基于FPGA的数字化中频磁控溅射电源设计

介绍了一种全数字控制的中频磁控溅射电源设计.主电路前级采用直流斩波调压,后级采用全桥逆变的电路结构.控制电路由现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)计算产生高分辨率的数字脉宽调制信号(DPWM)实现.电源工作于恒流模式,通过PID算法调节Buck斩波电路的驱动DPWM来实现闭环控制.全桥逆变电路的驱动信号由FPGA计算产生,通过按键可设置驱动的DPWM,输出所需的固定频率和占空比的矩形波.对于靶面微打弧和强打弧,FPGA采取不同的保护措施.最后制作了5kW的样机进行验证,实验证明,方法可行,具有好的应用前景.     

浅谈锁相环在信号发生器中的应用

锁相环是一种可以产生输出信号相位与输入标准信号相位相关的控制系统。在信号发生器中采用锁相技术,能够使信号频率的稳定度和准确性大大增强。本文重点介绍了锁相环的原理及其在频率合成中的应用。     

基于虚拟锁相放大器的接地网无损检测系统

在接地网无损探测的工程实际中,复杂强干扰会给数据采集带来困难。锁相放大技术能有效从强背景干扰下稳定地提取出微弱的可用信号,在分析变电站测量环境噪声成分的基础上,基于锁相放大器原理,运用虚拟仪器技术设计一种虚拟数字锁相放大器。该锁相放大器利用数据采集卡内部的可编程滤波器进行抗混叠处理,同时对两路传感器输出信号进行采集,利用虚拟信号发生器产生精确的两路0°和90°参考信号,再用数字低通滤波器得到信号的实部和虚部,最后利用成像算法得到接地网的结构图。通过实验室内测试,该锁相放大器具有较高的频率稳定性、幅值和相位测量精度及较强的抗干扰能力。将该锁相放大器用于接地网无损探测系统,在实际变电站得到工程应用。结果表明:该无损探测系统能够应对变电站复杂的电磁环境,可在现场正常工作,并准确探测到接地网结构。     

可编程THz-TDS锁相放大技术

太赫兹时域光谱技术(THz-TDS)其光导天线产生的信号与背景噪声相比极其微弱,需要采用锁相放大技术对信号进行放大处理。根据锁相放大的基本原理和太赫兹时域光谱系统的特点,设计出了基于 AD630的可编程THz-TDS锁相放大系统,该系统能够根据使用要求提供合适的中心斩波频率和带宽值。通过实验得到了由模拟开关控制的可编程带通滤波器在不同中心斩波频率处的输出值和带宽的关系曲线,并通过模拟实验验证了系统对微弱信号的探测能力。最后,在光学延迟线移动速度为1500μm/s,连续扫描的情况下,采集到的THz信号的信噪比在50 dB左右。结果表明,该系统具有中心斩波频率和带宽可调,锁相效果好,体积小,便于太赫兹仪器的集成化等优点。     

一种带移相功能的锁相放大电路设计及仿真

介绍了一种带移相功能的锁相放大电路的设计及仿真,可应用于从噪声中提取微弱信号的领域。锁相放大技术与窄带滤波相似,包括相敏检波和低通滤波,该电路基于相敏检波芯片AD630,并设计0°~360°移相电路,可调节相位保证输入信号与参考信号相位一致,得到输出最大值,经过仿真试验验证,该锁相放大电路可从1000倍的噪声中提取有效信号。     

基于正交锁相放大器的交流电法接收机设计

针对目前野外测量环境复杂,直流电法仪测试结果不稳定、发射电流大导致野外使用不方便等问题,提出将相关检测技术用于低频交流电法接收机的设计方案。采用正弦波交流激发,通过正交锁相放大器测量接收电极上电位差信号的幅值和相位信息,实现复电阻率的低频交流电法仪接收机设计。利用中心频率自动可调的带通滤波器和频率自动跟踪的锁相放大器,在强噪声背景下检测出接收电极上的电位差信号。实验结果表明:在一定频率范围内接收机实现频率自动跟踪测量,准确测量出被测信号的幅值和相位,提高电法仪的测量精度和抗干扰能力。     

WMS温度测量中谐波信号锁相放大器的设计

在波长调制光谱技术(Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy, WMS)温度测量中,传统的锁相放大器测量谐波信号的振幅必须对被测信号及参考信号的相位单独进行调整。针对这一问题,设计了一种基于高精度平衡调制器AD630进行同步相敏检测的谐波信号的双锁相放大器。与传统的锁相放大器相比,所提双锁相放大器利用正交双通道的平方和检测,可以避免被测信号与参考信号进行严格的相位匹配问题。利用Multisim软件构建仿真模型,包括前置高通滤波器、正交双通道的相敏检波器、低通滤波器等部分。理论计算和仿真结果表明,所提方法能够准确检测微弱一次、二次、四次谐波信号的幅度,检测误差小于5%,具有电路简单、运行速度快、线性度高等优点,能够满足WMS温度测量工程应用。     

