焊缝金属的屈服强度和材料的加工硬化对Q345钢焊接残余应力与变形计算精度的影响

建立合适的材料模型是有限元法准确预测焊接残余应力与变形的关键.基于有限元软件ABAQUS,采用热-弹-塑性有限元方法模拟Q345低合金高强钢平板对接接头的焊接残余应力与变形,探讨焊缝金属的屈服强度和材料的加工硬化对焊接残余应力和变形的影响.数值模拟结果表明,与理想弹塑性模型预测的结果相比,材料模型区分考虑母材和焊缝金属的屈服强度会明显增加焊缝及其附近区域的纵向残余应力,材料模型考虑材料的加工硬化及退火软化效应会显著增加焊接接头下表面的纵向和横向残余应力,材料模型考虑焊缝金属的屈服强度和材料的加工硬化及退火软化效应对平板对接接头角变形的影响较小.比较计算结果与试验结果可知,为准确地预测Q345钢接头焊接残余应力与变形,材料模型要区分考虑母材与焊缝金属的屈服强度、材料的加工硬化及退火软化效应.提出的材料模型为采用数值模拟方法高精度地获得Q345低合金高强钢接头或结构的残余应力与变形奠定了理论基础.     

镁/钛异种金属冷金属过渡焊接头应力场的有限元模拟

利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立了镁/钛异种金属冷金属过渡焊接头的有限元模型,对焊接过程中接头的应力场进行了有限元模拟,分析了不同的焊接参数和约束条件下应力场的变化规律,并对模拟结果进行了试验验证。结果表明:随着焊接过程的进行,焊缝处的横向应力和纵向应力均由压应力向拉应力转变;在焊接接头完全冷却后,镁侧的最大横向残余拉应力值为88MPa,钛侧的为192MPa;在焊接接头完全冷却后,焊缝两侧的纵向残余拉应力峰值基本相等,大约为220MPa,钛侧的纵向残余压应力值较大,最大值为265 MPa;采用耦合约束后,模拟得到的残余应力值与试验测试结果更接近。     

TC4钛合金磁控窄间隙TIG焊试板热处理前后三维应力

针对100 mm和31 mm厚TC4钛合金磁控窄间隙非熔化极惰性气体保护焊(Tungsten inert gas, TIG)试板,采用压痕应变法测量表面残余应力分布,采用全释放应变法测量厚度方向的三维残余应力分布。结果表明,两种厚度试板的焊接残余应力数值有所不同:100 mm厚试板表面纵向和横向残余应力峰值高达600～700 MPa,接近材料屈服强度的70%～80%;31 mm厚试板表面纵向和横向残余应力峰值较低,仅达到材料屈服强度的40%～50%。两种厚度残余应力差异较大的原因主要由较大厚度下横向收缩的累积效应造成。经过650℃的焊后真空热处理,两种厚度的焊接试板纵向和横向应力均显著降低,应力降低幅度最高超过50%,剩余残余应力峰值均不超过200 MPa,焊缝处沿厚度方向分布的各向残余应力均接近零值,表面残余应力出现了重新分布。     

超高强耐磨钢NM500多层多道对接接头残余应力的研究

基于SYSWELD软件平台,以新型NM500钢的多层多道对接接头为研究对象,开发一种考虑固态相变的“热-冶金-力学”耦合计算方法来模拟对接接头的温度场、组织体积百分数以及焊接残余应力。同时,采用光学显微镜观察对接接头的显微组织,采用显微硬度计测量接头硬度分布,以及采用小孔法测量对接接头表面残余应力。数值模拟结果与试验测量结果的比较表明：使用实际焊接热输入模拟得到的对接接头超过冶金熔点以上的温度区域与实际焊接接头熔化区吻合较好;纵向残余应力峰值位于紧邻热影响区的母材上,其值约为1 600 MPa,与母材的常温屈服极限相当;横向残余应力在焊缝厚度方向呈现“拉-压-拉”的分布形态。总体而言,数值模拟得到纵向及横向残余应力的大小及分布与试验测量结果吻合较好,验证了“热-冶金-力学”耦合计算方法的有效性。基于数值模拟结果,探讨了NM500钢多层多道对接接头焊接残余应力的形成机理。     

