以磷酸体系为溶剂的纤维素纤维生产工艺研究

采用磷酸／多聚磷酸为溶剂溶解纤维素,制备了具有液晶性能的纺丝原液,相对于粘胶法大大缩短了纤维素溶解时间;并采用液晶纺丝工艺,制得了强度为2．04cN／dtex、模量为90．72cN／dtex的纤维素纤维。     

纤维素/磷酸/多聚磷酸液晶溶液的凝固性能

通过捏合机制备了纤维素在磷酸/多聚磷酸复合溶剂中的液晶溶液。讨论了纤维素在该溶剂体系中的溶解性能。利用显微镜观察法测定了该液晶溶液在丙酮、乙醇、正丙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙二醇的凝固浴中凝固层厚度随时间的变化。结果表明:在所有的凝固浴中凝固层厚度与时间的平方根成线性关系,且相关系数很高。利用菲克定律为基础的一维扩散模型对实验数据进行分析,表明所采用的凝固厚度的测试方法准确,凝固速度可作为表征凝固过程的合理参数。     

纤维素/磷酸纺丝溶液的制备

相对于粘胶法溶解纤维素,以磷酸为溶剂溶解纤维素具有操作简单、价格低廉、溶解温度较低、溶解速度较快,而且对环境污染较小等优势。通过混合多聚磷酸和磷酸制备了无水的混合磷酸溶剂体系,分析了P2O5含量、温度和搅拌速率对溶剂平衡时间的影响,并对纤维素在该溶剂体系中的溶解性能进行了研究,探讨了P2O5含量、固含量和温度对纤维素溶解性能的影响。从纺丝溶液的稳定性、均一性和可纺性方面考虑,最佳的溶解条件为:混合磷酸溶剂体系中的P2O5含量为74%,纤维素固含量为18%,溶解温度为0℃。     

纤维素/磷酸纺丝溶液再生性能研究

利用磷酸/多聚磷酸混合体系溶解纤维素,用铜乙二胺法测定溶解过程的不同时间阶段纤维素的聚合度,通过XRD和IR表征溶解前后纤维素性能变化情况.并初步探讨了纤维素在混酸体系中的溶解机理和降解机理.结果表明,混酸体系溶解纤维素时间较以往溶剂体系短,由于溶解温度比较低,热降解作用不明显.XRD表明经过溶解再生的纤维素品体类型已经由纤维素Ⅰ转变为纤维素Ⅱ.红外谱图中没有新峰出现,说明没有新的官能团产生,混酸溶解纤维素没有衍生物形成.     

纤维素在磷酸-磷酸化合物中的溶解性能

使用超声波、18%NaOH溶液及饱和CaCl_2水溶液对纤维素进行预处理,预处理前后纤维素的结构利用偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、红外光谱及X-射线衍射进行表征。将不同条件预处理后的纤维素溶解在磷酸与磷酸脲的复合溶剂中,可以发现,超声波对加快纤维素溶解的效果最为明显。又分别将预处理后的纤维素溶于磷酸(H_3PO_4)-磷酸脲(H_3O_4P·CH_4N_2O)、磷酸-六偏磷酸钠(Na_6P_6O_(18))、磷酸-磷酸二氢钾(KH_2PO_4)、磷酸-磷酸氢二钾(K_2HPO_4)中,通过对比发现,纤维素在35℃下磷酸-磷酸脲中的溶解效果最好,并且聚合度降解最小。     

在线红外跟踪碱活化纤维素在LiCl/DMAc中的溶解

LiCl/DMAc可作为纤维素的溶剂。笔者利用在线红外技术实时跟踪碱活化纤维素在LiCl/DMAc中的溶解过程。结果表明,LiCl/DMAc可以在一定程度上破坏纤维素中氢键,实现对纤维素的溶解,无中间衍生物产生,最终溶液中纤维素主要以多聚体形式存在。同时,检测出LiCl/DMAc对纤维素的高温预溶解与室温溶解过程,且此过程可逆。     

纤维素衍生物/二氯乙酸液晶溶液的织态结构[摘]

纤维素衍生物,如乙基纤维素,甲基纤维素,乙基氰乙基纤维素,乙基醋酸纤维素等与二氯乙酸所形成的溶液在浓度达到临界值以上后,出现胆甾型液晶相。在这类溶液中,液晶相的织态结构具有多重性,即胆甾型液晶相的织构随溶液浓度和温度而变化。在不同的浓度范围内,溶致性液晶可呈现出圆盘织构,条纹织构,假各向同性织构和具有鲜艳色彩的平面织构。这些织构均具有胆甾型液晶的特征。在液晶相刚形成,溶液处于     

