Comprehending envy.

The authors reviewed the psychological research on envy. The authors examined definitional challenges associated with studying envy, such as the important distinction between envy proper (which contains hostile feelings) and benign envy (which is free of hostile feelings). The authors concluded that envy is reasonably defined as an unpleasant, often painful emotion characterized by feelings of inferiority, hostility, and resentment caused by an awareness of a desired attribute enjoyed by another person or group of persons. The authors examined questions such as why people envy, why envy contains hostile feelings, and why it has a tendency to transmute itself. Finally, the authors considered the role of envy in helping understand other research domains and discussed ways in which people cope with the emotion. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A moderated mediation model of the relationship between organizational citizenship behaviors and job performance.

Addressing numerous calls for future research on understanding the theoretical mechanisms that explain the relationship between organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and job performance, this study focused on how an employee's relationships with coworkers mediate the relationship between his or her OCBs and his or her job performance. It also looked at how task autonomy might moderate this mediated relationship. The results of an empirical study involving 364 jewelry designers, 310 coworkers, and 284 supervisors indicated that coworker relations mediated the relationship between OCBs and job performance. In addition, task autonomy positively moderated both paths of this mediated relationship. Finally, these results hold for OCBs that are targeted at individuals but not for OCBs that are targeted toward organizations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Patient's capable of managing--basic process of psychiatric nursing in a hospital environment

The aim is to describe the basic process of psychiatric nursing in a hospital environment and to produce a practical theory of psychiatric nursing by the grounded theory method. The data were collected by means of observation and interviews and analysed simultaneously, so that the preliminary results and experience gained in the field shaped the data collection process. The data were subjected to continuous comparison analysis and classified into categories by open coding. The basic process was identified by means of axial coding and theoretical memos. The selective coding consisted of related categories grouped around a core category. The basic process of psychiatric nursing involves the patient's needs for care, the helping methods available and the objectives of care. The patient needs help because of his/her inability to manage in daily life, and the role of nursing is to help the patient to manage. The basis of psychiatric nursing lies in caring for the needs of the patient by employing various helping methods. Patient management consisted of three categories, each subsuming three subcategories. Examination of the content of these led to the identification of different types of psychiatric nursing, labelled as confirming, educating and catalytic. The results suggest that collaborative methods in psychiatric nursing enable and support the patient's participation in his/her care and show that both nurses and patients consider collaboration a good helping method, although requiring a change in attitudes and activities for both the nurse and the patient. In spite of changes in psychiatric nursing, there has been no essential development, as most of the care provided is still normative and traditional and the patient is a passive recipient.     

Reintrojection therapy: A procedure for altering parental introjects.

Proposes that clients can be helped to deal with formative relationships through reintrojection therapy procedures that are introduced after work dealing with resentments, appreciations, and other unfinished business pertaining to the parent has been accomplished. The reintrojection procedure includes having the client select an early scene that exemplifies the parent's attitude, behavior, and/or feelings toward the client. The therapist elicits more information; then the client changes chairs and assumes the role of the parent who is honest with him/herself and honest with the therapist. If the client takes back his/her own role and states what has been learned and no change has taken place, the procedure is terminated. If understanding has occurred, the client is asked to reassume the role of the parent and express parent feelings about the client. (4 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Influence of community and plant characteristics on job attitudes of manual workers.

Administered a questionnaire to 2,543 female manual workers to examine relationships between job attitudes and the population characteristics of 10 communities in which Ss were employed. Several suggested causes of job attitude-community relationships were also evaluated, particularly the effect of certain plant characteristics. The relationships obtained related mainly to Ss' attitudes toward their pay and the nature of their work. Results suggest that workers from urban-type communities are better disposed to accepting rationalized and paced work than those from rural areas. Several attitude-population relationships were affected by within-plant characteristics. Results provide some support for the hypothesis that community factors affect workers' job attitudes by creating a frame of reference within which judgments are made. (20 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Perceived organizational support.

