Rheological evaluation of ethylene vinyl acetate polymer modified bitumens

The morphological, thermal and fundamental rheological characteristics of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer modified bitumens are studied in this paper. Nine plastomeric EVA polymer modified bitumens (PMBs) have been produced by laboratory mixing bitumen from three sources with an EVA copolymer at three polymer contents. The morphology, thermal properties and rheological characteristics of the EVA PMBs have been analysed using fluorescent microscopy, differential scanning calorometry and dynamic mechanical analysis using a dynamic shear rheometer, respectively. The results of the investigation indicate that EVA polymer modification increases binder stiffness and elasticity at high service temperatures and low loading frequencies with the degree of modification being a function of bitumen source, bitumen–polymer compatibility and polymer concentration. Filler type modification is evident at low temperatures, temperatures above the melting temperature of the semi-crystalline EVA copolymer and for those modified binders that do not exhibit a dominant polymer network.     

Evaluation of the improved properties of SBR/weathered coal modified bitumen containing carbon black

One problem of polymer modified bitumens (PMBs) is the poor compatibility between polymer and bitumens. In this paper, the improved properties of bitumen binders containing various kinds of additive including styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), weathered coal (WC) and carbon black (CB) under different concentrations are investigated. To assess the effects of the type and concentration of the additive on classical properties of bitumen binders, the softening points, penetration, penetration index (PI), ductility and Fraass breaking points before and after RTFOT aging are tested. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of these binders before and after ageing had been characterized by dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) using a combination of temperature and frequency sweeps. With higher polymer concentrations, it produced a highly elastic network which increases the viscosity, complex modulus and elastic response of the PMBs, particularly at high service temperatures. However, ageing of PMBs tended to result in a decrease in the elastic response of the modified bitumens. It also has been confirmed that the morphology observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed the compatibility among SBR, WC and bitumen. The storage stability of binder was also improved significantly.     

Preparation and properties of bitumen modified by EVA graft copolymer

This paper presents a laboratory study of modified bitumen containing ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and ethylene vinyl acetate grafted maleic anhydride (EVA-g-MAH) copolymers. When the different polymers were added, the physical properties of modified bitumens, such as softening point, ductility at low temperature and storage stability at high temperature are changed. The polymer modified bitumens (PMBs) were analyzed by thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermal characterizations showed that the main decomposition stage refers to samples with modifiers exhibited a slight increase in thermal stability and the sample with the highest stability was EVA-g-MAH PMBs. FTIR analysis suggested that it is difficult to prove the EVA-g-MAH has reacted with the functional group in bitumen by FTIR spectrum. The dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests reported that added content of EVA-g-MAH has great effect on the rheological properties of the binder and its high temperature performance was improved while its temperature susceptibility was reduced in compare to EVA modified bitumens binder.     

Effects of nanoclay on rheological properties of bitumen binder

Nanoclays are the new generation of processed clays of interest in a wide range of high performance composites. In other words, nanoclay is defined as clay that can be modified to make the clay complexes compatible with organic monomers and polymers. Here, it can be said that the polymeric nanocomposites are among the most exciting and promising classes of materials discovered recently. A number of physical properties can be enhanced successfully when as a polymer is modified with small amount of nanoclay on condition that the clay is dispersed at nanoscopic level. This research has accomplished a comparative rheological test on the unmodified and nanoclay modified bitumen. For that matter, so, two types of nanoclay were used: nanofil-15 and cloisite-15A. The nanostructure exfoliation of nanoclay platelets in bitumen has been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the present research, although the empirical rheological test on bitumen are penetration, softening point, ductility and ageing effect, the fundamental rheological test by dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) is conducted on modified and unmodified bitumen. Test results show that while nanoclay changes rheological properties of bitumen and increases stiffness, it also decreases angle phase and improves ageing resistances, as well.     