强度和线膨胀系数匹配对焊接残余应力的影响规律

本文采用热弹塑性有限元法研究了焊缝强度匹配和线膨胀系数匹配对焊接动态应力以及残余应力分布的影响规律。计算结果表明,在相同母材(σ_s~p=400MPa)以及等胀匹配条件下(即焊缝线膨胀系数α~w=母材线膨胀系数α~p),焊缝中心纵向残余应力σ_x为拉应力,其值总是接近于焊缝金属屈服强度σ_s~w,且屈服强度的高低不会改变拉应力的性质。在等强匹配条件下(σ_s~w=σ_s~p),焊缝中心σ_x随焊缝线膨胀系数α~w的降低而降低,其性质有可能由于α~w的不断降低而由拉应力转变为压应力。而当α~w高于α~p时,焊缝中心达到σ_s~w后变化不大。     

热输入对电机支架不同位置V型接头焊接热循环和残余应力的影响

利用非线性有限元软件Ma r c建立含6处V型接头的管状电机支架模型,模拟研究了热输入对6处V型接头起弧端热循环以及焊缝区残余应力的影响.结果表明:热输入越高,起弧端温度峰值越高,接头在加热和冷却过程中的受热越均匀;热输入对焊缝前端和末端焊接残余应力的影响较小;对于焊缝中段,热输入越大,焊接残余应力越小,并且除了接头Ⅱ外,其他接头焊缝中段残余应力均表现为拉应力.     

铝-钢异种金属CMT焊接接头应力场的数值模拟

利用ABAQUS有限元软件对铝-钢异种金属冷金属过渡(CMT)焊接过程中焊接接头应力分布进行了数值模拟,分析了应力分布的变化规律,并进行了试验验证。结果表明:不同焊接时间下,焊接接头在钢板和铝合金板侧的von Mises应力分布不对称,其中铝合金板侧承受的应力较钢板侧的小;在焊接过程中,近焊缝处的纵向应力由压应力转变为拉应力,横向应力在焊初始阶段为拉应力,随后变为压应力,再转变为拉应力;在铝合金板侧和钢板侧热影响区的纵向残余拉应力最大,分别为125,208 MPa,位于铝合金板侧和钢板侧的横向残余压应力峰值几乎相同,约为80 MPa;残余应力分布模拟结果与试验结果的拟合优度为0.75,证明了模拟结果的准确性。     

搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊焊接接头的残余应力

利用X射线衍射法测量了铝合金搅拌摩擦焊和钨极氩弧焊(TIG)焊接接头表面的残余应力分布.结果表明:两种接头在焊缝区及其周围的残余应力存在着明显的变化,在平行于焊缝方向,应力呈"W"型的分布,焊缝外残余应力值迅速下降;钨极氩弧焊焊接接头残余应力的最大值位于热影响区;在热影响区,搅拌摩擦焊接接头残余应力平均值比TIG焊接接头的约低15%～25%.     

铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头内部残余应力的短波长X射线测试

采用自制的短波长X射线应力分析仪测定了2024-T351铝合金板搅拌摩擦焊接头的内部残余应力分布。结果表明:接头内部的纵向残余应力呈典型的"M"型分布,且高于横向残余应力,应力峰值位于焊缝热机影响区和热影响区交界附近,测试结果与文献报道结果相符。     

外拘束对接管-安全端焊接接头残余应力和变形的影响

接管与安全端的连接是核岛一回路相关设备中典型的焊接接头,利用有限元法探究了外拘束对焊接接头残余应力分布和变形的影响。结果表明,由于接管侧固定,安全端侧的拘束状态明显影响残余应力,若焊接过程中安全端不受外拘束,则接头轴向弯曲明显,焊缝根部由于弯曲效应发生应变硬化,导致根部存在较大的轴向拉伸残余应力;若焊接中安全端进行固定且焊完去除拘束,则可有效抑制焊接接头的弯曲效应,降低焊缝根部的轴向拉伸应力,而环向残余应力仅略有增大,且主要集中在管壁中间位置,同时近外壁和近内壁区域的峰值环向应力也没有明显增大。     