链长法测定多聚磷酸中磷酸的含量

链长法是利用多聚磷酸在未水解时以氢氧化钠溶液为滴定溶液,用自动电位滴定仪滴定,并记录滴定曲线,根据曲线上的两个拐点处所消耗的氢氧化钠的体积,计算多聚磷酸中磷酸的含量。该法样品处理和分析过程简单、快速、准确、成本低,能满足多聚磷酸生产和产品检验的要求。     

超声波处理纤维素的结构变化及其在多聚磷酸中的溶解

研究了超声波预处理方法对纤维素在磷酸体系中溶解的影响。利用偏光显微镜跟踪观测纤维素的过程;通过X射线衍射,红外光谱分析,电子显微镜研究预处理前后纤维素的结构变化。实验证明,用超声波处理后,纤维素晶体类型无变化,仍为纤维素I晶体,但纤维素表面积增加,可及度增加。通过对原纤维素和超声波处理条件下的纤维素用磷酸进行溶解,溶解过程和溶解结果说明用超声波对纤维素进行预处理,可以加快纤维素的溶解速度。     

微波条件下纤维素在磷酸中的快速水解

微波条件下磷酸快速水解纤维素得到葡萄糖,而葡萄糖可替代甲醛制备新型环保PF(酚醛树脂)。以微波功率、反应时间和反应温度为试验因素,以葡萄糖产率为考核指标,采用正交试验法优选出磷酸水解纤维素的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:各因素对磷酸水解纤维素的影响依次为反应温度>反应时间>微波功率;当微波功率为240 W、反应温度为100℃和反应时间为40 s时,水解液中葡萄糖含量为80.7%,葡萄糖浓度为40.35 g/L;超声波能加快纤维素在磷酸中的溶解速率,常温时纤维素完全溶解在磷酸中需要72 h,而微波条件下纤维素完全溶解在磷酸中只需2 h。     

Contrôle hydrodynamique de l'evaporation d'un film liquide ruisselant sur une paroi isotherme à symétrie de révolution dans un courant d'air humide

A thin-film evaporation from a surface of a axisymmetrical body in a humid air stream was studied using a finite difference method associated with Thomas' algorithm. The surface of the body is supposed isothermal. The variability of physical properties is taken into account, and a steady-state and laminar regime is supposed. The influence of the main parameters of the system on the evaporation is determined, especially the wall profile. It is shown that, for certain conditions of calculation, it is possible to find a flat ellipsoid of revolution offering a uniformly accessible wall between the pole and the equator.     

基于模型性能评估的递推PLS建模及应用

为了降低递推部分最小二乘(RPLS)建模方法的模型校正频率,开发了一种基于模型性能评估的RPLS(MPA-RPLS)模型.首先,根据过程的初始特性,自动生成模型的置信限,以均方根误差(RMSEP)为性能指标,评估模型性能;依据模型性能的评估结果,选择性地启动模型校正和置信限校正.然后,引入滑动平均滤波器消除过程变量中的噪声,探讨噪声对模型性能的影响程度.最后,将MPA-RPLS模型应用于一个化学反应过程--C₈芳烃临氢异构化过程,基于大量工业数据,进行仿真验证.仿真结果表明:本文开发的模型仅以微小的精度损失换取了模型计算效率的大幅提高(即模型校正频率大幅下降);滑动平均滤波器可有效地处理变量的噪声,改善模型的预测精度.     

A perspective on vibration-induced size segregation of granular materials

Segregation of particulate mixtures is a problem of great consequence in industries involved with the handling and processing of granular materials in which homogeneity is generally required. While there are several factors that may be responsible for segregation in bulk solids, it is well accepted that nonuniformity in particle size is a fundamental contributor. When the granular material is exposed to vibrations, the question of whether or not convection is an essential ingredient for size segregation is addressed by distinguishing between the situation where vibrations are not sufficiently energetic to promote a mean flow of the bulk solid, and those cases where a convective flow does occur. Based on experimental and simulation results in the literature, as well as dynamical systems analysis of a recent model of a binary granular mixture, it is proposed that “void-filling” beneath large particles is a universal mechanism promoting segregation, while convection essentially provides a means of mixing enhancement.     

