压力管道断裂及失效评估

介绍了在评估压力管道断裂失效问题中的一种有效的方法,通过对含有裂纹管线进行应力强度因子的计算,成功地计算出含有环向裂纹管的应力强度因子问题,在对管线的强度和可靠性评估中,要比传统方法简洁、快速。     

带轴向表面裂纹海洋管道的断裂计算与可靠性评估

针对带轴向表面裂纹海洋石油管道,利用权函数方法,给出计算裂纹前沿应力强度因子的积分表达式,进而导出满足工程精度要求的应力强度因子的实用计算公式.在断裂分析的基础上,基于概率统计理论,采用极限分析方法为带裂纹海洋石油管道建立断裂可靠性评估方法,给出断裂失效概率和可靠度的计算公式,并给出典型算例的数值计算结果.     

管道穿透斜裂纹应力强度因子计算

裂纹是引起管道开裂失效的主要原因,裂纹尖端应力强度因子是表征裂纹应力场强度的主要物理量,也是对管道进行安全评估时的主要依据之一,但管道不同于平板,有曲率影响,因此基于平板推导出来的裂纹尖端应力强度因子公式必须进行修正。为了准确计算管道上斜裂纹应力强度因子,建立了不同管道直径、不同裂纹倾角以及不同裂纹长度下的管道穿透斜裂纹有限元模型,并计算了裂纹尖端应力强度因子,在无限大板中心斜裂纹应力强度因子计算公式基础上,修正得到了管道穿透斜裂纹应力强度因子计算公式,这对于含裂纹管道安全评定有重要参考价值。     

基于示波冲击实验材料动态断裂韧度测试技术的研究

采用预裂纹Charpy冲击试样,基于示波冲击试验建立了测试材料动态断裂韧度的试验方法。与以往预裂纹试样动态应力强度因子的计算方法不同,采用Timoshenko梁理论,提出了一种简单方法来计算三点弯曲试样的刚度K(a),由此建立了三点弯曲试样动态应力强度因子的计算方法,通过实验测得启裂时间,从而确定动态断裂韧度。采用有限元方法对试样动态应力强度因子的理论计算方法进行了验证。结果表明,建立的计算方法准确、可靠,避免了复杂的数值计算,便于工程应用。     

内压作用下弯管环向穿透裂纹应力强度因子分析

应力强度因子是缺陷结构安全评定的必需参数。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了内压作用下弯管环向穿透裂纹模型,以管道外径、管道厚度、纵向裂纹角、裂纹半角、环向裂纹角为参数,对不同参数下的应力强度因子进行了计算。结果表明:应力强度因子与纵向裂纹角θ1无关;应力强度因子随裂纹半角θ的增大而增大;应力强度因子随环向裂纹角θ2的增大先减后增。依据计算结果对参数进行了无量纲化,继而拟合了内压作用下弯管环向穿透裂纹应力强度因子计算关系式。     

基于扩展有限元模型的动态应力强度因子计算

为准确计算基于扩展有限元法（XFEM）的裂纹扩展模型中的应力强度因子,在ABAQUS软件中建立中心裂纹平板和三点弯曲的XFEM模型,采用相互作用积分法,通过用户子程序接口分别实现了Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型断裂模式下裂纹扩展过程中应力强度因子的计算;研究了网格密度与积分半径对XFEM模型应力强度因子计算精度的影响规律,研究结果表明：当网格密度因子为0.012~0.016、相对积分半径为3时,应力强度因子收敛至稳定值,计算误差不超过3%。利用所提方法与程序计算了单边带孔疲劳裂纹扩展试样的动态应力强度因子,试验结果表明：基于Paris理论预测的剩余寿命与疲劳试验结果误差为5.3%,进一步验证了所提方法与程序的正确性。     

Hopkinson压杆入射杆形状对动态断裂参量影响的数值方法研究

利用Hopkinson压杆测量三点弯曲试样材料的动态应力强度因子,应力波载荷的惯性效应和弥散效应对试验结果不可忽略的影响已被许多学者的实验结果证实。将不同Hopkinson压杆入射杆形状产生的载荷—时间历程曲线作为动态有限元模型的载荷信息,采用Ansys/LS-DYNA有限元软件,基于虚拟裂纹闭合技术(virtual crack closure technique,VCCT)计算得到三点弯曲试样的动态应力强度因子变化曲线,曲线上起裂时间对应的值即为材料的动态断裂韧度。进一步考虑入射杆形状及惯性效应对冲击载荷曲线的影响,研究动态应力强度因子的变化规律,为Hopkinson压杆测试动态断裂韧度提供合理、可行的方法。     

带裂纹压力管道安全评定的应力强度因子曲线

根据压力管道安全评定的工程需要,给出了管道周期环向裂纹应力强度因子通用曲线.通过管道裂纹角和周期裂纹数,就可在曲线上查得正则化应力强度因子.类似的曲线可以根据管道的特点给出多条,便于工程应用.     

