油页岩综合利用集成技术与循环经济

油页岩是介于煤炭和石油之间储量巨大的化石燃料,可直接燃烧发电,也可干馏炼制页岩油———人造石油,对弥补煤炭尤其石油之不足具有重大意义。概述了国内外油页岩资源特性和开发利用现状;分析了现有单纯发电或单纯干馏炼油技术路线的弊端;提出并论述了油页岩干馏炼油、循环流化床燃烧发电与联产建材相结合的综合利用集成技术路线,可实现油页岩无固体废物排放的循环经济模式;因而使油页岩开发利用的经济效益倍增,环境和社会效益良好,为油页岩的综合利用开辟了一条新路。     

油页岩发电利用研究

通过对广东省茂名地区油页岩燃烧特性的分析,并根据近年来我国对油页岩燃烧发电的试验研究和运行实践结果,对运用循环流化床锅炉技术实现油页岩燃烧发电的特点和经验进行了总结。结合我国对300MW等级循环流化床锅炉技术的引进和消化吸收,指出利用大容量循环流化床锅炉技术对茂名油页岩进行燃烧发电利用已经具备技术条件,在燃油页岩循环流化床锅炉的设计中应针对油页岩热值低、灰分大、着火容易、燃烧快、流化困难等特点开展改进性的研究工作。     

约旦某油页岩电站油页岩燃烧试验分析

约旦某油页岩电站项目锅炉为目前世界投运的最大容量的燃烧油页岩的循环流化床锅炉.油页岩灰分大、热值低,应用于发电工程具有一定的挑战性,需要对约旦油页岩进行试烧.该项目油页岩燃料在我国某清洁燃烧与烟气净化重点实验室进行燃烧试验,文章研究油页岩在循环流化床锅炉中的燃烧特性,以及SO2和氮氧化物(NOx)的排放特性,掌握约旦油...     

垃圾填埋场沼气处理及发电技术

分析我国城市生活垃圾的现状和发展趋势,逐一介绍了堆肥、焚烧、卫生填埋加填埋气发电等几种主要的垃圾处理方法,并以某垃圾沼气处理及发电项目为例,着重介绍、阐述了填埋气发电技术及该技术运用带来的社会、环境、经济效益和优越性。     

罗马尼亚大型烧油页岩锅炉

罗马尼亚有丰富的油页岩资源。自1964年已开始油页岩用于发电的试验研究工作,并制定了综合利用油页岩的规划。第一座燃烧油页岩的电厂已于1977年在阿尼纳(Anina)油页岩矿区动工兴建,总容量为99万千瓦(3台33万千瓦发电机组)。第一台机组计划于1980～1981年投入运行。矿口离电厂只有二百多米远。第一阶段采用轮斗机露天开采。为了稳定油页岩的燃烧,在锅炉设计中考虑掺烧15％的重油。全厂建成后,预计年消耗油页岩约1200万吨,年耗油量约30万吨。由于油页岩的发热量低,灰分多,所以建设油页岩电厂的关键技术问题是锅炉及其上煤、出灰和除尘     

油页岩化学结构CPD模型的改进

基于综合热分析仪和傅里叶红外联用技术(TGFTIR),通过引入轻质气体组分官能团模型,改进油页岩化学结构的化学渗透脱挥发分(CPD)模型,实现其对油页岩热解中轻质气体组分析出过程的精确预测。通过TG-FTIR对甘肃窑街油页岩的热解特性进行研究,利用非线性最小二乘法求解轻质气体各组分的动力学参数,预测出其在加热速率为20℃/min的条件下的轻质气体各组分的析出过程。用CPD模型与改进后CPD模型模拟出20℃/min窑街油页岩的热解过程,对比其实际热解过程分析模型的可行性与合理性,再用后验差检验法分析结果的误差。结果表明:油页岩的脱挥发分过程主要分为3个阶段,300-600℃为主要热解阶段,3个阶段的失重率约为5%、16%、6%;各轻质气体析出的活化能E分布在188~249k J/mol之间,而指前因子A在109~1013s-1之间;改进后CPD模型的预测值与实验值相对误差较小,契合度较高,说明改进后CPD模型能够较精确对油页岩热解过程进行预测与模拟。     

石景山发电总厂MIS系统一期工程

石景山发电总厂管理信息系统（ＳＤ－ＭＩＳ）是“八五”期间全国企业管理的试点项目，于１９９５年２月１０日已通过评审验收。文章介绍该系统的开发过程、技术环境、特点和效果，以及测试、检定、验收的具体情况。该项工程的应用，体现了发电企业信息管理的特色，为石景山发电厂的安全发电、提高经济效益提供了有效支持，也对全国和行业提高管理整体素质的工作有所借鉴。     