Horizontal gas mixing in rectangular fluidized bed: A novel method for gas dispersion coefficients in various conditions and distributor designs

In a rectangular fluidized bed combustor,the tracer gas is injected continuously into the bed from a point source at the center of the distributor plate.In this study,a general governing equation is formulated for tracer gas dispersion in the bed.An analytical solution is derived to estimate the dispersion coefficients,Dx and Dy,in a horizontal plane.The concentration profiles at different sampling heights with various gas velocities are plotted.Subsequently,to estimate the dispersion coefficients,surface fitting of the obtained analytical solution to the experimental data is performed.The dispersion coefficients obtained from this model are compared with those of a conventional model.Additionally,the effect of walls,bed height and gas injection rate on the dispersion coefficients in a horizontal plane is investigated,and the effect of distributor design on the dispersion coefficients in a horizontal plane is investigated with different tracer positions.It is found that Dx and Dy are nearly equivalent at a lower tracer gas ratio of the injected gas to the total gas flow rate.It is also demonstrated that the effect of bed height on Dx is minor.This model is also able to estimate the dispersion coefficients in the case of a multihorizontal nozzle distributor.     

乳液型ABS抗氧剂的研制

用高相对分子质量酚类主抗氧剂和具有碳自由基捕捉剂的辅助抗氧剂、表面活性剂、消泡剂、增稠剂与水通过研磨并加以复配的方法。研制出一种用于乳液聚合工艺生产ABS树脂的乳液型抗氧剂。由于该抗氧剂无需添加乳化剂即能均匀分散在丙烯腈／丁二烯／苯乙烯三元共聚物（ABS）胶乳中。在简化液体抗氧剂加入步骤的同时,改善了抗氧剂与胶乳的混合效果,使抗氧剂在ABS胶乳中的氧化诱导期延长约10％。乳液型ABS抗氧剂配方为：w（主抗氧剂A）22％;w（辅助抗氧剂B）11％;w（分散剂C）=3％：w（增稠剂D）1％;w（水）63％;w（消泡剂）为以上混合物料的0．05％。     

Drag force on a floc in a flow field: two-layer model

The behavior of a floc in a flow field is analyzed theoretically; in particular, the force it experienced is estimated. Here, a floc is simulated by an entity having a two-layer type of structure, and its porous nature mimicked by varying the relative magnitudes of the permeability of its inner layer and that of its outer layer. The results of numerical simulation reveal that, for the same volume-averaged permeability, the drag coefficient of a floc with a heterogeneous structure is always much larger than that of a floc with a homogeneous structure. This is true regardless of the relative magnitudes of the permeability of the inner layer and that of the outer layer. The drag coefficient of a floc is mainly determined by the part having a less porous structure. We show that for the same volume-averaged permeability, the more heterogeneous the structure of a floc is, the easier for the relation between the drag coefficient and the Reynolds number to deviate from a Stokes’ law-like correlation.     

Integration of energy recovery network including recycling residual pressure energy with pinch technology

Work exchange is a promising innovative technology in recovering residual pressure energy. However, at the systematic level, the comprehensive utilization of different energy resources in an energy system has become an issue of concern. In this work, a systematic approach is proposed, one that successively integrates heat, work and adjusts operation parameters. A detailed procedure for building a heat-work coupling transfer network is provided. The synthesis mainly consists of constructing a work exchange sub-network with pinch analysis based on positive displacement type work exchangers. Simultaneously, another kind of sub-network based on turbine-type work exchangers is built as a schematic comparison. The influence of applying a positive displacement work exchanger on the system is investigated. Finally, as a case study, a renovation design of a typical rectisol process in the coal-water slurry gasification section of an ammonia plant is presented. The results show that the added work exchanger has little impact on the existing heat exchange sub-network. Moreover, extra pressure energy is recovered by coupling the transfer network. It is concluded that the heat-work systematic design is a promising and powerful method to use energy more efficiently.     

Volatility test for bituminous materials

A test, replacing the distillation test for pitches, has been developed. In this test, a sample is placed into an aluminium dish which is introduced into the cavity of a metal block preheated to a selected temperature. The surface of the sample is in a constant stream of nitrogen preheated to the temperature of the test. After an exposure of 30 min, the sample is taken out of the block and the weight loss, which is a measure of the volatility, is determined.     

Experimental study of the evaporation of a falling film in a closed cavity

This article concerns the experimental study of heat and mass transfer in a distillation cell. This latter is a parallelepiped, of large form factor, whose active walls are vertical. The cell is fed with salt water, and pure water is evaporated from a thin film that falls along a heated wall while the opposite wall is maintained at a lower temperature and is used as a condensation surface. The experimental results show that the heat transfer in the distillation cell is dominated by the latent heat transfer associated with evaporation. A parametric study of the behavior of the distillation cell has been performed. A convenient choice of the operating parameters is suggested to optimize the distillation yield.