Administered a survey of perceived organizational support (SPOS) to 361 employees (among them postal clerks, financial trust company employees, and manufacturing firm workers) and 71 private high school teachers in 2 studies. Teachers also completed an exchange-ideology questionnaire that measured their belief that work effort should depend on treatment by the organization. Results show that (a) employees in an organization form global beliefs concerning the extent to which the organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being, (b) such perceived organizational support reduces absenteeism, and (c) the relation between perceived organizational support and absenteeism is greater for employees with a strong exchange ideology than those with a weak ideology. These findings support the social exchange view that employees' commitment to the organization is strongly influenced by their perception of the organization's commitment to them. Perceived organizational support is assumed to increase the employee's affective attachment to the organization and his/her expectancy that greater effort toward meeting organizational goals will be rewarded. It is concluded that the extent to which these factors increase work effort depends on the strength of the employee's exchange ideology favoring the trade of work effort for material and symbolic benefits. (38 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nurses who work in general medical practices: a Victorian survey

A questionnaire survey of 452 general medical practices in Victoria attracted responses from 277 practices, many of which did not employ nurses. The 93 respondents from 85 practices who were nurses reported that they enjoyed flexible working hours and stable employment. While their main reason for working in GPs' rooms was convenience, the most important aspect of their work was interaction with patients and fellow workers. Sixtyseven percent of nurses thought continuing education in specific skills was necessary for their work, 43% thought a post-registration qualification in community health nursing would be desirable and 47% thought a special interest group of nurses working in medical practices would be useful.     

Behavioral validation of several values from the Rokeach Value Scale as an index of honesty.

Of 131 female line workers responding to an attitude questionnaire, 39% returned the scoring pencil which was furnished with their questionnaire. It was hypothesized that the act of returning the pencils was related to the employee's feelings about being honest. As the great bulk of the employees were members of strict religious denominations, it was also hypothesized that the act of returning the pencils might be related to the hoped for attainment of a religious end state, i.e., salvation. Honest and Salvation are 2 of 36 values of the Rokeach Value Scale. Results are consistent with the hypotheses. In addition 2 other values, A World At Peace and Helpful appeared to distinguish between pencil returners and nonreturners. The Rokeach Value Scale may prove to be a potentially useful predictor of honesty in a corporate setting. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Power or the lack of it in nursing care

Power is required to obtain professional goals. The aim of this study is to clarify the significance of power and the lack of it in the opinions of nurses and in prevailing nursing practice. The power of the nurse was measured by the nurse's own assessment of her/his capability to improve the quality of nursing care. The data were collected from all the registered nurses (n = 179) of five hospitals. The response was 70%. The powerful nurses had more knowledge, were better motivated, implemented policies more often, acted consciously towards nursing goals and collaborated better than the powerless nurses. The results demonstrated that nurses who had enough power possessed both wider and deeper cognitive and moral dimensions and had better skills in human interaction than did the powerless nurses.     

Nursing students' experience bathing patients for the first time

This study describes nursing students' experience bathing an adult patient for the first time. The students feared giving their first patient a bath and voiced concern about harming him or her. They discovered that it was easier when they were paired with another student and acknowledged being supported by fellow nursing students. Beginners were uncomfortable about exposing and touching the patient's private body parts and were surprised when patients helped them through the bath.     

Working with key players for psychological and mental health public services.

Key players must be located and identified in order to perform public service. For doing this, a model for organizing a societal mental health program, which includes the 3 agency categories of voluntary, official, and professional, is presented. It shows that psychologists can function in any community, from local to international, in each category. The author portrays some of the forces that turned him to public service. Then he cites his public service experience in various communities, such as the mental health association, the official mental health program, the psychological association, and the university. He identifies key players and explains methods of working with them. Finally, he summarizes some requisite skills for successful service activities. Primary among the skills are locating and relating to key community decision makers and understanding how the helping community functions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationships between job difficulty, employee's attitude toward his job, and supervisory ratings of the employee effectiveness.

Using correlational techniques, an investigation was made of the relationships between job difficulty (estimated by job evaluation factors), employee attitudes toward his job, and job environment, and supervisory ratings of employee performance. As job difficulty increased, employee attitudes were significantly more positive toward the job, management, and communication, and opportunity for advancement. Partial correlations showed that the relationship between job satisfaction and job difficulty increased when the effects of general morale were eliminated. Supervisory ratings of employee effectiveness were significantly rated (negatively) to employee salary and job tenure. Correlations between employee's attitude dimensions indicate increasing complexity of job content and increased content with people as a part of the job, are positively related to an employee's attitude toward his job. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Development of the giant fiber neuron of Drosophila melanogaster

The origins and vicissitudes of envy are discussed from the viewpoints of Boris and the Kleinians. Their ideas, coupled with a relational perspective of the therapeutic process, enrich our understanding and inform our work concerning the emergence, processing, and working through of envy in the therapy group. A variable in the negative therapeutic reaction, envy can be destructive to the therapy process. It is proposed that envy, accompanied by shame and guilt, is likely to enter the group via enactments. They are fueled by projective identification, which, if ignored, impede the continuation of the group process. Four clinical vignettes illustrate how envy enters the group and how the group functions as a container and transformational object as it processes the projective identifications and works through the enactments.     