微油点火技术在1 036 t/h锅炉点火器改造上的应用

文中介绍安庆皖江发电有限公司为进一步降低发电成本,提高企业经济效益,选择微油点火技术对1号锅炉点火器进行的改造。改造过程周期短,充分利用了原有油、风、煤粉系统,改造成本低,改造后的点火系统可以实现节油82％以上,运行情况良好,经济效益显著。     

龙口电厂烧褐煤-油页岩锅炉完成工业性试验

为了积累燃用油页岩、褐煤等低热值燃料发电的运行经验,1978年初在山东龙口电厂建造了一台35吨/时油页岩试验炉,并开始了中间性工业试验。一、设备设计情况锅炉为单汽包自然循环中压炉,由武汉锅炉厂按龙口煤田油页岩设计制造。其设计煤种的燃料特性及灰成分等数据如下。     

油页岩的综合利用

油页岩作为发电能源和石油化工企业原料的综合利用问题,近年来已成为一项非常迫切的课题。油页岩是最常用的固体燃料和工业原料中的一种。然而由于灰分高(60～70%以上),油页岩使用困难。大家知道,用热精炼法可以从油页岩得到页岩油(石油代用品)、含烃气体和其它产品。苏联不仅在中小型火电厂中,而且在一些大型火电厂中,利用油页岩做燃料。于1973年达到全容量的波罗的海电厂和爱沙尼亚电厂,在燃烧波罗的海沿岸油页岩方面克服了许多困难(锅炉为 TⅡ-67和 TⅡ-101型,蒸发量各为320吨/时)。这两个电厂生产的电便宜(0.7～0.8戈比/度),主要是因为油页岩的价格低,换算成标准煤合11～12卢布/吨。     

Use of coals for cocombustion with Estonian shale oil

The article reports the results of investigation into the possibility of using off-design coals as an additional fuel in connection with predicted reduction in the heat of combustion of shale oil and more stringent environmental regulations on harmful emissions. For this purpose, a mathematical model of a TP-101 boiler at the Estonian Power Plant has been constructed and verified; the model describes the boiler’s current state. On the basis of the process flow chart, the experience of operating the boiler, the relevant regulations, and the environmental requirement criteria for evaluation of the equipment operation in terms of reliability, efficiency, and environmental safety have been developed. These criteria underlie the analysis of the calculated operating parameters of the boiler and the boiler plant as a whole upon combustion with various shale-oil-to-coal ratios. The computational study shows that, at the minimal load, the normal operation of the boiler is ensured almost within the entire range of the parts by the heat rate of coal. With the decreasing load on the boiler, the normal equipment operation region narrows. The basic limitation factors are the temperature of the steam in the superheater, the temperature of the combustion products at the furnace outlet and the flow rate of the combustion air and flue gases. As a result, the parts by heat rate of lignite and bituminous coal have been determined that ensure reliable and efficient operation of the equipment. The efficiency of the boiler with the recommended lignite-to-coal ratio is higher than that achieved when burning the design shale oil. Based on the evaluation of the environmental performance of the boiler, the necessary additional measures to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere have been determined.     

油页岩颗粒孔隙结构在燃烧过程中的变化

化石燃料的燃烧特性与其孔隙结构关系密切。采用氮气等温吸附/脱附法对桦甸油页岩及其在850℃条件下燃烧所得到的焦样的孔隙结构进行了测量，并结合油页岩燃烧特性对孔隙结构变化机理进行了分析。油页岩内油母的热解和页岩灰在燃尽阶段熔融变形使得孔容积和内表面积在燃烧过程中经历了减小、增大、再减小的一个复杂变化过程。此外，页岩灰的熔融变形还使得油页岩颗粒内部的孔由均一的具有平行壁的狭缝状孔逐渐变成多形态的孔，使得孔隙分布由主要集中在中孔变成不同尺寸的孔拥有的孔容积相差不大。为提高油页岩燃烧装置的燃烧效率，适当延长油页岩颗粒在燃烧装置内停留时间的同时，更应当减小样品的颗粒尺寸。     

油页岩流化床锅炉选型

该文从油页岩在国家能源发展中的地位开始,论述了油页岩与煤的燃烧学特征和区别,介绍了油页岩的地质分类、油页岩在流化床内的燃烧特征,根据在３５ｔ／ｈ以下油页岩流化床锅炉的实践和对６５ｔ／ｈ（目前国内最大容量）油页岩流化床锅炉的考察,提出了燃用油页岩的流化床锅炉选型方面的一些需要注意的问题和建议。表２参４     

