磷酸分解磷矿过程中金属元素的浸出规律研究

探究了以磷酸分解磷矿,关键酸解工艺参数对磷及Fe、Al、Mg、Pb、As浸出的影响规律,并从热力学角度进行了分析。结果表明,磷矿内磷及Fe、Al、Mg浸出率随磷酸质量分数、反应温度、反应时间和液固比的增大而增大,搅拌速度影响不明显;Pb浸出率随磷酸质量分数、反应温度和液固比的增大而增大,搅拌速度、反应时间影响不明显;As浸出率随反应温度升高呈先增大后减小趋势,随反应时间增加略有减小,磷酸质量分数、搅拌速度和液固比影响不明显。控制磷酸质量分数为30%（以P₂O₅计）、反应温度为80 ℃、搅拌速度为300 r/min、反应时间为150 min、液固质量比为10∶1,在此条件下,磷及Fe、Al、Mg、Pb、As的浸出率分别为98.65%、68.56%、48.54%、95.84%、32.85%和84.62%。通过热力学分析表明磷矿内Mg、As浸出率较高,Pb浸出率较低,而Fe、Al浸出率大小主要取决于磷矿中褐铁矿及高岭土含量。     

Scrap of magnesia parts,the reasons for it,and means of reducing it

Conclusions The most common and characteristic forms of scrap of magnesia parts differing in form, dimensions, and composition are shown. These include deviations of the dimensions from the nominal, breaking off of the corners and edges, nonuniformity, welding together, spots, voids, fire cracks, spalls, and cracks of different origin.The reasons for formation of scrap were determined. The primary of them are the reduced quality of the raw material (chromite, magnesite) with a larger quantity of impurities containing limited silicon and calcium oxides, sometimes insufficient density, grain size, and completeness of hydration of the magnesite powders, nonconformity of the bunker, proportioning, mixing, and pressing equipment to the requirements of modern production of progressive high-quality refractories, the insufficiently high binding capacity of lignosulfonates, deviations in the quality of assembly and finishing of press equipment and automatic ejectors, of the car floor lining, and in firing conditions, a high variation in density of the green parts, and nonuniform heating and cooling in the volume of the parts and of the whole charge during firing. More than 50% of the total scrap of all forms is due to firing scrap of parts.The primary means of reducing or eliminating scrap of parts and simultaneously increasing their quality based on the reasons for formation of different forms of it were noted. These above all else, are increasing the volumes and improving and introduction of new methods of concentration of magnesite and chromite, a successive increase in the share of chrome concentrates, chromium-containing broken parts, and powders by firing of magnesite and caustic dust in the production of magnesia refractory parts as the result of a decrease in the share of commercial natural chromite and magnesite, the use in the production of parts of high-quality type PMSP-93 powder produced in shaft kilns and used as the charge for production of fused materials, the use of the prospect of processes for production of dense periclase powders uniform in chemical analysis from recovered caustic dust, replacement of obsolete mixing and press equipment by more modern, increasing the strength of green parts by above all else improving the binding properties of LST and increasing pressing pressure, forming of the taper of parts by the side plates of the die, improving the quality of assembly and increasing the reliability of functioning of press equipment and automatic ejectors, improving car floor linings, introduction of new methods and increasing the volumes of production of progressive unfired refractories in place of certain forms of fired parts, observation of all production parameters, and a relationship of the wages of labor to the quantity of scrap and the quality of refractories.Introduction of the new management system and the active work of the quality groups created will open up and lead to the action of unutilized reserves for reduction of scrap.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 2, pp. 31–38, February, 1989.     