60度薄壁等边角钢应力强度因子分析方法

应力强度因子作为一个重要的断裂参量,在工程构件断裂分析过程中起到至关重要的作用。基于J_2积分理论和材料力学中的弯曲理论,对60度薄壁等边角钢角裂纹在拉伸和弯曲荷载作用下的应力强度因子进行分析,给出了一种简便实用的确定应力强度因子的方法,给出的方法能得到封闭解,且计算简单。并将结果与有限元解进行分析比较,进一步指出了该计算方法的有效性。     

高频谐振载荷作用下Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹尖端力学参数变化规律

为研究高频谐振式疲劳裂纹扩展试验中带有Ⅰ型预制裂纹的紧凑拉伸(CT)试件裂纹尖端力学参数的变化规律,利用动态有限元方法,采用ANSYS和MATLAB软件编写程序,计算了CT试件在高频恒幅正弦交变载荷作用下,在一个应力循环及裂纹扩展到不同长度时裂纹尖端区域的位移、应变场及裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,并分析了其变化规律。在计算裂纹尖端应力强度因子时,首先采用静态有限元方法和理论公式验证了有限元建模和计算的正确性,然后采用动态有限元方法研究了裂纹扩展过程中裂纹尖端应力强度因子的变化规律。最后进行了高频谐振式疲劳裂纹扩展试验,采用动态高精度应变仪测量了裂纹扩展到不同阶段时裂纹尖端点的应变,并对有限元计算结果进行了验证。研究结果表明：在稳态裂纹扩展阶段,高频谐振载荷作用下Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹尖端位移、应变及应力强度因子均为与载荷同一形式的交变量;随着裂纹的扩展,Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹尖端的位移、应变及应力强度因子幅不断增大;静态应力强度因子有限元计算值和理论值的误差为2.51%,裂纹尖端点应变有限元计算结果和试验结果最大误差为2.93% 。     

光弹性法和有限元法对应力强度因子的求解

为了探讨应力强度因子的计算方法,应用光弹性法和有限元法分别对含单边裂纹的紧凑拉伸试件进行实验分析和数值计算,给出有限元计算断裂问题的详细步骤以及光弹性法中通过求形状因子间接得到应力强度因子的实验过程。结果表明实验值与有限元计算值相吻合。有限元计算能够为优化设计提供较便捷的手段,而实验可以校验数值计算的正确性。两者可以取长补短,发挥各自的优势,可以更好地解决工程问题。     

Investigation of the fracture characteristics of the interfacial bond between bone and cement: experimental and finite element approaches

This study integrated the finite element method, fracture mechanics, and three-point bending test to investigate the fracture characteristics of the interfacial bond between bone and cement. The fracture tests indicated that the interfacial fracture toughness of the bone/cement specimens was 0.34 MN/m^3/2, with a standard deviation of 0.11 MN/m^3/2, which was in good agreement with the experimental data available in the literature. A finite element model of the experimental testing specimen was used to predict the critical stress intensity factor (SIF) at the fracture load by the proposed fracture analysis method. The critical SIF of the opening mode of the interface crack was 0.392 MN/m^3/2, which was slightly higher than the fracture toughness obtained in the experiment. Additionally, considering the coupled effects of the crack opening mode and shearing mode, the critical effective SIF was 0.411 MN/m^3/2, with a phase angle of 17.2°. Comparisons of the results obtained from the bending test and numerical analysis made it obvious that the fracture characteristics of the bonded interface between the bone and cement could be accurately predicted by the proposed model. With this analysis model, a realistic investigation on the debonding behavior of cemented artificial prosthetic components is highly expected.     

含接触的多孔多裂纹结构应力强度因子分析

多孔多裂纹结构的损伤是老龄飞机和许多工程结构中存在的一种典型损伤形式,它严重影响着结构的完整性和使用安全。因此,研究多孔多裂纹结构的损伤容限问题,特别是结构的断裂特性,具有重要的工程意义和很高的实用价值。本文主要考虑销钉与结构间的接触问题,应用有限元方法,建立合理的计算模型,计算了多孔多裂纹结构的应力强度因子。通过大量计算,给出了典型多孔多裂纹结构应力强度因子的计算结果曲线,分析其相互影响规律及破坏特性。计算结果和结论可作为该类结构损伤容限设计的参考依据。     

有限板多孔MSD的应力强度因子计算

首先阐明组合法求解有限板多孔MSD( multiple site damage)应力强度因子的基本原理,然后就组合法运用中比较难以解决的多孔边裂纹间的修正系数问题,提出一种基于复变函数法的有效解决方法.将完善后的组合法应用于有限板多孔MSD应力强度因子的求解,计算某型飞机典型铆接壁板无主裂纹和含主裂纹两种情况的数值算例.通过与有限元结果的比较可知,该方法的计算结果精确、可靠,计算过程简单、易行.提出的近似解析方法能很好地应用于任意分布的有限板多孔MSD裂纹结构,在工程断裂问题中有较好的应用价值.     