Properties of polymer-modified mortars using epoxy and acrylic emulsions

Water based polymer systems are often used for improvement in the properties of plain cement mortar or concrete. Presently, latexes of a single or combinations of polymers like polyvinyl acetate, copolymers of vinyl acetate–ethylene, styrene–butadiene, styrene–acrylic, and acrylic and styrene butadiene rubber emulsions are generally used. One of the limitations of these polymer systems is that they may re-emulsify in humid alkaline conditions. To overcome this problem, an epoxy emulsion based polymer system has been developed. In this paper the properties of the cement mortar modified with this newly developed epoxy emulsion are compared with those of the acrylic-modified mortar. The results showed that the mortars with the newly developed system have superior strength properties and better resistance to the penetration of chloride ions and carbon dioxide.     

A model for dynamic creep evaluation of SBS modified HMA mixtures

The specimens, according to the Marshall Stability testing procedure, of hot mix asphalt (HMA) containing bitumen modified with styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) have been constructed in the laboratory and tested under dynamic loading for permanent deformation using Suleyman Demirel University Asphalt Tester equipment (SDU-Asphalt Tester). Analysis of data shows that the permanent deformation of the samples may be modeled in terms of the specimen’s characteristics in a very satisfactory manner. Benefits of adding styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) in variant quantities and in variant types of additive to asphalt cement (AC-60/70) were investigated. Initial research was done to determine the physical properties of asphalt cement and modifiers. Fifteen asphalt binder recipes were prepared with two types of gradation, six different contents of bitumen, four different contents of polymer, three different types of polymer. After that, Marshall samples were prepared by using the modified and unmodified control asphalt binders. The results of investigation indicate that asphalt mixtures modified by any SBS additive gives the best permanent deformation resistance in the tests carried out in this study, so that, this modification increases physical and mechanical properties of asphalt binder. In this study, total deformation of each sample was calculated using a newly developed equation containing variables of mixture characteristics. In addition to these, to develop a model that could fit the creep curve a new logarithmic model derived from first 100 preconditioning loading was developed instead of power law function model for first stage of permanent deformation curves.     

Laboratory study on the low temperature physical hardening of conventional and polymer modified bitumens

Physical hardening is a reversible process that may influence the long-term performance of a material. In this paper, physical hardening of five unmodified and 35 polymer modified bitumens was studied using a bending beam rheometer (BBR). The modified binders were prepared by mixing 3, 6 or 9% styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS), styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) or ethylene butyl acrylate (EBA) polymers with different base bitumens. The binders were isothermally stored at low temperatures (−15, −25 and −35°C) for different times ranging from 0.5 to 32 h. The results indicated that physical hardening significantly influenced the creep response of the binders, and the hardening index and horizontal shift factor were strong functions of isothermal storage temperature. Unlike the shift factor, the hardening index did not always increase with decreasing storage temperature. At a given storage temperature, a statistical correlation was observed between the two parameters. It was also shown that degree and kinetics of physical hardening were dependent on the base bitumens, and in most cases, the effect of polymer modification was insignificant.     

Laboratory comparison of the crumb-rubber and SBS modified bitumen and hot mix asphalt

The use of crumb rubber (CR) recycled from waste tires using an ambient grinding process was evaluated at two stages in asphalt formulation. First, bitumen modified with crumb rubber was evaluated by rotational viscometery (RV), dynamic shear rheometry (DSR) and conventional binder tests. Hot asphalt mixtures including crumb-rubber-modified bitumen were then evaluated by determining the permanent and fatigue characteristics and stiffness moduli of control and modified mixtures. The properties of the crumb-rubber-modified bitumen and asphalt mixtures were compared to different contents of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) modified-bitumen and asphalt mixtures. The tests showed that to achieve the same performance, as with SBS-modification, the CR-content must be used at much higher than SBS. 8%-CR modification was determined as the most suitable content according to both binder and mixture tests.     

Predicting stripping and moisture induced damage of asphalt concrete prepared with polymer modified bitumen and hydrated lime