泡沫剂辅助蒸汽与孤岛稠油相互作用研究

模拟了以孤岛现场用DHF作为泡沫剂辅助蒸汽驱过程,泡沫剂浓度为0.2%~1.5%,作用温度为65~200℃,油水质量比为3∶1,作用压力8 MPa,研究其对孤岛稠油界面性质、油品胶体稳定性、四组分组成以及重组分胶粒粒度的影响规律。结果表明,在蒸汽作用下,提高泡沫剂质量分数,可降低稠油-水界面张力,降低油品沥青质组分含量,增大胶质/沥青质之值;沥青质组分分子量减小,沥青质聚沉起始点增大,稠油胶体稳定性提高。在泡沫剂辅助过热蒸汽与稠油作用下,提升作用温度,会引起稠油-水界面张力降低,稠油沥青质聚沉起始点减小,胶体稳定性降低;同时稠油中沥青质组分含量增大,胶质/沥青质的值减小,沥青质组分分子量增大。     

复合杆式射流成型及威力性能的数值模拟及试验验证

为了阐明复合杆式射流的性能,设计了8种不同材料的复合球缺罩,包括聚乙烯/铜、铝/铜、钛/铜、铁/铜、铜/铜、钼/铜、钽/铜、钨/铜材料,并采用LS-DYNA软件对其杆式射流的成型过程进行三维数值模拟,分析了杆式射流威力性能,通过静破甲试验验证了数值模拟结果。结果表明,在保持内罩材料为紫铜的条件下,随着外罩材料密度的增大,射流整体速度减小,射流动能随外罩材料密度的增大而减小;在外罩为金属材料时,外罩材料冲击阻抗越大,内罩所受爆轰波透射压力越小,射流整体速度、射流动能随外罩冲击阻抗增大而减小;经对比发现,聚乙烯/铜复合杆式射流整体速度最高,动能最大,破甲威力较佳,铝/铜复合杆式射流次之。静破甲试验结果表明,聚乙烯/铜复合杆式射流对钢靶侵彻深度较铝/铜复合杆式射流有一定提高,与数值模拟结果一致。     

单分散微米级PMMA微球的制备

以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)为分散剂,乙醇和水为反应介质,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为单体,采用分散聚合工艺,制备了单分散微米级PMMA微球。研究了乙醇/水介质的配比、反应温度、分散剂用量、单体用量、引发剂用量对PMMA微球粒径和粒径分布的影响。结果表明,PMMA微球粒径随乙醇用量的增加先增大后减小;随反应温度的升高先增大后减小,粒径分布先变窄再变宽;随单体用量的增加先增大后减小,随引发剂用量的增加而增大;随PVP用量的增加而减小,粒径分布先变窄再变宽。     

树立正确观念,提升化学教学质量

文章主要重点从教学理念方面,提出在新教材实施过程中,教师应树立整体育人观,树立新的教育思想,转变育人观念;树立教学服务观,把＂教＂和＂学＂有机统一起来,使教师的＂教＂为学生的＂学＂服务;树立情感教育观,充分发挥情感教学的重要作用,加强师生之间的情感互动;树立目标学习观,依据大纲要求和学生实际,制定合理、具体、确切、科学的课堂教学目标;树立课堂调控观,有效利用课堂教学中的每一分钟,实现课堂教学的最优化;培养创新学习观,培养学生自主探索、自主研究的精神,培养学生的创新能力。     

Influence of the brucite melting cycle on periclase quality

Conclusions The influence of the electrical cycle for melting brucite, of the heat-exchange conditions, and of the design of the OKB-955 furnace on the indices of its operation and the periclase quality, has been established. The thermal balances of the heats were determined and the possibility of thermal engineering action on the processes of melting, solidification, and cooling of the periclase block and also on product quality was shown.A rational cycle for melting brucite using the ninth voltage step, including periodic reduction of the current and making it possible to improve periclase quality, was developed. To increase the technicoeconomic indices, the cycle developed includes the use for melting of brucite of furnaces with a 2500-mm-diameter shell and with a 1100-mm diameter of decomposition of the electrode, fettling the hearth with hot scree which has accumulated the heat of the previous heat, charging the furnace with comparatively small portions of brucite, and the use of the heat of the exhaust stack gases for heating the next portion of charge to be loaded into the furnace.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 4, pp. 15–23, April, 1982.     