65t／h示范性油页岩循环流化床电厂锅炉运行实践

报道了目前世界上投运最大容量的燃用页岩的65t/h低倍率油页岩循环流化床锅炉及运行结果。长期商业运行实践表明,该锅炉燃烧效率高,负荷调节灵活。有害气体拜谢低,运行稳定,操作方便,各项指标达到设计要求,总体性能居国际先进水平。为油页岩高效、洁净、经济、合理利用能源开辟了有效途径。为进一步开发大型油页岩循环流化床电厂锅炉奠定了可靠的技术基础。     

Development of measures to improve technologies of energy recovery from gaseous wastes of oil shale processing

Prospects of the use of oil shale are associated with its thermal processing for the production of liquid fuel, shale oil. Gaseous by-products, such as low-calorie generator gas with a calorific value up to 4.3MJ/m³ or semicoke gas with a calorific value up to 56.57 MJ/m³, are generated depending on the oil shale processing method. The main methods of energy recovery from these gases are either their cofiring with oil shale in power boilers or firing only under gaseous conditions in reconstructed or specially designed for this fuel boilers. The possible use of gaseous products of oil shale processing in gas-turbine or gas-piston units is also considered. Experiments on the cofiring of oil shale gas and its gaseous processing products have been carried out on boilers BKZ-75-39FSl in Kohtla-Järve and on the boiler TP-101 of the Estonian power plant. The test results have shown that, in the case of cofiring, the concentration of sulfur oxides in exhaust gases does not exceed the level of existing values in the case of oil shale firing. The low-temperature corrosion rate does not change as compared to the firing of only oil shale, and, therefore, operation conditions of boiler back-end surfaces do not worsen. When implementing measures to reduce the generation of NO_x, especially of flue gas recirculation, it has been possible to reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxides in the whole boiler. The operation experience of the reconstructed boilers BKZ-75-39FSl after their transfer to the firing of only gaseous products of oil shale processing is summarized. Concentrations of nitrogen and sulfur oxides in the combustion products of semicoke and generator gases are measured. Technical solutions that made it possible to minimize the damage to air heater pipes associated with the low-temperature sulfur corrosion are proposed and implemented. The technological measures for burners of new boilers that made it possible to burn gaseous products of oil shale processing with low emissions of nitrogen oxides are developed.     

回转干馏炉转向及物料配比对停留时间的影响

物料在回转干馏炉内的停留时间影响油页岩固体热载体干馏技术的干馏效果及出油率。在油页岩固体热载体干馏系统实验台上,以油页岩颗粒与页岩灰的混合物为实验物料,采用示踪粒子方法研究了冷态条件下混合物的配比、回转干馏炉（带内部翻料构件）的旋转方向2种因素对混合物停留时间的影响。结果表明,混合比例的不同会造成颗粒平均粒径的不同,平均粒径较小的混合物料停留时间长;干馏炉因翻料构件的结构特性,旋转方向不同时能形成不同的颗粒运动模式,当工作在直角抄板模式时,较大的表面层颗粒滚落距离造成了较长的物料停留时间。     

油页岩颗粒的燃烧模型

油页岩是一种特殊的固体化石燃料，与煤的热解和燃烧特性有着很大的区别，该文基于实验研究所确定的油页岩均相着火机理和油页岩的热解和燃烧特性，建立了油页岩颗粒的低温段均相燃烧数学模型，在能量方程中耦合了传导，对流和辐射3种形式的传热以及根据油页岩挥发分含量大的特点增加了挥发分解放的热解反应热，同时挥发分的大量释放使得油页岩固体颗粒的密度减少很多，模型中考虑了挥发分的释放对油页岩固体颗粒质量的影响，模型的计算结果与实验数据吻合较好。     

Experience and prospects of oil shale utilization for power production in Russia

Due to termination of work at the Leningrad Shale Deposit, the Russian shale industry has been liquidated, including not only shale mining and processing but also research and engineering (including design) activities, because this deposit was the only commercially operated complex in Russia. UTT-3000 plants with solid heat carrier, created mainly by the Russian specialists under scientific guidance of members of Krzhizhanovsky Power Engineering Institute, passed under the control of Estonian engineers, who, alongside with their operation in Narva, construct similar plants in Kohtla-Jarve, having renamed the Galoter Process into the Enifit or Petroter. The main idea of this article is to substantiate the expediency of revival of the oil shale industry in Russia. Data on the UTT-3000 plants' advantages, shale oils, and gas properties is provided. Information on investments in an UTT-3000 plant and estimated cost of Leningrad oil shale mining at the Mezhdurechensk Strip Mine is given. For more detailed technical and economic assessment of construction of a complex for oil shale extraction and processing, it is necessary to develop a feasibility study, which should be the first stage of this work. Creation of such a complex will make it possible to produce liquid and gaseous power fuel from oil shale of Leningrad Deposit and provide the opportunity to direct for export the released volumes of oil and gas for the purposes of Russian budget currency replenishment.