单分子膜和自组装单分子膜调控生物有机晶体生长

从氢键作用和晶格匹配的角度,讨论了单分子膜和自组装单分子膜(SAMs)调控下有机晶体的生长,这些有机晶体包括甘氨酸、丙胺酸、天冬氨酸等氨基酸;α-乳白蛋白、血红蛋白、C反应蛋白、链霉亲合素等生物大分子.讨论了成膜材料和膜压等因素对膜控有机晶体生长的影响.最后指出了该领域所面临的问题和将来的发展方向.     

Convergent beam electron diffraction — A novel technique for materials characterisation at sub-microscopic levels

This paper presents a review of the developments in Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (CBED), a technique widely used for determination of structure, symmetry details and atom positions in a crystal as small as 20Å in size. The understanding of this technique is related to the rapid advancements in the field of transmission electron microscopy with respect to development of coherent, finer probes and electron optics for higher spatial resolution. Energy filtering devices enable imaging of several finer features in the CBED pattern from which useful information about a crystal can be obtained. These include (i) three-dimensional information about the reciprocal lattice, (ii) point and space group symmetry details, (iii) lattice parameter from regions as fine as 2 nm, (iv) atom positions within a unit cell and (v) defects in crystals and (vi) thickness. Due to abundant data obtained from microscopic regions, this technique is unique and finds wide application in materials characterization. It has been used for studying problems like identification of the presence of lattice strain, identification of point defects etc. in a material used often in the nuclear industry, namely 9Cr-1Mo steel. The present paper provides the current status of CBED starting from its historical development, the information that can be obtained and its use in a variety of applications.     

Structural, electrical, and optical properties of copper indium diselenide thin film prepared by thermal evaporation method

Stoichiometric compound of copper indium diselenide (CuInSe₂) was synthesized by direct reaction of high-purity elemental copper, indium and selenium in an evacuated quartz ampoule. The phase structure and composition of the synthesized pulverized material analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) revealed the chalcopyrite structure and stoichiometry of elements. Thin films of CuInSe₂ were deposited onto organically cleaned soda lime glass substrates held at different temperatures (i.e. 300 K to 573 K) using thermal evaporation technique. CuInSe₂ thin films were then thermally annealed in a vacuum chamber at 573 K at a base pressure of 10^− 2 mbar for 1 h. The effect of substrate temperature (T_s) and thermal annealing (T_a) on structural, compositional, morphological, optical and electrical properties of films were investigated using XRD, transmission electron microscopy, EDAX, atomic force microscopy (AFM), optical transmission measurements and Hall effect techniques. XRD and EDAX studies of CuInSe₂ thin films revealed that the films deposited in the substrate temperature range of 423-573 K have preferred orientation of grains along the (112) plane and near stoichiometric composition. AFM analysis indicates that the grain size increases with increase of T_s and T_a. Optical and electrical characterizations of films suggest that CuInSe₂ thin films have high absorption coefficient (10⁴ cm^− 1) and resistivity value in the interval 10^− 2-10¹ Ω cm influenced by T_s and T_a.     

Electrical properties of zirconium diselenide single crystals grown by iodine transport method

Single crystals of zirconium diselenide (ZrSe₂) were grown by chemical vapour transport method using iodine as the transporting agent. The crystals were found to exhibit metallic behaviour in the temperature range 77–300 K and semiconducting nature in 300–443 K range. The measurements of thermoelectric power and conductivity enabled the determination of both carrier mobility and carrier concentration. The variation of carrier mobility and carrier concentration with temperature indicates the presence of deep trapping centres and their reduction with temperature in these crystals.     

A new method to evaluate the quality of single crystal Cu by an X-ray diffraction butterfly pattern method

A new method for the evaluation of the quality of an Ohno continuous cast (OCC) Cu single crystal by X-ray diffraction (XRD) butterfly pattern was brought forward. Experimental results show that the growth direction of single crystal Cu is inclined from both sides of the single crystal Cu rod to the axis and is axially symmetric. The degree of deviation from the [100] orientation from the crystal axis is less than 5° with a casting speed 10–40 mm/min. The orientation of single crystal Cu does not have a fixed direction but is in a regular range. Moreover, the orientation of stray grains in the single crystal Cu is random from continuous casting.     

Local texture of three-stage CVD SiC fibre by precession electron diffraction (PED) and XRD

Abstract

SiC fibre with the transverse isotropic properties is very important to it reinforced metal matrix composites. In this paper, local texture of the CVD SiC fibre was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and precession electron diffraction (PED) on transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The result from XRD is in agreement with the result obtained from PED. And the result shown that at the first stage of deposition, the preferred direction of SiC grains is almost random and the distribution of grain size is scattered. At the second and third stages of deposition, there are two kinds of texture in SiC fibre, that is, (110)<111> and (110)<115>. Furthermore, the grain size at the second and third stages is about 200 nm and it is lower at the third stage than at the second stage because of the lower temperature at the third stage. The [110] preferred direction along axial direction for SiC fibre is beneficial to the axial tensile strength.     