农业子午线轮胎成型胎坯质量缺陷原因分析与解决措施

分析农业子午线轮胎成型胎坯质量缺陷原因,并提出相应的解决措施。农业子午线轮胎成型设备由2段胶囊反包成型机和胎面缠绕生产线组成。2段成型胎坯的主要质量问题为胎圈部位打褶/起泡、帘布层打褶/起泡和胎圈钢丝偏歪;胎面缠绕胎坯的主要质量问题为缠绕胶料质量和缠绕胎面外观几何尺寸不满足要求、缠绕胎面凹凸不平、缠绕胶条和胎坯起泡及缠绕胎面偏歪等。通过调试设备程序、及时维护和修理设备及规范对中等成型操作,有效解决了成型胎坯质量缺陷问题,提高了成型胎坯质量。     

含裂隙煤体抗压性能的试验研究与模拟计算

煤体内部天然存在的裂隙是瓦斯流动的主要通道和影响煤矿安全的重要因素。为考察不同原生裂隙分布形态的煤体抗压缩强度与裂纹演化规律,对原煤试样进行初始裂隙的提取和室内三轴压缩试验,结合数值模拟方法进一步研究了含裂隙试样在围压分别为1, 3, 5, 7, 9 MPa和加载速率在0.01, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.0 m/s下的峰值应力及破坏形态。结果表明,煤样的峰值应力随围压增加呈指数形式增大。垂直方向延伸的原生裂隙对裂纹扩展带的影响较小,当原生裂隙的延伸角度倾向于对角线方向时,裂纹容易在裂隙端部萌生和扩展。试样2的“V”型裂纹带在低围压(1, 3, 5 MPa)时受原生裂隙影响较大,高围压(7和9 MPa)下的破坏特征与试样1相似。随着加载速率逐渐递增,试样的抗压强度变化经历先缓慢上升,后迅速增加,最终趋于平缓的过程。低加载速率下的裂纹多聚集在原生裂隙延伸方向上,较高的加载速率容易造成裂纹集中于试样的角部位置,裂纹数目也迅速增多。     

Properties and Evaluation of Fluorescent Brightening Agents

Meetings of the Midlands Region, held in the Sports Pavilion, British Celanese Ltd, Spondon, on 4th March 1965, Mr G. Whitehead in the chair; of the London Region, held at the Royal Society, Burlington House, London Wl, on 5th March 1965, Mr C. Barnett in the chair; of the Scottish Region, held in the St Enoch Hotel, Glasgow, on 9th March 1965, Mr B. W. Mills in the chair; of the West Riding Region, held in the Victoria Hotel, Bradford, on 11th March 1965, Dr F. F. Elsworth in the chair; of the Huddersfield Region, held in the George Hotel, Huddersfield, on 16th March 1965, Mr M. Nutton in the chair; and of the Northern Ireland Region, held in the Abercorn Restaurant, Belfast, on 18th March 1965, Mr D. R. Latham in the chair The properties of fluorescent brightening agents, in solution and on the fibre, are discussed with particular reference to their mode of action and their fastness to light. Methods of analysis are described, including paper and thin–layer chromatography and the use of the chromaticity chart. Attention is drawn to the cis–trans rearrangement that occurs with brightening agents of the stilbene type.     

Carbonization of petroleum binders. 1. Characteristics of solid products

Solid products of carbonization of residues (i.e. cokes) of vacuum distillation of crude oil, asphalt, and pitch have been studied. The objective was to determine the changes of composition and structure of cokes in relation to temperature. Investigations of elemental composition, functional group content, microscopic analysis, and X-ray diffraction of the products showed that with increasing temperature of carbonization, the degree of structure ordering, the dimensions of the pores, and the intensity of optical anisotropy of the cokes increases, as do the carbon, sulphur, and nitrogen contents; however, volatile matter, hydrogen, and functional-group contents in the cokes decrease.     

