污染源废水中TOC与COD的相关性研究

采用岛津公司的TOC自动分析仪测定不同行业的工业废水和污水处理厂排水中的TOC,同时用实验室的标准方法测定COD。将获得的数据运用统计学的方法加以回归分析,建立线性回归方程,进行相关性检验;并利用回归方程将TOG值换算成COD值后,与实验室分析的实测值比较,计算相对误差。结果表明,涉及的14家企业排放废水中的TOC与COD之间均存在显著的相关性,相关系数为0．718～0．981（各家企业的有效样本数为12～20）;其中9家企业计算的相对误差均小于20％,可以满足污染源水质在线监测的要求,而其余5家企业由于排放废水的成分比较复杂或发生变化,计算的相对误差较大,其定量关系可根据实际情况加以修正。该研究对目前国家实施的节能减排和有机污染物总量控制等举措具有重要意义。     

Heterogeneity of shale documented by micro‐FTIR and image analysis

In this study, four New Albany Shale Devonian and Mississippian samples, with vitrinite reflectance [R_o] values ranging from 0.55% to 1.41%, were analyzed by micro‐FTIR mapping of chemical and mineralogical properties. One additional postmature shale sample from the Haynesville Shale (Kimmeridgian, R_o = 3.0%) was included to test the limitation of the method for more mature substrates. Relative abundances of organic matter and mineral groups (carbonates, quartz and clays) were mapped across selected microscale regions based on characteristic infrared peaks and demonstrated to be consistent with corresponding bulk compositional percentages. Mapped distributions of organic matter provide information on the organic matter abundance and the connectivity of organic matter within the overall shale matrix. The pervasive distribution of organic matter mapped in the New Albany Shale sample MM4 is in agreement with this shale's high total organic carbon abundance relative to other samples. Mapped interconnectivity of organic matter domains in New Albany Shale samples is excellent in two early mature shale samples having R_o values from 0.55% to 0.65%, then dramatically decreases in a late mature sample having an intermediate R_o of 1.15% and finally increases again in the postmature sample, which has a R_o of 1.41%. Swanson permeabilities, derived from independent mercury intrusion capillary pressure porosimetry measurements, follow the same trend among the four New Albany Shale samples, suggesting that micro‐FTIR, in combination with complementary porosimetric techniques, strengthens our understanding of porosity networks. In addition, image processing and analysis software (e.g. ImageJ) have the capability to quantify organic matter and total organic carbon – valuable parameters for highly mature rocks, because they cannot be analyzed by micro‐FTIR owing to the weakness of the aliphatic carbon–hydrogen signal.     

水质在线监测COD/TOC/UV自动测量仪比较研究

水质监测是用科学的方法监视和检测反映环境水质及其变化趋势的各种数据的过程 ,其核心内容是监测与分析评价水资源的质量状况及其变化规律 ,为国家和各级政府开发利用、管理与保护水资源提供科学依据。在我国 ,水体的有机污染是水质污染的主要问题 ,其中主要是工业废水和城市污水造成。因此 ,采用在线自动监测仪器对污染源进行自动监测 ,是治理越来越严重的环境污染的良好基础。本文通过对用于水质在线监测的COD、TOC、UV自动测量仪的工作原理、测试方法、性能特点等的比较研究 ,揭示三者之间的内在联系     

便携式水中有机物快速测定仪的研制和应用

主要介绍一款应用于水质监测的便携式水中有机物快速测定仪的研制工作。以水体中有机物对紫外光有强烈吸收,并符合朗伯一比尔（Lambert—Beer）定律的应用为仪器工作的基本原理;自主创新设计出笔型汞灯点灯电路等关键结构,利用双光束测定方式和高度集成CPU的信号处理系统等措施优化仪器的软硬件环境,实现了仪器模块化、小型化的目标。通过使用该仪器的实例测试表明,仪器具有操作简单、检测快速、性能稳定和方便携带等优点。     

高温燃烧氧化法测定水中总有机碳

采用总有机碳分析仪,通过高温燃烧氧化法将水溶液中的总有机碳氧化为二氧化碳,测定其含量。该方法所测出的总有机碳可以作为评价水体中有机物污染程度的一项重要参考指标。水中总有机碳的测定通过绘制总有机碳标准曲线、精密度实验、准确度实验和加标回收实验等方法,确定了高温燃烧氧化法测定水中总有机碳方法准确可用,为水行业检测水中总有机碳含量提供了重要的参考和依据。     