Many highway agencies have been experiencing premature failures that decrease the performance and service life of pavements. One of the major causes of premature pavement failure is the moisture damage of the asphalt concrete layer. Many variables affect the amount of water damage in the asphalt concrete layer such as the type of aggregate, bitumen, mixture design and construction, level of traffic, environment, and the additive properties that are introduced to the bitumen, aggregate or bitumen–aggregate mixture.This study is aimed to determine the effect of additives such as hydrated lime as well as elastomeric (SBS) and plastomeric (EVA) polymer modified bitumen (PMB) on the stripping potential and moisture susceptibility characteristics of hot mix asphalt (HMA) containing different types of aggregate (basalt–limestone aggregate mixture and limestone aggregate). The stripping properties and moisture susceptibility characteristics of the samples have been evaluated by means of captured images and the Nicholson stripping test (ASTM D 1664) as well as the modified Lottman test (AASHTO T 283), respectively.The results indicated that hydrated lime addition and polymer modification increased the resistance of asphalt mixtures to the detrimental effect of water. Moreover, it was found out that samples prepared with SBS PMB exhibited more resistance to water damage compared to samples prepared with EVA PMB.     

Low-temperature properties of styrene–butadiene–styrene polymer modified bitumens

Low-temperature properties of the modified bitumens containing styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) polymers were investigated using conventional methods, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and bending beam rheometer (BBR). Effects of the characteristics of base bitumens and polymers and the proportion of the components on these properties were studied. The results indicated that SBS polymers improved low-temperature properties of bitumens. The degree of improvement generally increased with SBS content and were influenced slightly by SBS structure. The study also showed a statistically linear relationships between different low-temperature parameters.     

北京冬奥会崇礼太子城冰雪小镇地下防水施工技术

崇礼太子城冰雪小镇是北京冬奥会重点配套设施,地下工程采用混凝土刚性自防水与柔性卷材、涂料共同设防的方式,其中底板部分为高分子自粘胶膜防水卷材预铺反粘施工,侧墙部位为非固化橡胶沥青防水涂料与自粘聚合物改性沥青防水卷材的复合施工,从多方位全面保障了防水效果。     

Improving the performance of Crumb Rubber bitumen by means of Poly Phosphoric Acid (PPA) and Vestenamer additives

Paralleled to the numerous researches on Crumb Rubber (CR) modified bitumen, some limited work-studies have also been implemented on the effects of specific chemical modifiers, such as Poly Phosphoric Acid (PPA) and Vestenamer, on the performance of bitumen. The main difference between present research and previous ones is simultaneous evaluation of these additives on bitumen performance grade. In this research, five samples of modified bitumen were prepared using PG58-22, PPA, Vestenamer, and various CR percentages. The samples were classified according to the superpave performance grading system. The results indicate that these modifiers have significantly improved the performance of bitumen.     

Effect of waste polymer modifier on the properties of bituminous concrete mixes

In the present study, the effect of waste polymer (nitrile rubber and polyethylene in 1:4 ratio) modifier (WPM) on various mechanical properties such as Marshall stability, flow, Marshall quotient (stability to flow ratio), resilient modulus and permanent deformation potential of bituminous concrete overlays has been evaluated. The Marshall tests of the waste polymer modified bituminous concrete (WPMB) mixes, prepared through dry process, indicated the optimum waste polymer modifier content to be 8% (by weight of optimum bitumen content). The waste polymer modified bituminous mix containing 8% WPM showed considerable improvement in various mechanical properties of the mix compared to the conventional bituminous concrete mix.     

聚合物裹砂改性水泥砂浆的性能研究

采用一种新的工艺,即聚合物裹砂工艺配制丙苯胶乳（Ａｃｒｏｎａｌ Ｓ－４００）和丁苯胶乳（Ｓｔｙｒｏｆａｎ ＳＤ６２２Ｓ）聚合物改性水泥砂浆,并对其进行了物理力学性能的测试。结果显示,用聚合物裹砂工艺配制的水泥砂浆的性能优于相同聚合物掺量下用普通工艺配制的水泥砂浆的性能,而且在较低聚合物掺量的条件下能达到较好的力学性能。丁苯胶乳可明显改善新拌水泥砂浆的流动性;丙苯胶乳本身虽无减水作用,但在加入少量改性剂后便能获得与不掺聚合物新拌水泥砂浆相同的流动度。     