On the domestication of envy.

In response to the debate between followers of Klein and other theorists about the origins of envy, this article proposes an alternative account of the career of envy in development. This account is located against the background of current thinking about the relationship between preoedipal and oedipal dynamics. Its argument is grounded in concepts found in Winnicott's theories of development in general as well as in his writings specifically on envy; however, as part of its argument, this article offers a critique of the latter in light of the former. It is proposed that envy represents one possible response to the state of being overwhelmed or impinged on, which is then shaped, within a given environment, by subsequent experience and refinements in the capacity for judgment that are made by the infant in the course of discovering the world. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Old, in need of care and homosexual. Experiences of an patient and his nursing team

As many other homosexuals of his generation, Mr. X had to lead to double life. Now over 80 years old, he continues to live according to its rules. His behaviour, his effeminate nature and his sexual reactions evoke feelings of disgust, anger and rejection-emotions that have a relieving effect on the team. Those members of the nursing staff that allow these emotions to arise assume that Mr. X makes use of nursing care as a means of sexual stimulation. Both patient and team suffer from this situation. On the other hand there are also moments of true affection and fascination. This qualitative individual study gives a methodological framework for research by using interpretative biography. The results show how social contempt, involuntary prejudices and mental hospitalism serve each other's purposes.     

The Tanner Mandibular Appliance

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether the human and economic investment of resources in the further training of nursing and nursing assistants is justified. The study focused in particular on the transfer of knowledge from training course to working practice. It was carried out as a case study in Ringk?bing County, Denmark, during 1993/94. The population consisted of 49 nurses and 49 nursing assistants. The study showed that the participants took a keen interest in the courses. The learning process was found relevant by the nurses, but not by the nursing assistants. Neither group found that their expectations of getting more knowledge were satisfied. With respect to job-behaviour, the study confirmed the hypothesis that the practising of the content of the course will depend on the support and interest of the head of the department towards a goal-oriented development of competence and structure. If such support and interest is lacking, the course-participant will only change her own working practices, independent of the organizational structure.     

Extending the bases of subjective attitudinal ambivalence: Interpersonal and intrapersonal antecedents of evaluative tension.

Researchers have conceptualized ambivalence as resulting from the conflicting positive and negative thoughts and feelings that a person holds toward an attitude object (intrapersonal discrepancy). The authors investigated the hypothesis that perceived interpersonal attitudinal discrepancies can also contribute to feelings of subjective ambivalence beyond that determined by intrapersonal discrepancy. Study 1 revealed that the perception of attitudinal discrepancy with one's parents was associated with greater feelings of ambivalence. Studies 2 and 3 found increased ambivalence as a function of manipulated interpersonal discrepancies. Study 4 replicated and reversed the effect, revealing that interpersonal attitudinal discrepancy with a disliked other was associated with less ambivalence. Together, these studies provide support for the proposition that, because of balance processes, interpersonal relationships influence feelings of subjective ambivalence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Immunisation against bovine vibriosis due to Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus biotype intermedius

At Norristown State Hospital a mobile Team of workers was organized to give personalized and preventive psychiatric, medical and social attention to distressed elderly people within the communities served by this large psychiatric institution. The Team's mobility permitted flexible approaches to problem-solving at the person's own home or other places of residence. Over its 8.5 years of existence the Team evaluated 1,438 elderly persons and acted in a consultant capacity to 77 nursing or retirement homes. Most of these clients were treated successfully within the community; only 222 required admission to the parent hospital during that time. Those treated in their own homes usually were able to maintain or improve the quality of their lives. The timely psychiatric, medical and social help often uncovered physical and social factors that previously had been overlooked.     

Distinguishing the experiences of envy and jealousy.

Describes the nature and significance of the distinction between the emotions of envy and jealousy and reports 2 experiments that empirically investigated it. In Exp 1, Ss recalled a personal experience of either envy or jealousy. In Exp 2, Ss read 1 of a set of stories in which circumstances producing envy and jealousy were manipulated independently in a factorial design. Both experiments introduced new methodologies to enhance their sensitivity, and both revealed qualitative differences between the 2 emotions. Envy was characterized by feelings of inferiority, longing, resentment, and disapproval of the emotion. Jealousy was characterized by fear of loss, distrust, anxiety, and anger. The practical importance of this distinction, the reasons for its confusion, and general issues regarding the empirical differentiation of emotions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)