)灰铸铁的发展在产量增速上虽有所放缓,但质量上却有很大提高,体现在:新国标中牌号的细化,掌握了HT300和HT350的生产技术,专用灰铸铁的开发。(2)球墨铸铁不仅在产量上快速发展,而且更有质的飞跃,概括为:发展速度令人惊异,从无到有,从少量生产到占世界球铁产量的49.5%;球铁应用领域不断扩大;开发出各种球化处理方法;系列化生产了球化剂和孕育剂。重点介绍了Si固溶强化铁素体球铁、高强度高伸长率球铁、低温铁素体球铁、珠光体基体球铁、ADI、奥氏体球铁、高强韧TWIP铸铁,并指出了生产高端球铁件的关键点——优化石墨、净化晶界、强化基体。(3)蠕铁的进步体现在:新的国标替代了旧的部标,蠕铁缸体缸盖的生产渐入佳境,蠕铁制动盘的扩大应用正在稳妥推进。     

水冷铜型凝固下球墨铸铁凸轮轴研制

介绍了球铁凸轮轴水冷铜金属型铸造工艺,为了满足球铁凸轮轴的要求(QT700-2,铁素体≤5%),适当加入合金元素Cu、Sn,其中Cu控制在1.0%～1.4%,Sn在0.03%～0.05%.球化处理时,减少Mg、RE的加入量,同时对铸件进行正火处理.经批量生产验证,该工艺稳定,效率高,可以满足球铁凸轮轴的生产要求.