总有机碳测定仪国产化及使用中若干问题的思考

总有机碳(TOC)分析仪在中国的应用越来越普及，本文就TOC分析仪在研发和应用中应注意的有关问题进行了评述。     

岛津TOC—5000型总有机碳分析仪测定高氯化物含量废水样品及其应用局限

应用岛津TOC－5000型总有机碳分析仪可准确测定氯化物含量大于1000mg/L的废水水样的有机污染程度,但其测定不包括全部颗粒有机物。     

贵阳市集中饮用水源中总有机碳和无机碳的测定

总有机碳是表示水体中有机物含量的参数,本文通过测定贵阳市集中饮用水源及各支流水质的总有机碳值和无机碳值,反映了贵阳市集中饮用水的有机污染况状,为保护和治理饮用水源地提供了数据支持。     

水中总氮无损快速分析方法

总氮（TN）是水质监测的重要指标，快速、准确的检测水体中TN的含量对水质监测具有重大意义。本文在空气背景下使用不同光程石英样品池（1mm、2mm和4mm）采集了55个自然水样近红外光谱(NIRS)，并应用逐步多元线性回归（SMLR）和偏最小二乘（PLS）方法对水样的TN含量进行回归分析，建立相应的定量分析模型。结果发现：样品池为1mm时模型的TN分析值与国标法得到的标准值相关性最高，达到0.97，在显著性水平大于0.05的条件下对近红外光谱分析方法与国标法的测定结果进行t-检验，二者无显著性差异。结果表明，使用近红外光谱分析方法不需任何化学试剂，检测时间短，能够实现水样总氮指标的无损快速分析，并且可以为进一步开发研制总氮在线自动监测系统提供参考。     

AN AMPEROMETRIC TYROSINASE INHIBITION-BASED BIOSENSOR FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SULFITE IN NATURAL WATERS

A tyrosinase-based amperometric biosensor for the determination of sulfite in natural waters is reported based on the inhibitory effect of the analyte on the biocatalytic activity of tyrosinase. Titanium dioxide sol modified with gold nanoparticles, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, and Nafion were used for entrapment of the enzyme. The analytical characteristics of the biosensor were evaluated with respect of sensitivity, limit of detection, repeatability, and reproducibility. The biosensor demonstrated a linear range up to 5.10 μM, a high sensitivity of 0.75 μA/μM, and a low limit of detection, 0.08 μM. Possible matrix effects were examined for ions usually found in water samples. The biosensor was successfully used for the determination of sulfite in spiked spring and surface water.     

总有机碳及其自动在线监测仪的研制

详细论述了总有机碳的基本概念以及在环境监测中的应用。介绍了总有机碳的各几种测定方法，水中总有机碳与COD、BOD间的相互比较，确定总有机碳与COD、BOD间的相关关系。根据对已售总有机碳自动在线监测仪的调研，确定了采用紫外催化．过硫酸钾氧化法测定水中总有机碳的技术路线，开发研制了适合我国国情的水中总有机碳自动在线监测仪。通过大量试验证明，该仪器完全满足《总有机碳（TOC）水质自动分析仪技术要求》（HJ／T104-2003）的要求。     

地表水TOC和CODMn相关关系研究

总有机碳TOC和高锰酸盐指数CODMn是反映水体受有机物质污染程度的重要指标，两个参数可能具有一定的相关关系，要对水体受有机物质污染程度做更加全面的评价，进行TOC和CODMn相关关系研究非常必要。天津市果河桥断面是国家重点水质监控断面，水质好坏关系着天津的饮用水安全。通过对不同季节、不同输水环境时TOC和COD”。相关关系进行的研究分析结果可以看出：在水质基质基本保持稳定时，TOC和COD”。之间显著线性相关；在水体基质发生变化时，TOC和CODmn之间没有相关性。     

原位衍生分析土壤中多种酸性有机农药残留

为克服土壤中酸性有机农药测定的预处理过程复杂、回收率低和二次污染严重等不足,建立了土壤中酸性有机农药原位衍生分析方法。将土壤样品、Na₄-EDTA和水混合均匀,待水分挥发后将样品转移至衍生瓶中,以五氟苄基溴为衍生试剂进行原位超声衍生;萃取液经净化后,采用负化学电离源(NCI)选择离子监测模式测定;同时讨论了络合萃取条件、衍生条件、净化条件、负化学源质谱条件及土壤TOC对样品分析的影响。结果表明：该方法在5~500 μg/L线性范围内,各组分响应峰面积与其相应浓度的线性相关系数r²大于0.998 0;空白基质中不同浓度的加标回收率在80%~110%之间（n=7）,相对标准偏差在8.2%~13%之间（n=7）。应用该方法对不同地域的实际土壤样品进行分析检测,检出了多数酸性有机农药。     

总有机碳（TOC）分析仪测定土壤中TOC的研究

建立了总有机碳（TOC）分析仪测定土壤中TOC的方法,绘制了总碳（TC）和无机碳（IC）的标准曲线。在此条件下,通过连续测定标准样品（GSS-16）验证了该方法的精密度,同时测试了实际土壤样品中TOC的含量。结果显示二者曲线相关系数r=0.9998,表明该方法的标准曲线具有良好的相关线性。实验室内相对标准偏差RSD〈0.05,充分体现了TOC分析仪法精密度高,结果重现性好等优点。     