Effect of post weld aging treatment on tensile properties of electron beam welded AA2219 aluminum alloy

Aluminum alloy 2219 (Al-6.5%Cu) is a favourite age hardenable alloy for aerospace applications because of its excellent welding characteristics. Though AA2219 has got an edge over its 6000 and 7000 series counterparts in terms of weldability, it also suffers from poor joint strength when welded. In this investigation an attempt has been made to improve the welded joint strength through post weld aging treatment. This paper presents the effect of post-weld aging treatment on tensile properties of electron beam welded AA2219 aluminum alloy. Square butt joints were fabricated using an electron beam welding (EBW) machine of 100 kV capacity. The joints were given post-weld artificial aging treatment. Tensile tests were carried out using 100 kN, electro-mechanical controlled universal testing machine. It is found that the post-weld aging treatment is beneficial for improving weld metal hardness and tensile properties. This is mainly due to the uniform distribution of CuAl₂ precipitates in the weld metal region in post-weld aged joints compared to as welded joints as evident from weld metal microstructure.     

不同强韧性组配的16Mn钢焊接接头的断裂性能和裂行为

对16Mn钢不同组配焊接接头的断裂性能和断裂行为进行了试验研究。认为在高应力塑性断裂和高应力脆性断裂状态下,16Mn钢接头的断裂强度为焊缝强度和接头各部分塑性变形能力所决定,提高焊缝强度以及提高焊缝和母材的塑性均有利于提高接头的抗断裂能力;在低应力脆性断裂状态下,接头的抗断裂性能是可以根据焊缝的低温冲击韧度进行评价的。焊接接头各部分塑性变形能力及其相互关系对焊接接头的断裂行为具有不可忽视的影响,是评价接头断裂性能的重要依据。     

相变应力及其改善焊接接头的疲劳强度

基于钢铁材料相变体积膨胀的原理,自行研制成功专用低相变点焊条,在自然冷却条件下焊缝金属依靠相变应力可以获得残余压缩应力。利用所研制的低相变点焊条和普通E5015焊条分别对几种典型的接头进行焊接,疲劳试验证明：在2×106循环次数下,前者的焊接接头疲劳强度比后者提高11%～58%。同时还证明焊接接头的应力集中和拘束度越大,疲劳强度的改善效果越加明显。本方法为改善焊接接头的疲劳强度提供了一条新的途径。     

提高焊接接头疲劳强度的低相变点焊条和超声冲击方法

由于焊趾部位存在有应力集中和残余拉伸应力,焊接接头的疲劳强度远低于基体金属,超声冲击和低相变点焊条的应用是近年来发展的提高焊接接头疲劳强度方法。通过对横向对接焊接接头和纵向角接板焊接接头试件的疲劳试验,在2×106循环次数下与普通E5015焊条焊态试件相比,超声冲击处理的两种型式接头的疲劳强度分别提高50％和71％,低相变点焊条焊接的两种型式接头的疲劳强度分别提高11％和41％,相应接头的疲劳寿命也有大幅度的提高。试验结果说明,两种方法都是提高焊接接头疲劳强度的有效方法,其中超声冲击方法的提高程度较高,而由于免去了焊后加工处理工序,低相变点焊条方法更适合于具有高值残余拉伸应力纵向焊缝焊接接头疲劳强度的改善。     

力学不均匀性对含横向裂纹焊接接头J积分的影响

采用 MARC有限元程序提供的 Delorenzi虚拟裂纹扩展方法计算了平面应力条件下不同强度匹配的焊缝纵向受载的含横向裂纹的焊接接头在不同载荷的广义 J积分。计算结果表明 :力学不均匀性对含横向裂纹焊接接头的 J积分有重要影响 ,低匹配焊接接头中积分路径穿越焊缝与母材界面的 J积分值高于积分路径在焊缝内的 J积分值 ,高匹配焊接接头中积分路径穿越焊缝与母材界面的 J积分值低于积分路径在焊缝内的 J积分值 ;载荷越大 ,焊缝与母材的强度差别越大 ;积分路径中包含的焊缝与母材界面长度越大 ,J积分的差值越大。力学不均匀性对焊缝纵向受载的含横向裂纹的焊接接头 J积分的影响是由焊缝与母材的强度差别及积分路径中包含的焊缝与母材界面长度的不同造成的     