Numerical study on thermal stress cutting of silicon wafers using two-line laser beams

We propose a method of cleaving silicon wafers using two-line laser beams. The base principle is separating the silicon wafer using crack propagation caused by laser-induced thermal stress. Specifically, this method uses two-line laser beams parallel to the cutting line such that the movements of the laser beam along the cutting line can be omitted, which is necessary when using a point beam. To demonstrate the proposed method, 3D numerical analysis of a heat transfer and thermo-elasticity model was performed. Crack propagation was evaluated by comparing the stress intensity factor (SIF) at the crack tip with the fracture toughness of silicon, where crack propagation is assumed begin when the SIF exceeds the fracture toughness. The influences of laser power, line beam width, and distance between two laser beams were also investigated. The simulation results showed that the proposed method is appropriate for cleaving silicon wafers without any thermal damage.

     

Measurement of dynamic fracture toughness and failure behavior for explosive mock materials

In this work, a pre-cracked semi-circular shaped explosive simulant was loaded using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). A high-speed camera was used to capture the deformation and fracture process of the specimen in situ. The digital images were processed using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. Next, full displacement and strain fields were obtained. The displacement vector field shows that the specimen fractured under tensile stress action. The strain field can be used to predict the crack propagation. Results show that the method of combined DIC and SHPB is effective to study the dynamic deformation and fracture behavior of explosive simulants. In addition, the specimen was loaded using a drop weight. The fracture toughness of the specimen was preliminary measured.     

一种基于活塞杆动态能量指数的故障监测诊断方法

活塞杆是往复机械核心运动部件,在大载荷气体力、往复惯性力作用下易发生疲劳断裂,进而导致活塞撞缸、压缩介质外泄、着火爆炸等恶性事故发生。活塞杆运行状态的有效监测是避免恶性故障发生的关键。本文基于在线监测系统数据提取了活塞杆轴心动态能量指数,用以评价活塞杆实际运行状态,通过实测活塞杆纵向与横向位移信号,计算活塞杆轴心运行轨迹,获得轴心在纵向与横向上的瞬时运动能量,结合常规活塞杆位移监测信号,可对典型的磨损故障、松动故障与断裂故障进行故障预警。实际故障案例数据验证了本文方法的有效性。     

Comparative study of toughness between the AH 40 fatigue crack arrester steel and its weld metal in the case of robotic metal-cored arc welding

The current investigation aims to scrutinize the impact and fracture toughness of the AH 40 fatigue crack arrester (FCA) steel and its weld metal, when welded with the metal-cored arc welding technique (MCAW). Initially, macroscopic observation and microstructural characterization were carried out in the areas of interest. Subsequently, the impact toughness was determined with the use of the Charpy V-notch test (CVN) at various temperatures, while the values of the absorbed energy (KV), the percentage of shear fracture (PSF), and the lateral expansion (LE) were recorded. Moreover, the ruptured surfaces were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Finally, the crack tip opening displacement (δ) parameter was estimated at room temperature by fracture toughness testing. The obtained data led to the quantification of the toughness parameters, when dynamic or quasistatic load is applied, while the combined effect of several factors to the degradation of the weld metal toughness was elucidated. The ductile to brittle transition curve and the crack tip opening displacement in the weld metal appeared to be lower than inside the unaffected material. Nevertheless, fracture toughness properties were evaluated within acceptable limits in all cases.     

Effects of crack geometries on reliabilities using probability theories

The methodologies to estimate the reliability of cracked structures using the fracture toughness and the SIF are developed. The probability theories such as the FORM and the SORM are utilized to calculate the failure probability. It is found that the failure probability increases with the increase of the crack size and the applied stress, and the decrease of the fracture toughness. It is also found that the failure probabilities obtained by the FORM and the SORM are similar each other for the through crack,the edge crack, and the single and the double crack emanated from a hole, and turn out different for the elliptical and semi-elliptical surface cracks. It is noted that the tensile stress affects significantly on the failure probability among the other random variables on the various crack geometries.