Characterisation of high temperature oxidation using electron backscatter diffraction

Abstract

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used to characterise the oxide scales formed on a low alloy steel. The technique provides a powerful combination of local phase information and orientational relationships both within and between phase layers. It has revealed that hematite grain growth occurs almost exclusively along the 0001 direction for the entire range of samples examined. Wüstite and magnetite grains were also found to grow preferentially along orientations close to the 001 direction.

EBSD is also well suited to characterising more complex scales such as those formed during hot working (e.g. millscale), and those formed on Fe–Ni alloys. In the latter complementary chemical information from energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), which was acquired simultaneously with the EBSD, enables the identity of crystallographically similar phases to be distinguished. EDS also shows that no nickel exists in the external scale and that it instead accumulates at the interface with the scale and at adjacent grain boundaries.     

HgCdTe探测器应力的多重晶X射线衍射分析

HgCdTe光伏探测器的钝化介质膜应力常常限制其低温性能,利用高分辨率多重晶X射线衍射仪中的三重晶衍射技术和倒易空间作图对钝化介质膜应力进行了表征,发现在较高溅射能量下沉积的钝化膜,由于应力的作用,HgCdTe晶片出现弯曲,并有大量镶嵌结构,而在较低的溅射能量下和热蒸发下沉积的钝化膜,晶面未出现明显弯曲,可获得较低应力的钝化介质层。     

Patterning of ITO films on flexible substrates by using self-assembled monolayer

The patterning of indium tin oxide (ITO) films on flexible polyester (PET) substrates by using a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS) was investigated. After a SAM is deposited on ITO films, the ITO surface hydrophilicity and electron transfer characteristics are altered. The contact angle and electrochemical cyclic voltammetry analyses indicate the optimal process to form a SAM on ITO films operated in a low-humidity environment at 25 ºC for 24 h. The AFM observation shows that the ITO films covered by a SAM can be protected during etching in an oxalic solution, which means a SAM can well play the role of a photoresist during lithographic process.     

Significantly improved stability of n-octadecyltrichlorosilane self-assembled monolayer by plasma pretreatment on mica

It has been well known that plasma pretreatment can stabilize the hydrocarbon silane monolayer self-assembled on a mica surface. However, the extent of this improvement is not well known. To explore this issue, n-octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) monolayers were self-assembled on both untreated and plasma-treated mica surfaces, and their interfacial properties were investigated and compared at various physical conditions (temperature, relative humidity, contact time, high stress, and contact repetition) through the use of surface force measurements. This study revealed that in highly humid conditions (> 90% relative humidity) there is a substantial difference of stability between untreated and plasma-treated surfaces, the OTS monolayer on plasma-treated mica surface being much more stable. In particular, protrusion behavior in the monolayer was always observed in untreated samples, but never in plasma-treated samples during contact repetition experiments. This directly demonstrates that the significantly improved stability directly comes from extensive chemical bonds between OTS molecules and the plasma-treated mica surface.     

An electron diffraction study of quasicrystals in Ti-37 at% Mn and Ti-24 at% Mn-13 at% Fe alloys

Electron diffraction studies were carried out to establish the icosahedral phase formation in rapidly quenched Ti-37 at% Mn and Ti-24 at% Mn-13 at% Fe alloys. Distortions in the diffraction spots and diffuse intensities in the diffraction patterns were investigated. The existence of a rational approximant structure and a decagonal like phase are also reported.     

Spontaneous ordering of composition pattern in an epitaxial monolayer by subsurfacial dislocation array

Continuum phase-field model is adopted to study the phase separation of a binary epilayer grown on the surface of a solid with subsurfacial dislocation array. It is found that there exists interesting competition between the contributions to pattern formation from non-uniform surface stress and the buried dislocations. Numerical simulation demonstrates that various well-ordered composition patterns can be achieved, and their sizes, shapes and spatial orders are controllable in broad ranges.     

GexSi1-x/Si中应变的会聚束电子衍射研究

介绍了会聚束电子衍射（ＣＢＥＤ）技术与计算机模拟相结合测定ＧｅｘＳｉ１－ｘ／Ｓｉ化学梯度层中应变分布的实验结果,提供了一种高空间分辨率,高灵敏度,且适用于任何材料系中微区晶格常数测定及应变分布研究的技术途径。     

热-自组装单分子膜表面改性镁生物材料的腐蚀降解

将Mg和Mg-Ca合金进行热一自组装单分子膜表面改性,并将其试样浸泡在SBF中和植入动物体内进行比较试验,用LKI198B测试腐蚀电流密度,用原子吸收光谱测定溶液中的镁离子浓度,测量试样的质量和溶液pH值的变化,用SEM、XRD,FTIR、EDS等分析其表面形貌、物相组成和成分变化,研究了材料的腐蚀降解特性.结果表明,热自组装膜改善了镁基生物材料的腐蚀抗力和生物活性.纯Mg的腐蚀速率由0.11 mm/y下降到0.05 ram/y,Mg-Ca合金的腐蚀速率由0.38 mm/y下降到0.32 mm/y.植入动物12周后,直径的减小由0.97 mm下降到0.20 mm,界面新类骨质层厚度由2.56 mm增加到3.14 mm.     