含裂纹强度失配焊接接头弹塑性变形分析

采用有限元方法对平面应变条件下含裂纹不同强度失配的平板拉伸焊接接头的弹塑性变形进行了分析,研究了焊缝与母材强度失配系数、焊缝硬化性能、裂纹长度等对接头塑性变形的影响。结果表明：强度失配系数对接头塑性变形有显著影响。低匹配时,变形首先集中在焊缝中,而高匹配则对焊缝起到了一定的保护作用。失配系数一定时,不同焊缝硬化性能接头的塑性变形发展趋势是一致的;但当外载较大时,局部塑性变形程度不同,焊缝的硬化性能降低,裂尖塑性变形增大。
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Investigation on overlap joining of AZ61 magnesium alloy: laser welding, adhesive bonding, and laser weld bonding

This paper presents the research on weldability of magnesium alloy AZ61 sheets by overlap laser welding, adhesive bonding, and laser seam weld bonding processes. Microstructures and mechanical properties of the joints are investigated. In overlap laser welding, the joint fractures at the interface between the sheets and maximum shear strength can reach 85% of that of the base metal. Off-center moment during tensile shear test can lead to the strength loss, while the weld edge can also influence the strength as a cracking source. Adhesive bonded joint can offer high tensile shear failure force but low peel strength. Laser weld bonded joint offers higher tensile shear failure force than either laser welded joint or adhesive bonded joint does, and the improved failure load is due to combined contribution of the weld seam and the adhesive. The weld seam can block the adhesive crack propagation, and the adhesive improves the stress distribution, so they can offer a synergistic effect.     

Residual stress measurement on propellant tank of 2219 aluminum alloy and study on its weak spot

This paper presented residual stress measurement on two circumferential Variable polarity plasma arc welding (VPPAW) joints and one circular closed Friction stir welding (FSW) joint on the propellant tank of 2219 aluminum alloy using the indentation strain-gauge method. Quite large tensile residual stresses were attached to the center and inner areas of the circular closed FSW joint. There were very large tensile stresses in some points of the two circumferential VPPAW joints, among these points, the maximum value was +253 MPa, which was about 63 % of the yield strength of 410 MPa measured in the base material. In addition, the peak of compressive residual stress was about -160 MPa. Above all, there were two typical peaks of residual stress in the circumferential VPPAW joints, one was located in the middle part while the other one was near the start/end position of the joints. Combining the result of residual stress measurement with the characteristics of the tank structure, it can be concluded that circular closed FSW joint around the flange was a weak spot on the propellant tank. And the most vulnerable point on the circular closed FSW joint has also been found.     

Design of a laser welded thin metal tube structure incorporating welding distortion and residual stress

The welding process, incorporating rapid heating and cooling, generates distortion and residual stress in the welded structures. In the design of a high quality welded structures, the weld distortion and residual stress have to be considered in advance. Especially, for the thin metal welded structures, the thermal distortion and residual stress have a severe effect on the structure’s precision, fatigue strength, buckling strength and so on. This study aims to analyze the design candidates of a laser welded thin metal tube structure in the view point of welding distortion and residual stress. Three design candidates were fabricated, and then the distortion was measured. And the residual stress distributions were calculated by using a commercial FEM package. The analysis results show that the distortion and residual stress were affected according to the position of weld line and the design of structure. By using the analyses the best one among the three design candidates was selected finally.     

激光焊接对镀锌平板力学性能及拉伸断口影响研究

采用光纤激光对海工装备中的镀锌平板进行焊接,对镀锌平板焊接接头母材区、热影响区、焊缝区的微观硬度进行测量,研究了焊接试样的拉伸性能和断口形貌。结果表明,激光焊接接头的强度和硬度均高于母材。焊缝区接头组织获得了低碳马氏体,因而接头硬度不及热影响区高。