在线总有机碳分析应用于清洁验证的可行性研究

探讨在线总有机碳（TOC）分析在清洁验证中的应用。方法：在线TOC分析方法经验证后,结合具体设计方案进行在线总有机碳在清洁验证中的实证研究。结论：在线TOC分析在清洁验证中应用具有可行性,能够在为企业节约成本的同时提升产品质量。     

Factors affecting algal blooms in a man-made lake and prediction using an artificial neural network

It is difficult to predict when, where, and how long algal blooms will occur in a water body. The objectives of this study were to determine the factors affecting algal bloom and predict chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) levels in the reservoir formed by damming a river using an artificial neural network (ANN). The automatic water quality monitoring data [water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electric conductivity, total organic carbon (TOC), Chl-a, total nitrogen (T-N), and total phosphorus (T-P)], weather data (precipitation, temperature, insolation, and duration of sunshine) and hydrologic data (water level, discharges, and inflows) in the man-made Lake Juam during 2008–2010 were used to develop a model to predict Chl-a as an indirect measure of the abundance of algae. The ANN was trained using the collected data during 2008–2010 and the accuracy of the model was verified using the data collected in 2011. It was found that Chl-a concentration, TOC, pH and atmospheric and water temperatures were the most important parameters in predicting Chl-a concentrations. The Chl-a prediction was most influenced by the parameters showing the algal activities such as Chl-a, TOC and pH. Due to the relatively long hydraulic retention time of ∼131 days, the inflow and outflow did not affect the prediction much. Likewise, atmospheric and water temperatures did not respond to the change of the Chl-a concentration due to the lake’s relatively slow response to the temperature. Most importantly, T-N and T-P were not the major factors in predicting Chl-a levels at Lake Juam. The ANN trained with the time series data successfully predicted the Chl-a concentration and provided information regarding the principal factors affecting algal bloom at Lake Juam.     

河流底泥沉积物中五氯酚和六氯苯残留的同时测定

建立了冷冻干燥，超声波提取，弗罗里硅土固相萃取净化(Florisil SPE cleanup)，气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)检测河流底泥沉积物中五氯酚（PCP）和六氯苯（HCB）残留的方法。方法加标回收率在91%~ 99%之间，相对标准偏差小于10%。检测五氯酚和六氯苯的方法检出限（干重）分别为0.038 3 μg/g、0.053 2 μg/g。应用该方法进一步研究了取样点底泥沉积物剖面PCP、HCB含量与总有机碳(TOC)的分布特征。由此推测TOC可能是PCP和HCB在底泥沉积物剖面中沿纵深向下层迁移的一个重要载体。     

Automated ultratrace determination of musty odiferous compounds from environmental waters by online purge and trap (P&T) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)

Abstract

Odoriferous compounds are troublesome in natural waters in many parts of the world. The simultaneous determination of these complex compounds due to their low sample concentration and odor thresholds has been difficult. A simple, sensitive and automated technique for the determination of eight odoriferous compounds from aqueous samples was developed using online purge and trap (P&T) coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. P&T was selected to extract and purify the water samples. Several parameters that affect the extraction and concentration performance were investigated, including the trap sorbent, ionic strength, purge time, sample temperature and desorption time. Under the optimal conditions, the adsorption capacity for the Tenax TA sorbent to 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 4-chloroanisole, 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 2-methylisoborneol, 2-tert-butylphenol, 2,4-dichloroanisole, 2,4,6-trichloroanisole and geosmin reached an equilibration when sample volume was 25?ml at a concentration of 150.0?μg/l. The method provided good linearity in the range from 1.0 to1000?ng/l and the limits of detection were from 0.1 to 0.3?ng/l, which are below the odor thresholds for most of these compounds. The proposed method was applied to the determination of eight odoriferous compounds in surface and tap waters with recoveries from 74.7% to 112.8% and relative standard deviations from 2.6% to 10.8%. This method may be widely employed for monitoring odoriferous compounds in water samples.     

两种测定土壤有机碳方法的比较

选取7种有机质含量不同土样,比较了总有机碳分析仪和重铬酸钾氧化法测定土壤有机碳的分析结果。结果表明,总有机碳分析仪的回收率高,测定结果重现性好;重铬酸钾氧化法的回收率低,测定的有机碳含量明显偏高。因此,用总有机碳分析仪测定土壤有机碳更为准确。     

COD快速分析仪的开发和研制

根据纳米TiO2光催化原理，开发研制了一种以光度分析为检测手段的COD快速分析仅。本仪器检测时间短，消解时间在10min以内，操作简单，测量精密度高，能同时测定各类废水及地表水的COD值，且与标准法有良好的相关性．大大降低了对环境的二次污染，实现了对水体中COD值的快速分析。