Phase identification of oxide scale on low carbon steel

Abstract

The classical model of iron oxide scale layers; wüstite, magnetite and hematite, is more complicated in reality and its properties change with the factors that affect their development, such as time, temperature, alloying elements in the steel and oxidation environment. An understanding of the oxide scale formation and its properties can only be achieved by careful examination of the scale microstructure. Throughout this study, electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) has proved to be a powerful technique for verifying the individual phases in the oxide scale accurately. The results show that EBSD can be used to give a complete characterisation of the oxide scale formed on low carbon steel surface. Microstructural features such as grain size, shape and grain boundary characteristics have been successfully determined and analysed.     

Optimisation of post-drawing treatments by means of neutron diffraction

The mechanical properties and the durability of cold-drawn eutectoid wires (especially in aggressive environments) are influenced by the residual stresses generated during the drawing process. Steelmakers have devised procedures (thermomechanical treatments after drawing) attempting to relieve them in order to improve wire performance. In this work neutron diffraction measurements have been used to ascertain the role of temperature and applied force – during post-drawing treatments – on the residual stresses of five rod batches with different treatments. The results show that conventional thermomechanical treatments are successful in relieving the residual stresses created by cold-drawing, although these procedures can be improved by changing the temperature or the stretching force. Knowledge of the residual stress profiles after these changes is a useful tool to improve the thermomechanical treatments instead of the empirical procedures used currently.     

Domain observation and molecular orientation of chiral dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine monolayer by Brewster angle microscopy and Maxwell displacement current

To understand the relationship between molecular chirality and electrical properties of monolayers, Maxwell displacement current (MDC) behaviors and domain shapes of chiral DPPC monolayers composed of dextro- (d-) and levo- (l-) rotatory molecules at the air-water interface are investigated during monolayer compression using MDC measurement and the Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) system. The experimental results show that for DPPC monolayers of the two pure enantiomers, the π-A isotherms and the MDC behaviors are similar to each other, while the domain patterns of them are mirror shapes of different sizes. This reveals that MDC behaviors due to molecular spontaneous polarization have no relation to chirality but domain shapes closely depend on the molecular chirality. Moreover, the observed domain shapes verify the domain shape theory which was recently developed by Iwamoto et al. [M. Iwamoto, Z.C. Ou-Yang, Phy. Rev. Letts, 93 (2004) 206101].     

Impact of surface modification by addition of self-assembled monolayer for carrier transport of quaterrylene thin films

Quaterrylene field-effect transistors (FETs) were formed on a silicon oxide (SiO₂) layer and on an octadecyltrichlorosilane self-assembled monolayer (OTS-SAM). To elucidate the transport mechanisms in the respective devices, we examined the dependence of carrier mobility on film thickness and temperature. On the OTS surface, a marked increase in the carrier mobility was observed in the initial layers, indicating that the accumulated carriers were distributed closer to the interface than were those on the SiO₂ surface. Moreover, the carrier transport in the respective devices exhibited distinct behaviors in the low temperature range, particularly in the initial layers. On the SiO₂ surface the carrier mobility depended strongly on temperature; the value drastically declined with the decreasing temperature from 300 K down to 60 K. On the OTS surface, the carrier mobility showed temperature-independent transport below 210 K. This maintenance of the carrier transport at low temperatures was caused by the termination of the trap-state density near the interface. These results clearly reveal that the OTS treatment effectively helped improve the interface properties because of a reduction in the density of the carrier traps, dramatically facilitating the carrier transport in the initial layers.     

Role of the carrier gas flow rate in monolayer MoS2 growth by modified chemical vapor deposition

Monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has attracted much attention because of the variety of potential applications.However,its controlled growth is still a great challenge.Here,we report a modified chemical vapor deposition method to grow monolayer MoS2.We observed that the quality of the MoS2 crystals could be greatly improved by tuning the carrier gas flow rate during the heating stage.This subtle modification prevents the uncontrollable reaction between the precursors,a critical factor for the growth of high-quality monolayer MoS2.Based on an optimized gas flow rate,the MoS2 coverage and flake size can be controlled by adjusting the growth time.     

Degradation assessment of welded joints by X-ray diffraction technique

Abstract

X-ray diffraction technique has been recognized as a useful tool for the assessment of material degradation extent after a long-time service. Framework 5 project “XPECTION” was dealing with this task with respect to high-temperature creep degradation of boiler tube steels. This paper summarizes partial results of an experimental programme concentrated on mechanical properties degradation of base metals of steel and Al-alloy test specimens of welded components as a result of fatigue loading.