工业循环水处理中的应用与分析

冷却系统是工业当中的主要应用系统之一，其中主要的功能就是对水进行循环处理，有效的做到节约水资源的目的，然而，工业用水中含有诸多物质，其中包括由悬浮物、沉淀物、可溶性的、不可溶的、化学离子等，这些物质都存在着诸多的不确定性，因此有效的对其展开处理，是相关专业领域中重点研究的内容。文章对当前工业中循环水的处理现状进行分析，对提高浓缩倍数减少腐蚀，降低补水以及排污量为目的，对有效的处理机理以及处理方式进行详细的阐述。     

氨对平板显示玻璃窑炉烟尘性质的影响

通过平板显示玻璃窑炉烟气脱硝除尘装置,考察氨组分对烟尘析出温度、含水量及烟尘性质的影响规律.结果表明,烟尘析出温度随着烟气中氨浓度的增加而提高,烟尘含水量也明显增大,平均含水量约为7％～8％.通过扫描电镜和粒度分布仪表征,烟气中氨710 mg·Nm-3时,与无氨烟气比较,烟尘中出现氧化硼氨水合物,烟尘颗粒出现积聚现象,...     

青霉胺结晶热力学及拆分工艺研究

实验测定了DL-及D-青霉胺在273.15~333.15 K、不同质量比乙醇-水混合溶剂中的溶解度,以此确定了合适的结晶溶剂比例。绘制了273.15、283.15、293.15、303.15、313.15和323.15 K下青霉胺溶解度曲线。测定了D-和DL-青霉胺以及ee值为87%溶液的介稳区宽度。研究了不同ee值饱和溶液（饱和温度为313.15 K）在不同初始过冷度下起始成核情况及ee值为87%的饱和溶液在不同初始过冷度和晶种量下的等温结晶过程。最后考察了不同降温速率、晶种量对ee值为87%原料的结晶拆分情况。结果表明,对于等温结晶过程,随着结晶进行,产品ee值下降,且初始过冷度越大、晶种加入量越多,ee>99%的产品收率越高;对于降温结晶过程,产品ee值随收率增大而减小,且降温速率越慢、晶种加入量越多,ee>99%的产品收率越高。     

凝胶型连结料体系黏度模型的参数拟合

采用有机铝型螯合物凝胶剂、松香改性酚醛树脂、亚麻仁油和高沸点煤油制备胶印油墨用连结料,研究了亚麻仁油、高沸点煤油和凝胶剂的用量对连结料流变性能的影响。根据流变实验测定值,准确地拟合出该连结料体系的一系列黏度模型。根据该黏度模型,能够在改变原料配比、温度与剪切速率的条件下,相当精确地描述连结料体系的黏度。因此,若能利用汇编语言设计出连结料的配方计算软件,则可根据连结料体系中各因素变化来直接调节连结料的流变参数,达到快速调整连结料配方、缩短生产工艺时间、稳定连结料质量、适应高速印刷油墨要求的目的。     

Obtaining magnesia and periclase refractories from bischofite from the volgograd deposits

Conclusions Experimental work was carried out to obtain from bromine liquors of bischofite of the Volgograd deposits magnesium oxide, using low capacity industrial equipment for chemical purification of magnesite, including a recuperator, a tank-collector, a spray-reactor, a cyclone, an absorption column, spray traps, a vacuum pump, and a filter press.We worked out the parameters for the processes of boiling off the liquor, thermohydrolysis of the magnesium chloride, absorption of the hydrogen chloride with the production of hydrochloric acid, washing and leaching the hydrolytic magnesium oxide, and filtration of the resulting magnesium hydroxide. During the reprocessing of the liquor containing the bischofite, using this technology, without preliminary purification to remove boron and sulfates, we obtained magnesium hydroxide with a high purity level (98.5–99.5% MgO on the calcined weight).It is shown that the magnesium hydroxide thus obtained is a high-quality raw material for the production of fused and sintered periclase with a purity of 98–99.5% MgO. The technology of sintering, including carbonization of the magnesium hydroxide, hot palletizing without bond, and firing at moderate temperatures, ensures the production of densely sintered periclase. Tiles with inserts made from fused periclase of high purity with a clear anisotropic structure facilitate the casting of two heats through the gate valves.The results obtained can serve as the starting data for the development of specifications (TLZ) and planning the production of magnesium oxide from the debrominized bischofite liquors at the Volgograd site using the thermohydrolysis method. We need to solve the problem of the use of the 20% HCl that is obtained.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 1, pp. 27–30, January, 1988.     