晶振减振系统的分析

锁相频率源中,晶振作为参考信号对相噪有着重要的影响。在振动条件下,晶振和锁相频率源输出频率的相位噪声恶化。本文详细分析了振动与相位噪声之间的关系。并得到了减振系统的数学模型,经试验验证根据该模型设计的减振系统能有效的减小振动条件下锁相频率源相位噪声的恶化。     

JZ型放大器的维修

JZ型放大器是上海电工仪器厂设计制造的直流晶体管放大器,安装在便携式电位差计和电桥中,用来提高内附检流计的灵敏度。图1是JZ2型放大器的方框图。直流输入信号u_(sr)经滤波调制后,变成交流信号u_3,再经放大和解调变成直流输出u_(sc),使检流计偏转。u_(sc)与u_(sr)的极     

基于Ne5532运放实用直流放大器的设计

论述一种直流放大器的设计方法,采用三运放的仪表放大器放大直流信号,使输出电流大小满足最大电压输出时负载电流的要求.     

Exploring figures of merit associated with the suboptimum operation of class-E power amplifiers

Closed-form design equations for the operation of a class-E amplifier for zero switch voltage slope and arbitrary duty cycle are derived. This approach allows an additional degree of freedom in the design of class-E amplifiers which are normally designed for 50% duty ratio. The analysis developed permits the selection of non-unique solutions where amplifier efficiency is theoretically 100% but power output capability is less than that the 50% duty ratio case would permit. To facilitate comparison between 50% (optimal) and non-50% (suboptimal) duty ratio cases, each important amplifier parameter is normalised to its corresponding optimum operation value. It is shown that by choosing a non-50% suboptimal solution, the operating frequency of a class-E amplifier can be extended. In addition, it is shown that by operating the amplifier in the suboptimal regime, other amplifier parameters, for example, transistor output capacitance or peak switch voltage, can be included along with the standard specification criteria of output power, DC supply voltage and operating frequency as additional input design specifications. Suboptimum class-E operation may have potential advantages for monolithic microwave integrated circuit realisation as lower inductance values (lower series resistance, higher self-resonance frequency, less area) may be required when compared with the results obtained for optimal class-E amplifier synthesis. The theoretical analysis conducted here was verified by harmonic balance simulation, with excellent agreement between both methods.     

锁定放大技术在参量接收阵中的应用

为抑制泵波影响,提取参量接收阵中的微弱差频信号,根据微弱信号探测原理,设计了一个基于锁定放大技术的参量接收阵系统。简要介绍了参量接收阵原理,详细描述了锁定放大技术,以及所设计的参量接收阵系统的工作过程,给出泵波比差频高130 dB时的仿真数据。结果表明,采用锁定放大技术后的参量接收阵系统可对接收的差频信号优化约5 dB。     

一种对超声波连续检测系统中回波信号处理的新方法

“喷淋水耦合多探头高能超声动态检测系统”能对各种刚性管材各处的壁厚进行高速、连续的探测,系统检测效果取决于对回波信号的处理.文章探讨了利用放大及逻辑运算等电路处理方法来处理回波信号以获得稳定的壁厚脉冲的新方法,采用这种新方法还可以通过计算机检测系统多图形地显示壁厚曲线、超标报警.     

Absolute linearity characterization of lock-in amplifiers

In applications where low signal-to-noise ratios are encountered, the use of phase-sensitive detection (PSD) is highly advantageous and is applied widely. However, the characteristics of lock-in amplifiers that utilize the PSD technique, such as the linearity of the output and the gain of these instruments, have not been extensively evaluated. The author proposes a method for measuring the linearity characteristics of lock-in amplifiers and describes how this method was used to measure the linearity factor of three nominally identical commercially available digital lock-in amplifiers. The results of this study show that the linearity factor of these lock-in amplifiers can deviate from unity by more than 0.1% over a factor of 2 change in output. Moreover, the linearity characteristics of these lock-in amplifiers vary from one instrument to the next. The linearity characteristics were shown to be independent of the reference frequency, the time constant, and the temporal profile of the signal being analyzed. However, they were found to be dependent on the sensitivity settings of these instruments. The linearity characteristics of these instruments were observed not to change with time. This implies that, where the uncertainty contribution due to the nonlinearity of a lock-in amplifier is significant, the nonlinearity can be evaluated by using the method described in this article and can be used to apply corrections.     

A Direct Measurement Method of Frequency Responses of the Smart Power IC

Smart power ICs are widely used in universal input power supplies. This paper presents a detailed analysis and scheme design for real-time small-signal modeling method for smart power IC. First, in this method, the switching duty cycle is converted into a voltage output signal based on the operational characteristics of the power IC. The power IC's frequency response is then obtained by measuring the duty cycle output signal and the power IC's control input signal. The modeling system is referred to as sampling the duty cycle of the power IC with a zero-order hold output. Using least-square identification, the smart power IC's dynamic model and transfer function are synthesized from the measurement data. The results of the modeling experiment are discussed, and practical guidelines and error amplifier (EA) design examples are presented for both continuous and discontinuous conduction modes (CCM and DCM). The effectiveness and practicality are verified through experiments.      