聚合物水泥砂浆强度和阻尼性能试验研究

利用聚合物的高阻尼性能,在普通水泥砂浆中分别加入不同比例的羧基丁苯乳液和聚醋酸乙烯乳液,每组制作了6个 T 型试件测定各种聚灰比下的阻尼值,并同批制作棱柱体试件,用以测试两种不同的聚合物乳液的掺入对水泥砂浆强度性能的影响。试验结果表明:在相同水灰比的条件下,随着聚灰比的增加,羧基丁苯乳液对于水泥砂浆阻尼性能的提高要比聚醋酸乙烯乳液有效,而抗折强度和抗压强度呈下降的趋势,前者在保持水泥砂浆强度方面也比后者表现要好。     

Influence of aging on the evolution of structure,morphology and rheology of base and SBS modified bitumen

The influence of aging on the evolution of structure, morphology and rheology of base bitumen and SBS modified binders was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), respectively. Two laboratory simulation aging methods, named standard rolling thin film oven (RTFO) test and pressure aging vessel (PAV) test were applied in this study. The aging temperature of PAV was selected at 60 °C, which is considered to be consistent with the real high temperature within an asphalt pavement in the field. After aging, it was found that more carbonyl and sulphoxide groups but less chain segments of butadiene were available. With the oxidation of base bitumen and the degradation of SBS segments, obvious asphaltene micelles appeared in both binders, consistent with the changes of softening point and rheology of base bitumen and SBS modified binders.     

Investigation of effects of Cocamide Diethanolamide chemical on physical and rheological properties of bituminous binder

In this study, bituminous binder was modified with Cocamide Diethanolamide chemical, a non-ionic surfactant, and the physical and rheological properties of modified binders were investigated. In addition, Cocamide Diethanolamide has been used for the first time to modify bituminous binder, and this situation makes the study distinctive. Bituminous binder was modified more than once with the chemical by changing modification parameters and using certain additive ratios (1%, 3%, and 5%). The effects of different modification parameters and chemical additive on modified samples were investigated with conventional bitumen tests (softening point, penetration, ductility) and Superpave tests (rotational viscometer, rolling thin film oven test, pressure aging vessel, dynamic shear rheometer, bending beam rheometer). In addition, the structural characteristics of the reference binder and modified samples were examined by X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The examinations showed that Cocamide Diethanolamide softens bituminous binder and lowers processing temperatures. In addition, compared to reference binder, rutting resistances of modified bituminous binders decreased with the increase of additive ratio. However, modification with Cocamide Diethanolamide increased the resistance to fatigue cracks and thermal cracks.     

SBR胶乳掺量对改性乳化沥青性能的影响

为研究丁苯橡胶(SBR)胶乳掺量对改性乳化沥青性能的影响,对不同SBR胶乳掺量的改性乳化沥青进行针入度、软化点、延度和储存稳定性试验,并采用动态剪切流变仪(DSR)和弯曲梁流变仪(BBR)测试了SBR胶乳掺量对改性乳化沥青高低温性能的影响.结果 表明:随着SBR胶乳掺量的增加,改性乳化沥青的延度、软化点及软化点差逐渐增大,针入度降低;相同温度下,随着SBR胶乳掺量的增加,改性乳化沥青的复数模量、车辙因子和蠕变速率逐渐增大,劲度模量、相位角逐渐减小;综合考虑SBR胶乳掺量对改性乳化沥青各项性能指标的影响,SBR胶乳的建议掺量为4％.     

SBS对基质沥青低温性能改善效果研究

通常认为SBS可以同时改善基质沥青的高、低温性能。以三种常用的国产沥青和一种进口沥青作为基质沥青,采用四种不同的SBS对其进行改性,分别制得成品SBS改性沥青。运用SHRP试验方法中的弯曲梁流变仪(BBR)分别对制得的这些SBS改性沥青的RTFO／PAV残留物的流变特性进行了试验研究。结果表明,用物理意义上的共存共混方法制备得到的SBS改性沥青,其低温等级基本保持在基质沥青的低温等级上,即从流变学的意义上来说,SBS对基质沥青低温抗裂性能的改善效果仍值得探讨。     

沪杭客运专线T梁防水施工技术

沪杭客运专线是我国"四纵四横"客运专线的重要组成部分,工程量大,施工要求高,本文重点介绍了T梁的防水设计与施工。该T梁桥面防水采用铁路桥专用高聚物改性沥青防水卷材及配套基层处理剂,工程完成后,达到了预期的防水效果。