复掺高性能矿物掺合料对高强机制砂混凝土性能的影响

为定量研究S105矿粉与其他矿物掺合料共同作用对C80高强机制砂混凝土的和易性、抗压强度和干燥收缩性能的影响规律,通过试验得到不同龄期(3 d、7 d、28 d、60 d)下,S105矿粉单掺,以及掺S105矿粉的同时以不同含量的微珠、超细矿粉、硅灰分别取代水泥时,高强机制砂混凝土的坍落度、扩展度、抗压强度和干燥收缩率,并利用图表分析及拌合物实际状态对比等对其性能的变化趋势进行分析。结果表明:在一定掺量范围内复掺多种矿物掺合料,有利于提高高强机制砂混凝土的和易性和抗压强度,并显著减小其干燥收缩。在保证混凝土和易性良好的条件下,相比于单掺S105矿粉,S105矿粉与不同矿物掺合料双掺对提高混凝土的综合性能有更显著的作用。综合考虑对和易性、抗压强度和干燥收缩性能的影响,当超细矿粉取代水泥的质量分数为3%时,即水泥与S105矿粉和超细矿粉的质量比为33:11:1时,高强机制砂混凝土的性能处于较好的水平,其粘聚性和流动性都有显著改善,其3 d和60 d抗压强度分别增长3.1%和5.1%,其干燥收缩率则减小了4.0%。     

The simulation of hydrolytic polymerization of ϵ-caprolactam in various reactors

The concrete simulation models dealing with the kinetic behavior of the hydrolytic polymerization of ?-caprolactam (CL) in various polymerization reactors used in the industry were described, and the method for their numerical solutions was presented. The characteristic data of the polymerization such as the concentrations of CL, end group, water, ?-aminocaproic acid, cyclic dimer, and the hot-water-soluble component, conversion, number average, and weight average molecular weights, and solution and melt viscosities can be calculated at every stage of the polymerization reaction, at every part of the reactors, and/or at the outlet of the reactors. The calculated values based upon the models were found to be quite compatible with the observed values for the reactors. The applicability of the technique was well confirmed for the quality control, process control, modification of existing plants, and development of new chemical process plants.     

纳米微晶纤维素对炭黑补强天然橡胶硫化特性和耐老化性能的影响（二）

（续上期） 2．5复合材料的老化性能 在热氧条件下,橡胶大分子链断裂致使分子链变短,材料密度增大,宏观上表现为橡胶硬度提高、物理性能下降,即橡胶材料发生了老化。NR的分子链中含有大量不饱和双键,易受到氧及臭氧的侵蚀而破坏,其热氧老化性能有待提高。     

复合材料风扇叶片榫头铺层设计及加工制造

碳纤维复合材料风扇叶片榫头段是铺层数量最多、递减铺层最集中的部位,榫头的铺层质量影响叶片的低周疲劳强度。为完成叶片榫头段的铺层设计,基于铺层设计准则,建立了一种适用于航空发动机复合材料风扇叶片榫头段铺层设计的方法。根据铺层高度大小将铺层分为结构层和插入层,在结构层铺层设计中考虑了高度递减层的角度与铺放位置。在插入层铺层设计中,考虑了单组插入层铺层数量、单组插入层内部铺层顺序及铺层角度、单组插入层形成的坡度、相邻插入层之间的错开距离等五个方面的因素,确定了单组插入层的结构及其在榫头的分布。根据设计方案对榫头进行加工制造,成型的榫头试样件厚度检测质量良好,证实了该铺层设计方法的可行性。