平衡式E/F类功率放大器的设计与实现

为了解决功率放大器设计过程中存在的效率低和输入/输出端回波损耗较大的问题,设计了一种工作频率为1.5 GHz的平衡式功率放大器。通过采用3 dB定向耦合器对射频信号进行分配及合成,大大降低了输入/输出端的驻波系数,并将逆F类功率放大器的谐波控制网络引入E类功率放大器的匹配电路中。使用ADS对晶体管进行负载牵引和源牵引,得到晶体管的输入/输出阻抗,同时结合晶体管的寄生参数,在输出匹配电路中对二次谐波、三次谐波分别进行开路和短路处理,且为了进一步提高功率放大器的工作性能,在输入电路结构中抑制了二次谐波。选用GaN HEMT器件CGH40010F晶体管,利用ADS软件进行电路仿真,并采用Rogers4350b高频板材制作该功率放大器的实际测试电路板。仿真优化和实测表明：在输入功率为28 dBm时,该功率放大器的输出功率为41.54 dBm,漏极效率为76.99%,功率附加效率（power additional efficiency,PAE）达到73.59%,输入/输出端驻波系数小于2,同时具有160 MHz的高效率带宽,且最大输出功率较单管功率放大器提高了3 dB。实测结果与仿真数据有一定的误差,但仍有较好的一致性,满足设计指标要求,验证了设计方法的可行性。该设计方法具有效率高和回波损耗低的优势,提高了功率放大器的设计效率,使它在当今高效绿色节能的射频微波通信系统中具有广阔的应用前景。     

新型旋转式压电惯性电机振子的冲击振动分析

新型旋转式压电惯性电机,是一种利用压电双晶片振子作为驱动元件,利用锯齿波作为激励电信号产生惯性冲击力的旋转电机。本文研究压电惯性电机振子在pzt元件激励下的冲击受迫响应。推导出了压电陶瓷片两端电压响应方程,以及压电振子梁的冲击受迫响应方程。分析了激励信号频率对振子梁端部响应的影响规律。同时,分析了不同激励信号占空比情况下振子梁端部响应变化规律,以及结构参数对电机驱动力矩的影响规律。分析了提高电机驱动力矩的有效途径。     

UV excitation thermal lens microscope for sensitive and nonlabeled detection of nonfluorescent molecules

An ultrasensitive and nonlabeled detection method of nonfluorescent molecules on a microchip was developed by realizing a thermal lens microscope (TLM) with a 266-nm UV pulsed laser as an excitation light source (UV-TLM). Pulsed laser sources have advantages over continuous-wave laser sources in more compact size and better wavelength tuning, which are important for microchip-based analytical systems. Their disadvantage is difficulty in applying a lock-in amplifier due to the high (>10(4)) duty ratio of pulse oscillation. To overcome this problem, we realized a quasi-continuous-wave excitation by modulating the pulse trains at approximately 1 kHz and detecting the synchronous signal with a lock-in amplifier. The optimum pulse repetition frequency was obtained at 80 kHz, which was reasonable considering thermal equilibrium time. Furthermore, a permissible flow velocity in the range of 6.6-19.8 mm/s was found to avoid sensitivity decrease due to photochemical reactions and thermal energy dissipation. Under these conditions, we detected adenine aqueous solutions on a fused-silica microchip without labeling and obtained a sensitivity that was 350 times higher than that in a spectrophotometric method. The sensitivity was enough for detection on a microchip with an optical path length that was 2-3 orders shorter than that in conventional cuvettes. Finally, the UV-TLM method was applied to liquid chromatography detection. Fluorene and pyrene were separated in a microcolumn and detected in a capillary (50-microm inner diameter) with 150 times higher sensitivity than a spectrophotometric method. Our method provides highly sensitive and widely applicable detections for various analytical procedures and chemical syntheses on microchips.     

Use of an analytic signal to model interaction between an acoustic wave and a moving target with a time-dependent velocity

The formalism of the analytic signal and its complex envelope is used to model the interaction between an acoustic wave and a moving target in applications involving the Doppler effect. Specifically, it is shown that modeling by means of analytic signal and related concepts is suitable for the interaction between a probing acoustic wave and the scatters included in the investigated medium through which the wave propagates. When such a scatterer is a moving target, the interaction can be viewed as an angular modulation: phase modulation or frequency modulation, depending on which parameter is used as the carried message. The act of demodulating by means of a two-channel lock-in amplifier follows this theoretical modeling closely because this device simply extracts the complex envelope from the modulated signal. In the case of a target with time-dependent velocity, this modeling is very useful because the experimental results are actually the instantaneous phase and the instantaneous frequency of the complex envelope associated with the modulated signal. In this sense the physical phenomenon of interaction between an acoustical wave and a moving target (Doppler effect) can be depicted easily and clearly. Experimental results obtained with a continuous probing wave interacting with a single bubble moving in a fluid at rest are given to illustrate the proposed approach.